Passage One (Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice)

     In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violence – as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering mean nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.

     The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and herder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social programme. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.

     Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each other’s problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. ‘Talk, talk, talk,’ the advocates of violence say, ‘all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.’ It’s rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. ‘Possible, my lord,’ the barrister replied, ‘none the wiser, but surely far better informed.’ Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.

1.      What is the best title for this passage?
[A] Advocating Violence.
[B] Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.
[C] Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.
[D] The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.

2.      Recorded history has taught us
[A] violence never solves anything.
[B] nothing.
[C] the bloodshed means nothing.
[D] everything.

3.      It can be inferred that truly reasonable men
[A] can’t get a hearing.
[B] are looked down upon.
[C] are persecuted.
[D] Have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.

4.      “He was none the wiser” means
[A] he was not at all wise in listening.
[B] He was not at all wiser than nothing before.
[C] He gains nothing after listening.
[D] He makes no sense of the argument.

5.      According the author the best way to solve race prejudice is
[A] law enforcement.
[B] knowledge.
[C] nonviolence.
[D] Mopping up the violent mess.

Vocabulary

1.      acute              嚴重的，劇烈的，敏銳的

2.      loot                v.搶劫，掠奪；n.贓物

3.      pillage    v.搶劫，掠奪

4.      crunch    v.吱嘎吱嘎咬或嚼某物；n.碎裂聲
when it comes to the crunch = if/when the decisive moment comes. 當關鍵時刻來到時。

5.      war-paint        出戰前塗於身上的顏料。（美印第安戰士用）

6.      come to light = become known  顯露，為人所知

7.      sap                 剝削，使傷元氣，破壞
I was sapped by months of hospital treatment. 我住院治療幾個月，大傷元氣。

8.      mop up           擦去，對付，處理

9.      wake              船跡，航跡
in the wake of sth. = come after 隨某事之後到來。

難句譯注

1.      What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all.
【結構簡析】when it comes to the crunch = when / if the decisive moment comes.當關鍵時刻來到時。
【參考譯文】真正令人可怖的，令人絕望的是，在關鍵時刻，人們意識到我們一點兒也沒有進步/前進。

2.      Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake.
【結構簡析】in the wake of 在…之後。
【參考譯文】由於我們不得不清理掉暴力之後所留下的爛攤子，我們的力量因此削弱了。

3.      After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.
【結構簡析】none + the + 比較級。固定用法，義：not at all 一點兒也不。EX: After the treatment, he is none the better.治療後，他並沒有因此見好，（一點兒也不見好）。
【參考譯文】聽了律師的長篇解釋，法官抱怨說他一無所獲，並不因此變得聰明些。

4.      Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom.
【參考譯文】知識是智慧的必要的先決條件。結合上下文這裏意思是：瞭解情況是解決問題的先決條件。句子後面的解釋：知識是指瞭解它欲以解決暴力製造的惡行。

寫作方法與文章大意

     作者主要以對比的手法寫出了暴力是有些國家用以解決種族差異的公認方法，這是人本性沒有進步的表現，真正理智的人提出了法制才是解決問題的唯一途徑，而這些人遭人輕視、迫害。作者指出如果我們把使用暴力的一半精力放在消除貧民窟，改善生活水平，提供教育和就業，清除暴力造成的後果，也就是通過對它以法治理是能真正解決種族問題的。儘管這些暴力者採取充耳不聞的態度。

答案詳解

1.      B 暴力難以消除種族偏見。文章一開始就提出有些國家種族偏見嚴重，而暴力卻是公認的一種解決方法。白人採用暴力鎮壓，黑人以防火、掠搶為反抗。而雙方的大人物平靜地論及暴力，似乎這是一種合法的解決方案。作者就此指出人類的進步只在於表面――衣飾等，人類的本能沒有改變。整個有記錄歷史的檔沒有教會人類任何東西。這是真正令人可怕的事件。
第二段論及真正有理智的懂得解決方案所在的人鼓吹法制，人們不停。他們反而收到輕視、迫害。作者就此提出假設，答出真正的解決方案嗜法制，以法治理。
第三段進一步說明“交流、對話”是瞭解雙方問題的前提，即使暴力者不同意，但知道暴力製造它假裝要解決的罪惡，是智慧聰明的必要前提。
A.鼓吹暴力。C.雙方重要人物都把暴力作為合法的解決方案。D. 人類的本性是嗜暴性。

2.      B沒有什麼。第一段中就明確提出整個人類有記錄歷史又長又臭的暴力檔記錄，一點都沒有教給我們任何東西。
A.暴力解決不了任何事情。C.殺戮（流血）沒有任何意義。D.一切。

3.      D在鼓吹法制方面有困難。答案在第二段，真正有理智的人鼓吹法制，遭到同類們的輕視、不信任和迫害。他們發現要人傾聽他們的意見越來越困難。
A.人們不聽。B.遭人輕視。C.遭人迫害。這三項都包含在D項內。

4.      C聽後無所得。None the wiser一點也不比以前聰明（這是按字面翻譯）。實際就是C項。
A.在傾聽別人上他一點也不聰明。B.他和以前一個樣。D.他聽不懂論點。

5.      A法制。第二段最後一句，如果我們在法律的構架中進行工作，真正的持久的解決總是能實現的。第二段第二句，他們遭到迫害是因為他們鼓吹法制這種顯然令人不能容忍的事。
B.知識。C.非暴力。D.處理暴力帶來的混亂。

Passage Two (The Tourist Trade Contributes Absolutely Nothing to Increasing Understanding between Nations)

     The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?

     Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted, sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.

     The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous, cold, pedantic, native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absurd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?

     Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite it sounds! – That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.

1.      The best title for this passage is
[A] tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.
[B] Tourism is tiresome.
[C] Conducted tour is dull.
[D] tourism really does something to one’s country.

2.      What is the author’s attitude toward tourism?
[A] apprehensive.
[B] negative.
[C] critical.
[D] appreciative.

3.      Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?
[A] silent.
[B] noisy.
[C] lively.
[D] active.

4.      The purpose of the author’s criticism is to point out
[A] conducted tour is disappointing.
[B] the way of touring should be changed.
[C] when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.
[D] national stereotypes should be changed.

5.      What is ‘grand tour’ now?
[A] moderate cost.
[B] local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.
[C] people enjoy the first-rate comforts.
[D] everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.

Vocabulary

1.      superb            卓越的，傑出的，第一流的

2.      moderate                 中庸的，中等的，適度的

3.      grand tour               大旅行，指舊時英國富家子弟教育中，到歐洲大陸觀光的旅行，為學業必經階段。

4.      package tour    由旅行社代辦而費用與路線、日程固定的假日旅遊。也可用package holiday。

5.      chartered flight        包機航班

6.      set out to do sth. = begin a job with a particular aim 開始做某事，決心/打算做……

7.      cosset             寵愛，溺愛，縱容

8.      conducted tour = guided tour     有人指導/引到下的參觀，有導遊的旅遊      

9.      censor             檢查

10.   wander off       離開原處/正道，離群，漫步，漫遊

11.   quarters                  住處，營

12.   paella             西班牙什錦飯

13.   chip                        炸馬鈴薯條（土豆條）

14.   amorous                  多情的，色情的

15.   pedantic                  學究式的，賣弄學問的

16.   generalization          歸納，概括

17.   stir up             惹起，煽動，挑起

18.   trite                        陳腐的，老一套的

難句譯注

1.      What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp.
【結構簡析】within sb.’s grasp.某人理解/瞭解，為某人所能抓到的。
【參考譯文】一度只有最富有者專享的“大旅行”現在人人都可獲得。

2.      The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at.
【參考譯文】旅行社包辦的旅遊，包機航班決不會遭人恥笑。

3.      They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population.
【參考譯文】旅行社有意使他們的穀底和當地居民少接觸。

4.      The modern tourist heads a cosseted sheltered life.
【參考譯文】現代旅行者過的使愛護有加與世隔絕的生活。

5.      Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored.
【參考譯文】有人指導下參觀一些靜電收到組織者――旅行社仔細的檢查核准。

6.      A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way.
【結構簡析】only too + 形容詞/分詞 = very非常。
【參考譯文】嚴格緻密的計畫值得旅行者不可能自己一個人到處閒逛；再說，至少語言總是個障礙，所以他對這樣保護非常高興。

7.      At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization.
【結構簡析】at one’s worst 在情況最壞的時候。
【參考譯文】最糟的時候，這種保護會導致形成一種新型而又可怕的殖民現象。

8.      Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous.
【結構簡析】carried to an extreme (to an excess )如果做得過分。
【參考譯文】如果走向極端，模式化的想法會非常危險。

9.      Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact.
【參考譯文】野蠻（亂七八糟）的概括/歸納會激起種族仇恨，使我們對這基本事實視而不見。

寫作方法與文章大意

     文章主要採用因果寫法。雖然旅遊業發展，人們可享受以前只有最富有者享受的大旅遊，但由於旅行社種種限制/呵護及其它，使旅遊者難以和當地居民接觸。陳舊的固定的想――對民族的模式化想法，只有通過接觸才能接觸模式。而旅行社的種種都使人相互難以理解。

答案詳解

1.      A 旅遊對增進民族瞭解毫無建樹。第二段開始點出，許多旅遊組織直接負責旅遊事宜，他們有意識不讓旅遊者接觸當地居民，讓他們過著一種關懷備至又與世隔絕的生活。住的是國際飯店，吃的是國際食品，喝的是國際飲料，在原處觀看當地居民。嚴格有序的計畫使旅遊者難以自己一人閒逛，語言的障礙，又使他們樂意接受保護。第三段涉及堅持民族模式化――老一套的想法，所以一開始旅遊，你見到的民族特性就只是證實了你自己設想的基本事實――所有人民都是人類。只有交朋友才能知道民族模式是多麼荒謬、有害，可是旅行社竭力制止，你又怎麼能交上外國朋友呢？這一切說明A項對。
B.旅遊很累。C.導遊觀光很單調乏味。D.旅遊確實對國家有貢獻。

