Efficient Hexagonal Gridding Method for DNA Microarray Image

Maziidah Mukhtar Ahmad and Asral Bahari Jambek

2024-04-15

Abstract: In genetics, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microarray is a useful instrument that is frequently used to track thousands of genes' expression levels simultaneously. For DNA microarray, gene expression is done through microarray spot gridding, segmentation and intensity extraction. The gridding processes identify each microarray spot location and supply their coordinates for the spot.  Many microarray technologies arrange their microarray spots in in rectangular fashion. However, a hexagonal grid arrangement is also being used to increase the density of the spot per unit area. While gridding microarray arranged in rectangular fashion is straightforward, gridding microarray arranged in hexagonal fashion posed its own challenge due to the irregular structure of the spot location. To solve this problem, this paper discusses two proposed methods to perform gridding for microarrays arranged in a hexagonal fashion, namely alternate-column and diamond-shape methods. These methods have been evaluated in nine different benchmark images that represent best, typical and worst-case images. Based on our experiments, the proposed diamond-shape and alternate-column methods achieved an average accuracy of 93.6% and 92.1%, respectively. In terms of computational load, the diamond shape consumes three times less computational loads as compared to the alternate-column. 

PREVIOUS ARTICLE

VOL. 3, 2023

Design and Development of Stethoscope Amplifier Circuit

S.Shanmugam Stalin

2023-08-12

Abstract: The stethoscope is an indispensable medical device used for auscultation, enabling healthcare professionals to listen to internal body sounds, such as heartbeats and lung sounds. Traditionally, stethoscopes have been purely mechanical devices. However, in recent years, advancements in electronics and circuitry have paved the way for innovative electronic stethoscopes that offer improved functionality and sound amplification. This report outlines the design and outcome of an electronic stethoscope amplifier circuit, aiming to create a cutting-edge stethoscope that delivers heartbeat sounds with superior clarity and precision. The primary objective of this project is to develop an electronic stethoscope that utilizes state-of-the-art electronics and several circuits to provide accurate and well-amplified heartbeat sounds. Our aim is to explore a novel approach to amplifying the sounds of the heartbeat and demonstrate the benefits of using modern technology to enhance the performance of a stethoscope. To achieve our objective, we employed an innovative approach in the design of the electronic stethoscope amplifier circuit. The core concept involves the integration of an RF transmitter that broadcasts the signals of the heartbeat wave sounds. These signals are then detected using the VHF (Very High Frequency) method, optimizing the transmission and reception of the sound data. The electronic stethoscope's circuitry is carefully calibrated to ensure precise signal processing and accurate amplification. The electronic stethoscope's amplifier circuit is carefully engineered to accommodate the RF transmitter and VHF detection system seamlessly. The circuitry incorporates high-quality components to minimize noise and interference, ensuring faithful reproduction of heartbeat sounds. The use of advanced electronics enables us to achieve finer control over the amplification process, resulting in clearer and more distinct audio output. Furthermore, we implemented robust safety measures to guarantee the device's compliance with medical standards. The electronic stethoscope is designed with patient safety in mind, employing non-invasive technology and adhering to electromagnetic compatibility regulations. To assess the performance of our innovative electronic stethoscope, we conducted extensive testing and comparison studies against traditional physical stethoscopes. A team of skilled healthcare professionals participated in the evaluation, analyzing the quality and accuracy of the heartbeat sounds captured by both the electronic stethoscope and conventional stethoscopes. The results of our performance evaluation showcased significant advantages of the electronic stethoscope over its traditional counterparts. The heartbeat sounds captured and amplified by the electronic stethoscope were consistently clearer and more defined. The RF transmitter and VHF detection method effectively minimized signal distortion, resulting in a more faithful representation of the heart's sounds. This innovative approach allowed for enhanced amplification, making it easier for healthcare professionals to detect subtle abnormalities and anomalies in heart sounds.In conclusion, the design and outcome of the electronic stethoscope amplifier circuit have proven successful in creating an innovative and high-performance stethoscope. By combining advanced electronics, the RF transmitter, and the VHF detection method, we have achieved superior sound amplification of heartbeat sounds compared to traditional physical stethoscopes. This breakthrough offers promising opportunities for the advancement of auscultation technology, leading to more accurate and efficient diagnoses in medical practice. As we move forward, further refinements and enhancements in electronic stethoscope design could revolutionize the way we listen to the body's internal sounds and improve patient care.

