I. Introduction
A. Economics of Antitrust
Hylton, Antitrust Law: Economic Theory and Common Law Evolution, Chapter One
B. Purposes of Antitrust Statutes
Hylton, Chapter Two
Sherman Act; Clayton Act; FTC Act;
*Optional background materials:
(1) Keith N. Hylton & Fei Deng, Antitrust Around the World: An Empirical Analysis of the Scope of Competition Laws and Their Effects, 74 Antitrust Law Journal (2007) (empirical analysis of antitrust laws).
(2) Keith N. Hylton, Panel I: Professor Brodley’s General Contributions to Antitrust Scholarship: Introduction, 90 Boston University Law Review 1367 (2010) (history of antitrust scholarship).
(3) Keith N. Hylton, A Comment on Markovits’s Welfare Economics and Antitrust, 68 Antitrust Bulletin 603 (2023) (modern controversies in antitrust).
(4) David S. Evans and Keith N. Hylton, The Lawful Acquisition and Exercise of Monopoly Power and its Implications for the Objectives of Antitrust, 4 Competition Policy International (2008) (goals of antitrust law.)
C. Enforcement:
Hylton, Chapter Three
*Apple v. Pepper ; American Express v. Italian Colors Restaurant
II. Cartels and Section 1
Hylton, Chapter Four
On cartel theory
A. Development of the Rule of Reason and the Per Se Illegality of Price-Fixing:
Hylton, Chapter 5
Standard Oil (1911)
B. Modern Applications:
Hylton, Chapter Six
Maricopa County Medical Society
National Society of Professional Engineers
C. When Does an Agreement Exist?
Hylton, Chapter Seven
American Tobacco (1946)
Hylton, Ch.7, 142-143 (Matsushita)
In re Text Messaging (7th Cir. 2010); In re Text Messaging, 782 F.3d 867 (7th Cir. 2015).
*Optional reading:
Hylton, Oligopoly Pricing and Richard Posner, 18 Antitrust Source (2018)
D. Facilitating Practices:
Hylton, Chapter Eight
Basing Point Pricing Economics (Hylton, 159-165)
E. Concerted Refusals to Deal:
Hylton, Chapter Nine
Hylton, Ch.9 (see discussion of American Medical, Molinas)
Northwest Wholesale Stationers
Indiana Federation of Dentists
III. Monopoly and Section 2
A. Monopolization:
Hylton, Chapter Ten
Remedies: Keith N. Hylton, Remedies, Antitrust Law, and Microsoft: Comment on Shapiro, 75 Antitrust Law Journal (2009)
*Optional reading:
Hylton, “Book Review: Microsoft’s Antitrust Travails,”
Hylton, “Microsoft After Fifteen Years,” Competition Policy International, vol. 11(No.1), Spring/Autumn 2016.
Ronald A. Cass & Keith N. Hylton, Preserving Competition: Economic Analysis, Legal Standards and Microsoft, 8 George Mason Law Review 1 (1999)
Ronald A. Cass & Keith N. Hylton, Antitrust Intent, 74 Southern California Law Review (2001).
Keith N. Hylton, The Law and Economics of Monopolization Standards, in Antitrust Law and Economics (2010).
The antitrust source: https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/antitrust-magazine-online/apr17_full_source.pdf
Vertical Integration: Otter Tail Power; Berkey Photo; see Hylton, Ch. 10, 202-206.
Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc.;
Leveraging a Patent: General Electric; FTC v. Actavis
*Other optional reading:
Keith N. Hylton, Scalia and Antitrust, 30 Antitrust 60 (2016)
Keith N. Hylton, Gorsuch versus Scalia: How Will Antitrust Change? 16 Antitrust Source Issue 5 (April 2017)
The Essential Facility Doctrine and the Leverage Debate: Hylton, Ch. 10, 206-212
*Optional reading: Keith N. Hylton, Unilateral Refusals to Deal and the Antitrust Modernization Commission Report, 53 Antitrust Bulletin 623 (2008).
Predatory Pricing: Barry Wright; Matsushita (see Hylton, Ch. 10); Brooke Group; AMR; Weyerhaeuser; Hylton, Ch. 10, 212-229
*Optional reading: Keith N. Hylton, Weyerhaeuser, Predatory Bidding, and Error Costs, 53 Antitrust Bulletin 51 (2008).
B. Monopoly Power:
Hylton, Chapter Eleven
Microsoft III (section on market power)
*Optional reading: Keith N. Hylton, Brown Shoe Versus the Horizontal Merger Guidelines, 39 Review of Industrial Organization 95 (2011).
C. Attempt to Monopolize:
Hylton, Chapter Twelve
Swift; Winslow (Hylton, Ch. 12)
Lorain Journal (also, see discussion in Hylton)
Union Leader, Lessig (see Hylton, Ch. 12);
IV. Vertical Restraints
A. Restricted Distribution:
Hylton, Chapter Thirteen
Resale Price Maintenance:
Sole Outlets; Territorial and Customer Limitations
Hylton, Chapter Thirteen
Hylton, Sole Outlet (Exclusivity Agreement), 262-264; Schwinn; Sylvania
Agency and Similar Relationships, Hylton, 266-270
Refusal to Deal and Vertical Agreements
Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.
Anti-steering
B. Tying Arrangements:
Hylton, Chapter Fourteen
Early Cases, Hylton, 284-286;
Loew’s (see Hylton, 292);
Fortner Enterprises II (see Hylton, at 295);
Microsoft III (section on tying)
Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
*Optional reading:
Keith N. Hylton & Michael Salinger, Tying Law and Policy: A Decision Theoretic Approach, 69 Antitrust Law Journal 469 (2001)
C. Exclusive Dealing:
Standard Oil (Standard Stations)
Motion Picture Advertising Service
Barry Wright (1st Cir.) (discussion of exclusive dealing)
V. Mergers
Hylton, Chapter Fifteen
A. Introduction to Merger Law: Hylton, Ch. 15
B. Horizontal Mergers:
Optional Reading: Keith N. Hylton, Getting Merger Guidelines Right, 65 Review of Industrial Organization 213 (2024).
Vertical Mergers:
Hylton, Chapter Sixteen
Early Development, duPont (General Motors), Brown Shoe,
C. Conglomerate Mergers
Procter & Gamble (Clorox)
Subsequent decisions, see Hylton chapter
VI. Antitrust and the State
A. Noerr-Pennington Doctrine:
Hylton, Chapter Seventeen
B. The State Action Doctrine and Related Concepts
Hylton, 371-377
FTC v. Phoebe Putney Health System
Credit Suisse Securities v. Billing
VII. Comparative Antitrust Law
Keith N. Hylton, Antitrust Enforcement Regimes: Fundamental Differences, in 1 The Oxford Handbook of International Antitrust Economics (Roger D. Blair and D. Daniel Sokol, 2015)
Keith N. Hylton & Fei Deng, Antitrust Around the World: An Empirical Analysis of the Scope of Competition Laws and Their Effects, 74 Antitrust Law Journal (2007) (comparative antitrust analysis and empirical examination of antitrust laws).
Hylton, Antitrust World Reports (summarizing antitrust laws around the world)