2.      C 批評。

3.      B 吵吵鬧鬧的。

4.      B 旅遊的方式應改變。整篇文章（除第一段外）都環繞旅遊方式不理想來進行批評。第二段集中在導遊觀光使旅遊者難以和當地人民接觸。第三段，見到的只是證實了旅遊者本人事先形成的思想/先入之見，旅遊根本達不到瞭解對方的目的。第四段講了民族固定模式（先入之見的模式）的可怕後果。要使人懂得所有的人們都是人類，彼此相似，又各具特點，就得改變旅遊的方式。
A.導遊觀光令人失望。C.旅遊時，你見到的 特性證實了你的先入之見。D.民族模式應當改變。這三條都是批評的具體內容。

5.      D 人人都能享受大旅遊。大旅行是專指英國富家子弟上學中的一門課程－到歐洲大陸觀光。不是人人都能享受。這裏用grand tour表示人人都能享受類似grand tour的一切，甚至超過，如第一段指出：現代旅遊者享受的舒適設施，達到了大旅行中老爺、小姐們做夢都沒有想到的水平。海陸空高級交流聯絡通訊系統，使人們有可能錢花得不多就能訪問、觀光別的國家。所以說，曾是有錢人專享的大旅行，普通人也能領略。“grand tour”有引號，表明作為比喻。
A.費用不高。文內是費用合適、中等、恰當。B.當地觀光受組織審查。C.人們喜歡一流舒適設施。

Passage Three (Pop Stars Earn Much)

     Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once the prerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn out in their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying to catch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. The stars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces, private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They are surrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, press agents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comings and goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privileges of Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them to make unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoring crowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financial rewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.

     And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days of Hollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on an unprecedented scale. By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops’ is fierce, but the rewards are truly colossal.

     It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don’t the top men in industry earn enormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop stars earn vast sums in foreign currency – often more than large industrial concerns – and the taxman can only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who would begrudge them their rewards?

     It’s all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others. People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn a living. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no right to expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be a limit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. He knows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows that years of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that the rewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involved and if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That’s the essence of private enterprise.

1.      The sentence Pop stars’ style of living was once the prerogative only of Royalty means
[A] their life was as luxurious as that of royalty.
[B] They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty.
[C] They are rather rich.
[D] Their way of living was the same as that of the royalty.

2.      What is the author’s attitude toward top stars’ high income?
[A] Approval.
[B] Disapproval.
[C] Ironical.
[D] Critical.

3.      It can be inferred from the passage
[A] there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top.
[B] People are blind in idolizing stars.
[C] Successful Pop stars give great entertainment.
[D] The tax they have paid are great.

4.      What can we learn from the passage?
[A] Successful man should get high-income repayment.
[B] Pop stars made great contribution to a country.
[C] Pop stars can enjoy the life of royalty.
[D] Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg.

5.      Which paragraph covers the main idea?
[A] The first.
[B] The second.
[C] The third.
[D] The fourth.

Vocabulary

1.      prerogative      權力，（尤指）特權

2.      chauffeur                受雇開車人，（尤指富人、要人的）司機

3.      entourage                隨行人員，伴隨者，近侍；建築物周圍

4.      astronomical           龐大的，天文的

5.      adulation                 奉承

6.      gramophone    灌音

7.      colossal                  巨大的

8.      exchequer               國庫，財源
  Exchequer Bond 國庫債券

9.      begrudge                 感到不快/不滿，忌妒

10.   humdrum                平淡的，單調的

11.   moan                      呻吟聲
  moan about 發牢騷

難句譯注

1.      the prerogative of Royalty或the royal prerogative
皇家的特權（再英國指國王名義上享有不經議會認可而採取行動的權力）。

2.      People turn out in their thousands to greet them.
【結構簡析】turn out露面、集合、出席。EX: A vast crowd turned out to watch the match.大批觀眾到場觀看比賽。
【參考譯文】成千上萬的人們出來歡迎他們。

3.      The great days of Hollywood have become legendry.
【參考譯文】好萊塢鼎盛時期成了神話。

4.      By today’s standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite so spectacular.
【參考譯文】按今天的標準來看，好萊塢的奢華（過分的行為）似乎並不那麼引人注目。

5.      A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than the films of the past ever did.
【參考譯文】今天單張錄音唱片掙的版稅要比過去一步電影還要多得多。

寫作方法與文章大意

     作者以對比、因果寫作手法，寫出歌星享受者貴族般生活方式，出門受千萬人群歡迎，出入高級車、機，身後保鏢、經紀人、新聞記者，來去都有報導，這一切是社會對高級演員的慷慨贈予。公司的高級人員享受高薪，歌星也應享受。再則頂尖歌星冒有很大風險。

