The Hungry Ghosts Scroll (餓鬼草紙 gaki sо̄shi, gaki zо̄shi) is an illustrated narrative handscroll depicting scenes from the realm of hungry ghosts, one of the six realms of rebirth and existence in Buddhist cosmology. The scroll consists of seven sections of paintings and text, containing various tales of the suffering and salvation of hungry ghosts. It is currently located at the Kyoto National Museum.
The scroll was produced in the 12ᵗʰ century, during the late Heian period (平安時代 794-1185) and early Kamakura period (鎌倉時代 1185-1336), around the time in which the country was engaged in a civil war, eventually leading to the establishment of feudalism in Japan. Like its contemporary works, the scroll was written in Classical Japanese, the literary form of the Japanese language as it was spoken at the time used mainly in prose and poetry writing.
This site aims to provide a complete English translation of the Hungry Ghosts Scroll, accompanied by explanatory notes regarding its historical, cultural, and religious context and imagery where appropriate.
What is a hungry ghost? 餓鬼 gaki, commonly translated as 'hungry ghost' or Sanskrit 'preta', is a Buddhist term referring to the spirit of a greedy or jealous person tormented by eternal hunger and thirst as punishment for their crimes committed in life, and one of the six possible states of reincarnation. They are often depicted in Japanese art as emaciated human-like beings with bulging stomachs and thin throats. They are sometimes considered a type of 鬼 oni, a supernatural entity in Japanese folklore similar to demons, ogres, or evil spirits.
For the purposes of this translation, gaki and oni will be referred to as 'hungry ghost' and 'demon' respectively.
Hungry Ghosts Scroll, 餓鬼草紙 gaki sо̄shi, artist unknown. 12ᵗʰ century, late Heian to early Kamakura period. Ink and colour on paper. 27.1cm x 552.3cm.
Illustrated handscrolls (絵巻物 emakimono, 絵巻 emaki) are composed of sections of text (詞書 kotobagaki) and paintings (絵 e). They are typically viewed from right to left.
The images of the Hungry Ghosts Scroll (gaki sо̄shi) used on this site are used for academic purposes. The scrolls are publicly viewable on the Internet through e国宝, accessible here.
Bianca Bigay (kbig9031).
JPNS3002, 2022.