In the previous episodes of the History of Islam, we recounted the various developments that have shaped the core of Islamic identity. In episode one, we explained the foundation of the Caliphate by Caliph Abu Bakr. Following this, we described the territorial expansions and the origins of Islamic jurisprudence by Calip Umar. In the third episode, we recounted the evolution of the Islamic civilization by Caliph Uthman. And in the previous episode, we explained how the Islamic civil war between Caliph Ali and Governor Muawiyah laid the groundwork for the schism between Sunni and Shia Islam. Following Ali’s victory in al-Nahrawan against the radical Khawarij group. The latter planned the assassination of the Caliph. Two years later, a Kharijite follower stabbed Ali with a poisoned dagger. Ali passed away in a few days and his death left behind a power vacuum and a fragmented state.