Automated Control of AC Air Purifier DIY Fan

Maheswary A/P Gnanasegaran and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zahereel Ishwar Abdul Khalib

2023-08-19

Abstract: This project aims to develop an innovative automated control system for a DIY AC air purifier fan, designed to enhance indoor air quality. By effectively detecting and activating the AC fab with a Filtrete filter based on sensor data, the system efficiently eliminates pollutants like smoke, dust, and allergens from the air. The project addresses the challenge of inconsistent and inefficient performance of homemade air purifiers, which can have adverse on individuals’ health and well-being in indoor environments. This project involves the seamless integration of hardware and software components, utilizing Arduino, particulate matter, and air quality sensors, in conjunction with an AC box fan, relay, and LCD display for control and monitoring purposes. Through continuous comparison of sensor data with predefined threshold values, the system intelligently determines the optimal activation of the filter, ensuring the maintenance of high air quality. The results highlight the accuracy and effectiveness of the filtration mechanism, showcasing the system’s capability to monitor and control air quality in an efficient manner. In conclusion, this automated control system offers a user-friendly and cost-effective solution, promoting healthier and more comfortable living or working spaces.

Prediction of Execution Time for PCIe Performance with Regression Models

Ameer Zaaman Raja Salim  and Assoc. Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. Saidatul Norlyana Azemi

2023-08-21

Abstract: In manufacturing company that build product based on their customer preferences and requirements due to their strategic build to order manufacturing model. Based on this approach, they have a high combination of products which causes PCIe (peripheral connector interphase) having inconsistency performance in compliance testing. The product that has a bad performance was unable to determine and prevented thus affecting the overall performance of the graphic functionality. Furthermore, data storage using solid-state drive (SSD) currently has limitations includes time consuming, manually process and data leakage. The PCIe data only saved with SSD that possible misplaced and easily occupied. All the chipset machines having a lot of raw data which easily occupied the storage. Due to the limitation of data storage for PCIe in local host and importance of PCIe data to the company, thus, this project aims to enable AV Cloud with Heidi SQL to upload and retrieve from CDS (cloud domain storage) on PCIe data for each machine connected via internal network. Moreover, speeding up execution time on PCIe is needed to improve the performance in compliance testing that predict execution time for PCie using machine learning approaches including five different regression models ((K-Nearest Neighbour, AdaBoost, Bagging, Linear Regression, Random Forest). The evaluation experiments show that the overall predictive models can predict the execution time for PCIe performance with accuracy more than 70%. The project will be improved in future using the predicted execution times to optimize the PCIe testing and recommended to work on different data science techniques for development process.

Optimized Technique for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Power Harvesting in Cloud-RAN

Nazatul Syima Saad, Wan Nur Suryani Firuz Wan Ariffin and Junita Mohd Nordin

2023-08-29

Abstract: This paper introduces an Optimized Technique for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Power Harvesting in Cloud-RAN. In full cooperation scenarios, all base station antennas emit energy in all directions, which can lead to higher power consumption and reduced efficiency. Additionally, a power harvesting scheme is implemented to enable UAVs to recharge their batteries during operation, thus extending their endurance. The proposed techniques involve formulating sparse optimization problems and applying reweighted l_1- norm approximation and semidefinite relaxation (SDR) algorithms to solve them iteratively with RRHs simultaneously transmitting information beams to information-receiving terminals and energy beams to active energy-receiving terminals, aiming to optimize power harvesting, reduce total power transmission, and lower the costs of the network. The results demonstrate significant improvements in power harvesting efficiency compared to traditional full cooperation-based approaches. In conclusion, the techniques presented in this paper offer effective solutions for optimizing UAV power harvesting in Cloud-RAN systems. By utilizing sparse beamforming and addressing the problem of full cooperation, these techniques enhance the power harvesting efficiency and sustainability of UAV-based wireless communication networks in Cloud-RAN.

