This paper develops an overlapping generations (OLG) model with discrete choice agents to analyze how land asset constraints affect intergenerational welfare in China. Although urban migration provides higher wages and enhanced pension benefits, rural households incur significant costs: high housing expenditures and the loss of land value, which deter relocation. The results underscore the role of institutional barriers in perpetuating rural-urban disparities, and suggest that reforming land and pension policies is critical to mitigating long-term welfare imbalances. 

This paper studies whether origin wages continue to shape migrants' labor-market outcomes after they arrive in destination cities. Using the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) matched to city-level data, the paper documents a robust two-margin pattern: migrants from higher-wage origins are less likely to be employed in the destination city, but conditional on employment they earn higher hourly wages. This pattern is robust to rich individual controls, origin covariates, destination-city fixed effects, origin-province fixed effects, and saturated fixed-effect specifications. The findings are interpreted through a job-search framework in which origin wages shift migrants' home-region outside options and reservation wages. A static structural model disciplined by employment and observed wages rationalizes the joint employment-wage pattern. Within the maintained assumptions of the model, higher origin wages raise the reservation-wage index and reduce destination employment, highlighting the importance of post-arrival job-acceptance margins in migrant labor markets.

This paper studies how family policies affect household behavior and urban-rural welfare in China. A quantitative overlapping-generations model with urban-rural heterogeneity and age-specific child-rearing costs is developed to capture both monetary and time burdens. The paper evaluates double reduction, fertility subsidies, and free kindergarten. All three policies generate modest fertility responses, but their welfare effects differ. Double reduction benefits urban households more by lowering education costs and time pressure. Subsidies and preschool support benefit rural households more because they are larger relative to income. A combined package delivers the largest newborn welfare gain and improves welfare in both sectors.