These covers a wide range of offenses, including murder, homicide, rape, robbery, theft, adultery, concubinage, and abortion 

Actus Reus (Criminal Act): This refers to the unlawful act or omission that constitutes the crime. It must be voluntary and under the control of the defendant.

Mens Rea (Criminal Intent): This is the mental state or intent required for the crime. It involves proving that the defendant had a guilty mind at the time of the act.

Concurrence: This element requires that the actus reus and mens rea occur together. In other words, the criminal act must be accompanied by the appropriate mental state.

Causation: This element involves proving a causal relationship between the act and the effect or harm caused. While not required for all crimes, it is often necessary to establish liability.

The code classifies circumstances that affect the penalties' gradation, dividing penalties into minimum, medium, and maximum periods. The prosecution may establish aggravating circumstances to set the penalty at the maximum period or mitigating circumstances to reduce it to the minimum period.