答案詳解

1.      B 他們享受一度只屬於貴族享用的一切。第一段集中談了這些：他們走到哪里，成千上萬人們出來歡迎，卻中發瘋地要看一眼穿著花哨的偶像的笑容。這些歌星坐著司機開動的Rolls-Royces汽車、私人直升飛機，高級長官飛機到處走，永遠圍著一批經紀人、報界記者和保鏢隨從人員。他們的照片定期登在報刊上，因為歌星象貴族一樣是新聞人物。
A.他們的生活和貴族一樣奢侈。C.他們很富。D.他們的生活方式和貴族生活方式一個樣。

2.      A 贊成。在第一段最後一句：“他們為他們的犧牲所獲取的報酬難以計算，支付率驚人。”第二段一開始就點明“為什麼不驚人？社會對高級表演者總是慷慨解囊。好萊塢的鼎盛時期名揚天下，著名歌星先手空前絕後的名、利、奉承。”第三段更明確指出：應該這樣支付星族，這完全正確。企業中的頂尖人物因為他們為公司和國家所作的一切不也掙得高額工資？稅務員應感謝他們每年為國庫做出了巨大的貢獻。所以誰會忌妒他們的報酬呢？最後一段進一步說明：欲成為星族的人冒著很大的風險，誰都知道只有一小撮人能成為頂尖人物，也可能多年的努力以徹底失敗而告終，而成功的報酬確實很高，這是對他們冒險的補償。這些內容都說明作者贊成巨額報酬。
A.不同意。C.諷刺的。D.批評的。

3.      A 在攀登頂峰中存在著激烈的競爭。這在第三段最後一句明確指出：獲取頂尖的流行歌星的稱號競爭激烈，但其報酬確實驚人。最後一段的風險說。還有最後一段第二句：說忌妒話的人應記住：最有名的星族代表的只是冰山之巔――人極少。每個成名的歌星身後就有成千上百個其他歌者為生存而奮鬥。這都說明“競爭激烈”。
B.人們盲目崇拜偶像歌星。C.成功的流行歌星演出給人極大的享受。D.他們支付的稅收巨大。

4.      D 成功者只是冰山的頂尖――少極了。
A.成功的人應當獲得高收入。B.流行歌星對國家做出巨大貢獻。C.流行歌星能享受貴族生活。

5.      D 第四段。主旨句是倒數第一、二句，成功的報酬確實很高，這是對其高度風險的還報補償，如果他成功了，他肯定掙得多。那就是私人事業的根本/本質。
A.第一段。這段之對比了貴族和歌星的生活方式。B.第二段。這段講了掙得多，但競爭激烈。C.第三段。歌星和企業頂尖人物對比。

Passage Four (Examinations Exert a Pernicious Influence on Education)

     We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.

     As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?

     A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.

     The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge’s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner’s. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: ‘I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.’

1.      The main idea of this passage is
[A] examinations exert a pernicious influence on education.
[B] examinations are ineffective.
[C] examinations are profitable for institutions.
[D] examinations are a burden on students.

2.      The author’s attitude toward examinations is
[A]detest.
[B] approval.
[C] critical.
[D] indifferent.

3.      The fate of students is decided by
[A] education.
[B] institutions.
[C] examinations.
[D] students themselves.

4.      According to the author, the most important of a good education is
[A] to encourage students to read widely.
[B] to train students to think on their own.
[C] to teach students how to tackle exams.
[D] to master his fate.

5.      Why does the author mention court?
[A] Give an example.
[B] For comparison.
[C] It shows that teachers’ evolutions depend on the results of examinations.
[D] It shows the results of court is more effectise.

Vocabulary

1.      pernicious       有害的，惡性的，破壞性的

2.      knack     竅門，訣竅

3.      embark           乘船，登記

4.      write off          勾銷，註銷。確認某食物已損失或無效

5.      syllabus   教學大綱

6.      cram               塞入，把某物塞進，突擊式學習（尤指應考），以注入方式教人

7.      duress     威脅，逼迫

8.      stack               堆，垛

9.      scrawl     寫/畫（的內容不工整，不仔細）潦草的筆跡，七扭八歪的字

10.   script              講稿，劇本，腳本，筆試答卷

11.   cynical            憤世嫉俗的，自私得為人不齒的

12.   boil down        熬濃，濃縮，歸納

難句譯注

1.      For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite.
【參考譯文】儘管所有那些虔誠的說法說考試能測定你所知道的東西，但其結果常常是適得其反，這是眾所周之的常識。

2.      As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none.
【結構簡析】second to none固定搭配，義：不亞於任何人或事物。
【參考譯文】（測）考試作為憂慮的製造者，真是出類拔萃。

3.      induce cramming
誘人採用突擊式學習方式。Cram盡力塞入，應試突擊學習。EX: cram for a chemistry test.為應付化學考試而臨時抱佛腳。Cram pupils以填鴨式教學生。

