Effect on volume of exports
Effect on Boeing orders by country group
Effect on relative wage of women - primary earners vs. non-primary earners
Median distance between borrower and lender
Impulse response of likelihood of conflict to an increase in military spending
Effect of conflict on real output
How do financial frictions shape firms’ investment in intangible capital? We show that financial constraints distort firms’ input choices, leading to systematic underinvestment in intangible assets. Exploiting an investment subsidy in Portugal that lowered the cost of both physical and intangible capital while keeping their relative price unchanged, we find that treated firms reduced their capital-to-intangible ratio by 12 percent, with larger effects for small, financially constrained firms. The distribution of treatment effects declines sharply across percentiles - firms with higher initial capital-to-intangible ratios adjust the most - revealing the signature of a binding financial wedge. Going beyond average effects, we recover the entire cross-sectional distribution of wedges between the marginal rate of technical substitution and the price ratio. The recovered distribution corresponds to the least distorted economy consistent with the data, showing that only a small share of firms are unconstrained while roughly one-quarter face wedges exceeding twenty percent - providing a direct quantitative map of financial distortions in production.
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