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Based on analysis of S&P Global environmental, social and governance data, nearly 40% of India-headquartered companies conduct physical risk assessments, and one-third of large Indian companies rate climate strategy as one of their top three material issues.

About one-quarter of major Indian companies have a plan to adapt to the physical impacts of climate change, higher than the global average, according to S&P Global Sustainable1 analysis of 187 companies headquartered in the country and representing 85% of local market capitalization.

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Assessing physical risks and implementing adaptation plans can help companies prepare for the effects of extreme weather events on their business and the broader economy. However, companies globally need to engage in climate adaptation planning to build resilience to these hazards, research from S&P Global Sustainable1 shows. This trend holds true for Indian companies as well.

Utilities and real estate lead physical risk adaptation planning among the 187 Indian companies covered in the assessment, with 50% of businesses in both sectors having plans. Utilities are heavily reliant on physical infrastructure, which will be increasingly at risk of damage and disruption from storms, flooding and other climate hazards. The built environment accounts for 40% of global emissions. The Indian real estate industry has been taking steps to undertake sustainable projects that are more resilient to climate hazards. Unplanned urbanization and unregulated construction make India more vulnerable to physical hazards such as flooding, according to the World Bank.

Nearly 40% of India-headquartered companies conduct physical risk assessments, based on analysis of S&P Global environmental, social and governance data. Physical risk assessments form the basis for adaptation plans as they can show how vulnerable an organization might be to hazards such as heat waves or floods. Sectors that carry out physical risk assessments are more likely to implement physical risk adaptation plans. For example, all of the real estate companies in our analysis conduct physical risk assessments, along with about two-thirds of utility companies. These are also the sectors with the highest rates of physical risk adaptation planning.

Among consumer services companies, 28.6% in our analysis carry out physical risk assessments, but at present none have adopted adaptation plans. In consumer discretionary, 13% of companies conduct physical risk assessments and 8.7% have a plan.

While adaptation planning and physical risk assessments are not yet widespread globally, about 33% of large Indian companies in the CSA rate climate strategy as one of their top three material issues. That surpasses the share among the 6,266 companies assessed worldwide and likely reflects the fact that India is already feeling the acute impact of physical risk hazards

The physical hazards of climate change, such as extreme heat, can lead to power outages, increased air pollution and public health issues. This in turn results in severe health risks to the population, lower labor productivity and reduced economic growth. The country has suffered more than 24,000 heat-wave-related deaths since 1992, according to University of Cambridge researchers. The country is likely to have a greater share of its economy exposed to physical risks than peers by 2050 because of high exposure to wildfires, floods, storms and rising sea levels, S&P Global Ratings said in an April 2022 analysis.

India also faces vulnerability from other physical risk hazards such as flooding. Power plants that rely on water could be impacted, along with offices, datacenters, warehouses, agricultural equipment and transportation. S&P Global Sustainable1 data shows that the frequency of severe flooding will increase in many parts of India by the 2090s. A severe flood is typified as a 1-in-100-year event, meaning an event where flood depths reach a level that has only occurred on average once every 100 years in the past. When looking at India, the risk of a flooding event of this severity for some fluvial areas will double, making them 1-in-50-year events by the 2090s.

Domestic spousal violence against women in developing countries like India, is now beginning to be recognized as a widespread health problem impeding development. This study aimed to explore the risk and protective factors for lifetime spousal physical violence. A cross-sectional household survey was carried out in rural, urban and urban-slum areas across seven sites in India, among women aged 15-49 years, living with a child less than 18 years of age. The sample was selected using the probability proportionate to size method. Trained field workers administered a structured questionnaire to elicit information on spousal physical violence. The main hypothesized variables were social support, witnessed father beating mother and experience of harsh physical violence during childhood, alcohol abuse by spouse and socioeconomic variables. The outcome variables included three physical violence behaviours of hit, kick and beat. Odds ratios were calculated for risk and protective factors of violence using logistic regression. Of 9938 women surveyed, 26% reported experiencing spousal physical violence during the lifetime of their marriage. Adjusted odds ratios calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis suggest that women whose husbands regularly consumed alcohol (OR 5.6; 95% CI 4.7-6.6); who experienced dowry harassment (OR 3.2; 95% CI 2.7-3.8); had reported experiencing harsh physical punishment during childhood (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.8) and had witnessed their fathers beat their mothers (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.6-2.1), were at increased risk of spousal physical violence (beat, hit and kick). Higher socioeconomic status and good social support acted as protective buffers against spousal physical violence. The findings provide compelling evidence of the potential risk factors for spousal physical violence, which in turn could help in planning interventions.

Diabetes treatment in India has witnessed a rapid escalation in costs with increasing prevalence. It was previously reported that the annual cost on diabetes care was $227 in India, which substantially overburdened patients with DM because 85% to 95% of their estimated health care costs are borne by these individuals and their families.5 India is also facing an additional burden on the health care system because of the rapid increase in COVID-19. The explosive increase in its prevalence has been found to be associated with DM, which has been a result of the adoption of unhealthy lifestyles. A few of the major modifiable risk factors for many noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including DM, are physical inactivity and unhealthy diets.

Many NCDs, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, DM, breast and colon cancer, can be prevented and treated by regular physical activity. However, a recent study revealed a higher (27.5%) global age-standardized prevalence of suboptimal physical activity in 2016, with the lowest levels seen in East and Southeast Asia (17.6%).6 Because of the strong association between physical inactivity and NCDs, the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, has agreed to a global target of 15% reduction in physical inactivity, so as to accelerate the prevention and treatment of NCDs.7

Additionally, the COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, pandemic has caused a devastating threat to the health, economy, and lifestyle. Several studies have showed that the aged population with comorbidities (e.g., DM, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or any respiratory illnesses, liver or renal diseases) have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 because of an increased rate of hospitalization and intensive care unit admissions.8, 9 Currently, there are limited availability of effective vaccines and no available specific therapeutics for COVID-19, and thus implementing behavioral policies such as physical distancing can limit the spread of the virus and the resultant morbidity and mortality.8 Moreover, public health recommendations of closing gymnasiums, parks, and fitness centers have resulted in a reduced scope for physical activity. Studies have shown that physical activity can boost our immune system and reduce the burden of the comorbid conditions, including obesity, DM, hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, which together can reduce the severity of COVID-19.10 Earlier studies have shown that physical exercise impacts the antiviral defenses of the immune system.11, 12 For example, moderate-intensity exercises were found to counter respiratory viral infections by decreasing inflammation and improving the immune system.12 In an animal experimental study, it was found that moderate-intensity exercises after or before infecting mice with influenza virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 resulted in reduced mortality and morbidity because of infections.13, 14 However, we have very

little evidence about how physical activity can interact with our immune system to fight SARS-CoV-2. Even though previous studies have been shown to exert immunomodulatory benefits, this will require retrospective studies to establish the relation of physical activity with SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome.15 The scientific community is currently searching for the safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. As the physical fitness can augment seroconversion, it may potentially reduce the chronic inflammation and further improve the important immune markers in disease conditions.8 Therefore, it is prudent to present the physical activity pattern in India as it can help in institutionalizing the effective public health policies to combat NCDs and COVID-19. Therefore, India needs to adopt effective national policies in solidarity with the global efforts led by the WHO. Nationwide and regional monitoring of current patterns of physical inactivity can enable the identification of high-risk groups and consequent effective planning.6 e24fc04721