4.      Yet you have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time.
【參考譯文】他們不得不在限定的時間內，給一大堆匆忙塗寫而成的筆試答卷批分。

5.      And their word carries weight.
【參考譯文】可他們的話/文字（這裏指分數）有份量（有影響）。

6.      This is what it boils down to in the last analysis.
【參考譯文】這就是最終分析所歸納的一切。

寫作方法與文章大意

     這是一篇類似分類寫作的文章。羅列了考試種種惡果。作者首先指出考試難以測定人的真正能力和水平，反而是適得其反。二是考試是憂慮的製造者，因為它決定了人的成敗命運。三是考試促使學校進行應試技巧教育，否定了教會人獨立思考、擴大視野。四是教師或者說測試人又累又餓，犯錯誤，還得在限定時間披閱成堆的試卷，他們的壓力和考試者一樣很大，而他們的話――分數有份量，審判官的裁決，你有權上訴，而他們的裁決――一筆定終身。

     最後引用“輟學者成為百萬富翁”來點明測試這種形式對教育的壞影響。

答案詳解

1.      A 考試對教育具有有害的影響。文章第一段就點明：考試是測試記憶的好方法，是測試在巨大壓力下快速工作的技巧的好方法，卻測不出一個人的真正能力和水平。第三段集中指出：考試不是促進學生廣泛閱讀，反而限制其閱讀；考試不能使學生追求更多的知識，而是誘導學生進行應付考試的突擊式學習。他們降低了教學水平，因為他們剝奪了老師的一切自由。常常以考試結果而不是所教課程來評定老師，是他們不得不以他們所輕視的考試技巧來培訓學生。第二段和第四段也涉及其後果。
B.考試無效。這是考試後果的一個方面。C.考試對教育機構有利。這也是一個方面。D.考試對學生是一種負擔。

2.      C 批評的。第一段中作者明確指出，考試方法依舊，不能測出人的能力和水平。第二段點名，這種無用的考試決定人生的成敗。第三段說考試最成功的考試者經常不是最佳的受教育者，他們是在脅迫下最佳獲得考試技巧者，而好的教育應能培養人的獨立思考。第四段涉及閱卷者又累又餓，常犯錯誤，不得不在限定時間披閱一大堆匆忙中七扭八歪寫出的卷子。最後一句“我過去是一個是來歲的輟學者，現在我是一個年輕的百萬富翁”畫龍點睛地指出，考試指揮下的教育的失敗。這一切都說明作者對考試的批評態度。
A.嫌惡，厭惡。此答案從意義上說是對的。但語法不通，因為這是個東西，而is後要求是名詞或形容詞。B.贊成。D.漠不關心的。

3.      C 考試。答案在第二段，考試是最終憂慮製造者，那是因為許多事情取決於考試：它們是我們社會中成功或失敗的標誌。你的未來可能全取決於這決定性的一天。
A.教育。B.教育機構。D.學生自己。

4.      B 培養學生進行獨立思考。第三段第一句話點明：好的教育應該是培養學生自己獨立思考。
A.鼓勵學生廣泛閱讀。教學生如何應考。C.教學生如何應考。D.掌握自己命運。

5.      B 作對比，答案在最後一段倒數第二句“審判官裁決後，你有權力上訴，而披閱考卷人給分後，學生可沒有上訴權”後面又談及“一想到考試只對進行考試的機構有禮，未免太自私了。這酒是最終分析歸納的東西。”所以作者呼籲，可定還有許多更簡便，更有效的評估人真正能力的方法。
A.給出一個例子。C.表示老師是由考試結果評定好壞。這是第三段講的不分內容，教師他們自己常由考試結果而不是所教課程優劣來評定。所以他們不得不對學生進行應試技巧教育，降低教學水平。D.表明審判官裁決更有效。

Passage Five (Killing in the Name of God Ugandan Deaths Spotlight Rise of Cults)

     How could faith beget such evil? After hundreds of members of a Ugandan cult, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, died in what first appeared to be a suicidal fire in the village of Kanungu two weeks age, police found 153 bodies buried in a compound used by the cult in Buhunga, 25 miles away. When investigators searched the house of a cult leader in yet another village, they discovered 155 bodies, many buried under the concrete floor of the house. Then scores more were dug up at a cult member’s home. Some had been poisoned; others, often-young children, strangled. By week’s end, Ugandan police had counted 924 victims – including at least 530 who burned to death inside the sealed church – exceeding the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives.

     Authorities believe two of the cult’s leaders, Joseph Kibwetere, a 68-year-old former Roman Catholic catechism teacher who started the cult in 1987, and his “prophetess, ” Credonia Mwerinde, by some accounts a former prostitute who claimed to speak for the Virgin Mary, may still be alive and on the run. The pair had predicted the world would end on Dec. 31, 1999. When that didn’t happen, followers who demanded the return of their possessions, which they had to surrender on joining the cult, may have been systematically killed.

