Some Basic Concepts Of Chemistry Class 11 Notes Pdf Download
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Chapter 1 of Chemistry of Class 11 is based on the basic concepts of Chemistry. It consists of information related to the basic ideas in Chemistry that students have to study throughout Class 11. It is very important to understand the basic concepts of Chapter 1 of Chemistry of Class 11 for a proper understanding of the other concepts. Students should focus on this first chapter for a clear understanding of the subject.
The students of the ______________ must be aware that chemistry is a 1_________________ that deals with the composition, structure, properties, and characters of different matter. Chemistry is also known as the science of atoms and molecules. While knowing your 2___________________________ is important is also essential to be through with the course. This blog will cover some vital and important study notes related to chapter 1 of some basic concepts of Chemistry class 11.
Chapter 1 of some basic concepts of Chemistry Class 11 also discusses the properties of different substances and their unique characteristics and properties. Having said that, the properties can be divided into two types:
The concept of significant figures in chapter 1 of some basic chemistry class 11 explains that the reliability of a measure is given by the number of digits used to represent it. To put it more precisely, we use figures which are known with certainty. These numbers are known as significant figures. They contain all specific figures plus a questionable figure in a number.
This brings us to the end of this blog on some basic concepts of chemistry class 11. We hope that the blog will help you during your exams to quickly brush up on some basic concepts of chemistry and other study notes. For more such blogs, study notes and amazing reads, stay tuned to 3_____________
In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology.[6] It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level.[7] For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene (forensics).
A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more different substances.[14] The basis of such a chemical transformation is the rearrangement of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation, which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (When the number of atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is referred to as a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay.) The type of chemical reactions a substance may undergo and the energy changes that may accompany it are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical laws.
Energy and entropy considerations are invariably important in almost all chemical studies. Chemical substances are classified in terms of their structure, phase, as well as their chemical compositions. They can be analyzed using the tools of chemical analysis, e.g. spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists engaged in chemical research are known as chemists.[15] Most chemists specialize in one or more sub-disciplines. Several concepts are essential for the study of chemistry; some of them are:[16]
The atom is the basic unit of chemistry. It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons which orbit the nucleus. In a neutral atom, the negatively charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons. The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus.[18][19]
Thus, molecules exist as electrically neutral units, unlike ions. When this rule is broken, giving the "molecule" a charge, the result is sometimes named a molecular ion or a polyatomic ion. However, the discrete and separate nature of the molecular concept usually requires that molecular ions be present only in well-separated form, such as a directed beam in a vacuum in a mass spectrometer. Charged polyatomic collections residing in solids (for example, common sulfate or nitrate ions) are generally not considered "molecules" in chemistry. Some molecules contain one or more unpaired electrons, creating radicals. Most radicals are comparatively reactive, but some, such as nitric oxide (NO) can be stable.
In addition to the specific chemical properties that distinguish different chemical classifications, chemicals can exist in several phases. For the most part, the chemical classifications are independent of these bulk phase classifications; however, some more exotic phases are incompatible with certain chemical properties. A 8_____ is a set of states of a chemical system that have similar bulk structural properties, over a range of conditions, such as pressure or temperature.
A basic chemical hypothesis first emerged in Classical Greece with the theory of four elements as propounded definitively by Aristotle stating that fire, air, earth and water were the fundamental elements from which everything is formed as a combination. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by philosophers such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BCE, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his poem 9_______________ (On The Nature of Things).[44][45] Unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments.[46]
Under the influence of the new empirical methods propounded by Sir Francis Bacon and others, a group of chemists at Oxford, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and John Mayow began to reshape the old alchemical traditions into a scientific discipline. Boyle in particular questioned some commonly held chemical theories and argued for chemical practitioners to be more "philosophical" and less commercially focused in 10_____________________.[34] He formulated Boyle's law, rejected the classical "four elements" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions that could be subject to rigorous experiment.[58]
At the turn of the twentieth century the theoretical underpinnings of chemistry were finally understood due to a series of remarkable discoveries that succeeded in probing and discovering the very nature of the internal structure of atoms. In 1897, J.J. Thomson of the University of Cambridge discovered the electron and soon after the French scientist Becquerel as well as the couple Pierre and Marie Curie investigated the phenomenon of radioactivity. In a series of pioneering scattering experiments Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester discovered the internal structure of the atom and the existence of the proton, classified and explained the different types of radioactivity and successfully transmuted the first element by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles.
All development in any science are based on scientific approach as in chemistry too. In order to achieve correct results, one has to rely upon the various skills connected with the measurements of quantities during a physical or chemical change. The degree of accuracy is closely linked with precision of the measuring instrument as well as on the skill of the person engaged in measurement. So we should be first familiar with some terminology used in chemistry.
For that reason, I decided to go ahead and explain here 4_____________________________________, which hopefully will get you in a better shape for learning chemistry. These are clearly explained in most of the chemistry textbooks in our review.
We will start off with an 5_______________________________: background on the most basic definitions of chemistry, a bit of history, and highlighting why and how chemistry is important. The basic units in chemistry will be defined: atoms, molecules, subatomic particles. Then, we will discuss them from a beginner point of view, and formulate them in the format of questions.
Disclaimer: This is not intended to be a comprehensive description of each concept, but rather an introduction to each of them: chemistry basics for beginners. We cite and include sources that we consider useful for expanding them further.
Very simple chemical processes were performed even during ancient history, at 1000 BC, much before any basic chemistry concepts or laws were actually established. Extraction of metals from ore or getting compounds out of natural sources such as plants, are examples of chemistry that was first performed thousands of years ago and are still a thing today.
A all sciences are glued together by basic chemistry concepts, thats why it is called 6___________________. Without chemistry, physical sciences (which include chemistry itself), would find a gap and not be bound to life sciences (such as biology) and applied sciences (such as engineering). This is important to note in any introduction to chemistry text.
There are three basic types of chemical compounds, and should be briefly introduced in this post about 7________________________. All of them are the result of bonding atoms together. The difference is in the nature of the forces that hold together those atoms.
Chirality is a geometric property of certain molecules. A molecule is said to be chiral when its mirror image is not superimposable to the molecule itself. The classical source of chirality in a (organic) compound is the presence of a carbon atom with four different substituents. The concept is far better explained by this basic chemistry youtube video: 5376163bf9
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