A Review of C-Band Silicon CPW Antenna for Realization of Miniaturization and Integrated SAR System Front-End

Harita Jamil

2023-11-10

Abstract: This article assesses the latest advancements in high-performance miniaturized silicon antennas designed for integration purposes. The primary objective is to fulfill the demands of advanced systems utilized in contemporary radar applications. Over the past years, diverse designs, reconfigurable approaches, and techniques for silicon antennas have been suggested and examined to accomplish this objective. The paper elaborates on the achievements of small silicon antennas, highlighting higher gains, favorable return loss, and expanded bandwidth. Additionally, the article underscores that the dependable integration of the antenna and RF module on the same silicon substrate is attainable.

Design of RoF-VLC based WDM Communication System based on Pre-DCF Technique

Vaideswari Moorthy, Norizan Mohamed Nawawi,  Anuar Mat Safar & Junita Mohd Nordin

2023-11-28

Abstract: Radio over Fiber with Visible Light Communication system (RoF-VLC) is a promising technology that integrates the benefits of optical fiber communication and wireless transmission. This abstract presents a novel approach to enhance the RoF system by integrating VLC with millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology, leveraging the advantages of both systems. The proposed system utilizes mmWave signals over a single optical fiber link through a Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology to enable the simultaneous transmission of multiple VLC system. However, challenges arise when extending the reach of VLC systems over long distances due to optical fiber dispersion. This paper explores the application of pre-Dispersion Compensation Fiber (pre-DCF) techniques to address dispersion issues in RoF-VLC systems. The study begins with an overview of RoF and VLC technologies, highlighting their respective strengths. RoF enables the seamless transmission of wireless signals over optical fibers, while VLC harnesses the visible light spectrum for data communication. The integration of these technologies holds potential for enhanced coverage and reliability. Dispersion, a critical concern in optical fiber communication, can degrade the quality of transmitted signals. Pre-DCF techniques are introduced as a proactive solution to mitigate dispersion effects before they compromise signal integrity. By combining these technologies, the proposed system achieves high-speed data transmission and increased network capacity. WDM technology plays a crucial role in the proposed system by enabling the simultaneous transmission of VLC and mm Wave signals over a single optical fiber. The RoF-VLC system based on WDM technology is built and simulated using OptiSystem software, with four WDM channels at 450 nm, 450.8 nm, 451.6 nm, and 452.4 nm as an optical source of VLC system and a photodetector as a receiver. Each channel with a 40 GHz radio signal is transmitted over a 40 km of fiber link and a 3 m of VLC channel. This proposed design of RoF-VLC system based on WDM has been analyzed based on the effect of propagation distance (km), modulation format, data rate, and input power. The performance analysis show that this system is achieved by using the values of BER at 2.6355e-009 for channel 1, 7.54389e-010 for channel 2, 5.39904e-010 for channel 3, and 2.45532e-010 for channel 4.

VOL. 2, 2022

Wearable RFID Tag Antenna: Feasibility Study on Bending and Wet Condition Performances

Che Muhammad Nor and Kavien Arumugam

Abstract: This project presents the performance of a wearable RFID tag antenna in bend and wet conditions. The performance of the RFID tag antenna has been designed, simulated, optimized, and analyzed in CST Studio Suite. CST Studio Suite is a high-performance 3D EM analysis software. The overall project is completed in simulation analysis only. The RFID tag antenna is designed to operate at 915.2 MHz resonant frequency. Materials used to design the RFID tag antenna are felt for the substrate and Shieldit for the conductor. At the initial stage of the design, a microstrip dipole antenna was used, then followed by meandering the designed microstrip dipole antenna to reduce the size of the RFID tag antenna. A parametric study has been done to achieve the best optimized RFID tag antenna. The gain value of 2.76 dB is achieved in this design. In the end, the performance of the RFID tag antenna has been analyzed in bend and wet conditions. The RFID tag antenna performs better in bend condition than the wet condition.