     The Ugandan carnage focuses attention on the proliferation of religious cults in East Africa’s impoverished rural areas and city slums. According to the institute for the study of American religion, which researches cults and sects, there are now more than 5,000 indigenous churches in Africa, some with apocalyptic or revolutionary leanings. One such group is the Jerusalem Church of Christ in Nairobi’s Kawangwara slums, led by Mary Snaida-Akatsa, or “mommy” as she is known to her thousands of followers. She prophesies about the end of the world and accuses some members of being witches. One day the brought a “special visitor” to church, an Indian Sikh man she claimed was Jesus, and told her followers to “repent or pay the consequences.”

     Most experts say Africa’s hardships push people to seek hope in religious cults. “These groups thrive because of poverty,” says Charles Onyango Obbo, editor of the Monitor, an independent newspaper in Uganda, and a close observer of cults. “People have no support, and they’re susceptible to anyone who is able to tap into their insecurity.” Additionally, they say, AIDS, which has ravaged East Africa, may also breed a fatalism that helps apocalyptic notions take root.

     Some Africans turn to cults after rejecting mainstream Christian churches as “Western” or “non-African.” Agnes Masitsa, 30, who used to attend a Catholic church before she joined the Jerusalem Church of Christ, says of Catholicism: “It’s dull.”

     Catholic icons. Yet, the Ugandan doomsday cult, like many of the sects, drew on features of Roman Catholicism, a strong force in the region. Catholic icons were prominent in its buildings, and some of its leaders were defrocked priests, such as Dominic Kataribabo, 32, who reportedly studied theology in the Los Angeles area in the mid-1980s. He had told neighbors he was digging a pit in his house to install a refrigerator; police have now recovered 81 bodies from under the floor and 74 from a field nearby. Police are unsure whether Kataribabo died in the church fire.

     Still, there is the question: How could so many killings have been carried out without drawing attention? Villagers were aware of Kibwetere’s sect, whose followers communicated mainly through sign language and apparently were apprehensive about violating any of the cult’s commandments. There were suspicions. Ugandan president Yoweri Mseveni told the BBC that intelligence reports about the dangerous nature of the group had been suppressed by some government officials. On Thursday, police arrested an assistant district commissioner, the Rev. Amooti Mutazindwa, for allegedly holding back a report suggesting the cult posed a security threat.

    Now, there are calls for African governments to monitor cults more closely. Says Gilbert Ogutu, a professor of religious studies at the University of Nairobi: “When cult leaders lose support, they become dangerous.”

1.      Why did so may Ugandans die in faith?
[A] Many of them were killed for asking for the return of their possessions.
[B] They found the cult’s leaders had cheated them.
[C] They lost faith in cults.
[D] They are willing to die.

2.      The main reason of people’s joining the cults is
[A] poverty.
[B] insecurity.
[C] AIDS.
[D] fatalism.

3.      What does Mary Snaide Akatsa prophesy?
[A] She prophesies the world will be flooded.
[B] She prophesies the world will be in fire.
[C] She prophesies about the end of the world.
[D] She prophesies he followers should die in faith.

4.      Why do some Africans reject Christian Churches?
[A] They feel Christianity is dull.
[B] They reject Christian Churches as Western or non-African.
[C] They are susceptible.
[D] They are dangerous persons.

5.      How could so many killing have been carried out without drawing attention?
[A] The cult acted secretly.
[B] The government officials did not see through its dangerous nature.
[C] There were no preventive measures.
[D] People were frightened.

Vocabulary

1.      beget                      產生，引起，招致

2.      cult                         祭禮，狂烈的崇拜（者），迷信，邪教

3.      compound               院子，場地

4.      strangle                   扼死，悶死

5.      carnage                   殘殺，大屠殺，成堆的屍體

6.      catechism                教理問答

7.      prophet                   預言者，先知

8.      on the run                在逃

9.      proliferation    擴散，繁殖

10.   indigenous      本土的，土生土張的

11.   apocalypse      （基督教）啟事（錄）《聖經新約》

12.   be susceptible          易受人影響

13.   ravage            蹂躪，劫掠

14.   fatalism                  宿命論

15.   apocalyptic     預警的

16.   icon                        （東正教）聖像

17.   doomsday               世界末日

18.   Jerusalem                耶路撒冷，喻：天堂

19.   Kenya             肯雅

20.   Nairobi                   內羅畢，肯雅首都

21.   mommy                  嬤嬤＝mother

22.   repent             懺悔

23.   Sikh                       錫克教（信徒）

24.   defrock                   免去…聖職的。這裏指：免去聖職的牧師

25.   sect                        宗教小組

26.   pose                       提問

難句譯注

1.      …the Movement for the restoration of the Ten Commandments of God…
【結構簡析】Ten commandments 十戒，是聖經中上帝再西奈山上給予摩西（猶太人的古代領袖）十大行為的神聖準則：

a)       have no other god.

b)       Do not make or warship idols.

c)       Do not take the word of the lord in vain.

d)       Keep the Sabbath holy.

e)       Honor one’s father and mother.

f)        Do not kill.

g)       Do not commit adultery.

h)       Do not steal.

i)        Do not give false evidence.

j)        Do not covet another’s property or wife.

這十戒為猶太教、基督教的教條。

     【參考譯文】這是烏干達回復上帝十戒運動頭目以上帝的名義在2000年屠殺了924名信徒。

2.      the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of American cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives.
這是指美國的一個邪教組織――人民聖殿教。1978年11月19日教徒在教主Jim Jones的矇騙或脅迫下在圭亞那集體自殺或扼殺（或強制和下Kool-Aid）或遭襲擊而死。人數高達913。此後Jones一詞意為殘忍的人。殺人的地點就成為Jonestown。

3.      they are susceptible to any one who is able to tap into their insecurity.
【參考譯文】他們易受任何人的影響，這些人能利用他們不安的情緒。

4.      drew on features of Roman Catholicism.
【參考譯文】利用羅馬天主教義等特點。

寫作方法與文章大意

     文章以因果寫作方法，先提出各種邪教殘害的人數，然後一一點出邪教興起的原因：人民貧窮、愛滋病之猖獗，為宿命論提供了溫床。加上邪教頭目種種欺騙手段：如世界末日來臨利用一些正教教義或以基督、聖母瑪利亞的身份出現控制、麻木信徒，一旦欺騙手段暴露信徒就慘遭殺害。

答案詳解

1.      A 許多人由於要歸還他們的財產而遭到殺害。答案見第二段倒數第二句，這一對邪教領袖曾預言世界將於1999年12月31日借宿――世界末日來臨。結果並沒有發生，追隨者就要求歸還他們在入教時獻上的一切，而遭到有計劃有步驟地殺害。
B. 他們發現邪教頭目欺騙他們。這只是起因之一，如果發現後不吭聲也許不會遭劫。C.他們對邪教失去了信任。D. 他們願意去死。

2.      A 貧窮。主要原因就是窮。答案見第四段。許多專家認為非洲之艱苦生活促使人民在邪教中尋找希望。這些邪教群體之興起就是因為貧窮。人民沒有支柱、保障，很容易受影響。任何人都可利用他們不安的情緒。其次愛滋病在東非之猖獗，培育出宿命論觀點，從而幫助預示可怕事情即將來臨的思想紮根于心靈。
B.不安全。C.愛滋病。D.宿命論。

3.      C 她預言世界末日。
A.她預言世界將遭水淹。B.她預言世界將燒光。D.她預言她的追隨者將死於信仰。

4.      B 他們把基督教會視為西方的或非非洲的而拒之門外。見第五段：有些非洲人在把基督教會視作西方的或非非洲的而拒之門外後皈依邪教。
A.認為基督教非常沉悶單調。C.他們易受影響。D.他們是一夥危險人物。

5.      A 邪教行動神秘。例：第一段中描述的好幾百烏干達邪教組織成員死于初看好像是自殺性的火焰之中（自焚），在一個場院誘發現了153具屍體，在搜查邪教頭目的房子中又發現了156具屍體，許多埋于房子的混凝土地板下面，還有好幾十具從邪教成員家中挖出，其中有些人被毒死。其他，特別是孩子都是扼殺（窒息而死）。共計924人，至少有530人燒死在封閉的教堂裏。倒數第三段，烏干達世界末日邪教一個頭目――免去聖職的牧師，據說80年代中他研究神學，他告訴鄰居他在家挖一個地窖放冰箱。現在員警發現地板下81具屍體，附近一場地74具屍體。上述兩例都是神秘殺害，至於要歸還財產之人更遭神秘殺害了。
B.政府官員沒有看出邪教的危險性（原因之一）。C.沒有防範措施。D.人民害怕。

Passage Six (Equality of opportunity in the twentieth Century Has Not Destroyed the Class System)

     These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.

     It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy’ read ‘meritocracy’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.

     Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.

     In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.

1.      What is the main idea of this passage?
[A] Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class system.
[B] Equality means money.
[C] There is no such society as classless society.
[D] Nature can’t give you a classless society.

2.      According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of inequality because
[A] the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.
[B] Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.
[C] Material rewards are for genuine ability.
[D] People have the freedom how to educate their children.

3.      Who can obtain more rapid success
[A] those with wealth.
[B] Those with the best brains.
[C] Those with the best opportunities.
[D] Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.

4.      Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent? Because
[A] money decides everything.
[B] Private schools offer advantages over state schools.
[C] People are free to choose the way of educating their children.
[D] Wealth is used for political ends.

5.      According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to
[A] the rich and the poor.
[B] Different opportunities for people.
[C] Oppressor and the oppressed.
[D] Genius and stupidity.