COVID-19 Home Monitoring using GPS with Geographic Prohibitions

Muhamad Asyraf Mahadzir, and Saidatul Norlyana Azemi

Abstract: Last month, Health Minister Adham Baba introduced a new strategy, allowing Covid-19 patients with mild or no symptoms to recuperate at home. Additionally, individuals serving as caregivers and those in close contact with someone who has COVID-19 were advised to stay home as well. However, with a substantial number of people undergoing home quarantine, monitoring their compliance became challenging for the authorities. To address this issue, a proposed GPS monitoring system is suggested to automatically identify the geographical location of individuals under surveillance (PUS). The system tracks PUS through a receiver system, ensuring they remain within the designated quarantine area. Any movement beyond this designated area triggers a warning, immediately notifying the authorities for necessary action. Specifically, the device generates an alert on the user's system and sends the GPS coordinates of the PUS to the authorized contact number via SMS. This in-situ information enables prompt tracking of any escaped PUS, facilitating quick response and intervention

Development of Point-To-Point OCDMA System for Access Network using 2D MDW Code

Amir Mustaffa Bin Yajid and Prof. Dr. Syed Alwee Aljunid Bin Syed Junid

Abstract: The expanding interest in traffic information has led to an increase of the capacity and functionality of communication systems. For this reason, various multiplexing techniques have been introduced with the purpose of allowing multiple users to share the same optical domain simultaneously. The basis of the system revolution is large bandwidth, the data transmission and security of transmitted information. Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) is the most popular multiplexing technique due to its advantages which including the ability to provide as high capacity, flexible bandwidth, and capacity to improve the system security, large cardinality, and scalable asynchronous access. The OCDMA system can be affected by two major challenges which are Multiple Access Interference (MAI) and Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN). Thus, a suitable system by utilizing 2D MDW code with a good cross correlation property is needed to suppress the effect of MAI and mitigate PIIN. Based on this assumption, many 1D codes have been developed in different domain (wavelength, time, and space), but using 1D codes require a very long code length to increase the number of simultaneous users. However, two-dimensional codes have been utilized with the purpose of enhancing the point-to-point OCDMA system performance by increasing the number of simultaneous users with short code length compared to 1D codes. The new point-to-point OCDMA system have been developed to overcome the MAI and PIIN. The study of the new OCDMA system is based on 2D MDW code. The construction of the system is focused on the efficiency of 2-D MDW code to suppress the influence of MAI and PIIN. In designing the system, we used 2D modified double weight (MDW) codes as a signature address since this code can handle more simultaneous active users with a large standard bit error rate (e.g., ≤ 10 -9). Via simulation results, we decided that the new system provides more better performance and improves the ability of the network. This new system can therefore be regarded as a promising optical access network solution for the next decade. 

Streetlight Control System Based on Wireless Communication

Nurhazwani Binti Mohd Kamal and Saidatul Norlyana Azemi

Abstract: This project describes the development of controller streetlights based on wireless communication for saving the energy consumption of streetlight system. The road light used in this research is the 240V light bulb because of the great energy and the intensity of light can be controlled. This light bulb fitted with RF Module based light controller can be monitored as well. The project's major goal is to reduce energy use when there are no vehicles on the road. When there is darkness and a vehicle is passing through the street, the streetlight will be turned on, otherwise, the lights will be turned off. The research demonstrates automatic control of streetlights, which saves energy to some extent. The Streetlight Control System based on Wireless Communication provides an energy-saving solution by using IR sensors to detect an incoming vehicle and then turning on a block of streetlights ahead of the vehicle. In order to realize the proposed system, a prototype is built where the experiments prove that this system can automatically on-off the streetlight and it can be monitored up to 5km. The trailing lights turn off automatically when the vehicle passes past. As a result, Streetlight Control System based on Wireless Communication saves a significant amount of energy. If there are no vehicles on the highway, all of the lights are turned off. 

VOL. 1, 2021

A Review of Machine Learning Approach for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications

Cheah Chow Wei, Mohd Nazri A Karim, Lee Yeng Seng, Mimi Diana Ghazali 

Abstract: Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligent in which algorithms learn relationships in data. ML can be applied in predictive sense or to investigate internal relationships of dataset. The ability to give promising results bring ML been applied in various application such as imaging, signals processing, data mining, and many more. In this paper, the ML approach for Ground Penetrating Radar application is reviewed. Nowadays, Ground Penetrating Radar have some issues of accuracy of localization and the image processing due to the noise and unwanted signal from the underground. Therefore, some of the smart learning technique is proposed especially to remove the clutter signals. A comparison of ML technique such as linear regression, logistic regression, KNN, support vector machine and etc for clutter issues is presented in this paper. The most suitable technique for in GPR applications in order to solve the clutter issues is proposed.