Vocabulary

1.      discredit                  損害，破壞，敗壞（某人的名聲），不可信

2.      monarch                 國王，女皇，君主政體

3.      millennium     千年
  the millennium  千僖年

4.      bear out                  證實

5.      level out                  （升跌之後）呈平穩狀態

6.      meritocracy     英才管理，英才教育，能人統治

7.      knack             技巧，訣竅

8.      perpetuate               使永久，永存或持續

9.      indiscriminate         不加鑒別的，不加分析的，任意的

10.   boil down       歸結為……

難句譯注

1.      Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.
【參考譯文】深入探索證實此斷言不確。（也就是說太平盛世並沒有成為政治現實）。

2.      might is right
諺語：強權即公理。

3.      For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world.
【結構簡析】lip-service口惠而實不至。EX: He pays lip-service to feminism but his wife still does all the housework.他口口聲聲說支援女權主義，但全部家務仍是他妻子的事。
【參考譯文】我們口口聲聲讚揚平等思想，我們在西方世界中並不認為這一思想事錯誤的。

4.      In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated person.
【參考譯文】最終，一切政治意識，都歸結為一件事：不論你是由封建國王統治還是英才統治，階級區分依然存在。

寫作方法與文章大意

     這是一篇對“無階級社會和人人平等”論點的駁斥文章。作者從四個方面進行論述。1、天賦的才能和智慧與平等原則無關。2、“適者生存，強權即公理”依然存在。3、人獲得的報酬是取決於人的才能而不是平等。4、金錢的作用，它不僅可以培育有能力的人，還是政治的後盾。只有金錢加能力是成功的關鍵。所以所謂平等不存在，更沒有無階級的社會。

答案詳解

1.      A 二十世紀平等的機遇並沒有摧毀階級。文章一開始就對無階級社會的論點進行了反駁：有人認為君主整體已完全摧毀，倖存下來的王公貴族已經被剝奪了一切政治權力，繼承的財產為稅收大幅度的削減，到時候，巨大的財富將消失殆盡，在許多國家中，已全面勝利，人民進行統治，偉大的太平盛世已成為政治顯示。作者認為：深入檢查證實這一斷言不實。第二段提出了即使人人都獲同樣的受教育的機會，可人的天然智慧和能力與平等原則無關，適者生存，強權即公理依然存在。教育的普及摧毀了老的階級體制，卻創造新的，報酬是機遇才幹成就。貴族統治就是英才統治，可在其他方面，社會依然，階級確實存在。後面兩段集中論述了金錢的作用。
B.金錢意味著平等是錯誤的。C.不存在無階級社會。內容是對的，但不是本文的主題思想。D.自然界不會賦予你一個無階級社會。

2.      B 自然界在分賦人智慧和能力是不會顧及平等。
A.適者生存的原則存在。根據這一原則無智慧和能力者難以生存於社會。C.物質報償是根據人的真正能力。D.人們有自由選擇如何教育自己的孩子。這三項都基於一點――人的智慧和能力。有智慧能力才能生存，才能獲報償，這已經是不平等，即使獲同樣的受教育的機會，也不可能剷除不平等。

3.      A 有錢的人。第三段一開始就點明：真正的能力、動物般機敏狡猾、技能、善抓機會的訣竅，這一切都帶來物質報償。有了錢的人首要作的事情就是給孩子最佳教育機會，而私人學校教育優於公立學校，人們又有自由選擇如何教育自己的孩子。在這個意義上，英才教育在某種程度上是永存的。一個來自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其對立面獲得成功要快得多得多。
B.具有很高智慧的人，若沒有錢是難以成功的。第三段的最後一句話也點明這一點，金錢同從前一樣是強有力的武器。文章最後一段即使在完全遵循社會平等原則的社會裏，禁止特權的私人教育，人們也是按能力獲報酬。小心翼翼而又耗費巨大地把聰明的孩子培養成未來的統治者。C.具有最佳機遇的人。D.是B和C的結合。

4.      A金錢決定一切。新的英才教育在一定程度上永存。沒有錢，上不起私立學校，談不上機會，更不用說英才教育。有了錢才能為孩子創造機會。
B.私立學校提供的優越性高於公立學校。C.人們有自由選擇教育孩子的方式方法。D.財富用於政治目的。第三段最後三句話：“財富也可以不加區別地用於更遠的政治目的。沒有強大的財政作後盾，成為民主國家的元首幾乎是不可能。金錢和過去一樣是強有力的武器，這也說明了金錢的力量，決定一切。”

5.      A 富人和窮人。縱然作者提及，同樣的教育機會也不可能剷除不平等，因為上天賦予人之智慧是不可能考慮平等原則，可是作者也提到適者生存、強權即公理。貴族政治可讀成英才教育。這已說明英才指的是貴族的英才。第四段進一步指出有錢的人首先要做的就是給子女一個良好的教育機會。而私立學校的教育質量優於公立學校。有錢人家的有能力的孩子成功機遇就高。財產還可用於政治目的，要成為民主國家的領袖就得有雄厚的財力支持。錢財和過去一樣強有力。即使在以社會平等為原則的社會中，私立學校被禁，酬勞還是以人的能力為准，大量需要有技能的工作人員，而差勁的人沒有人關注。天才的孩子予以仔細而又及其昂貴的培養以成為未來的統治者。
總之，政治意識歸結為同一個東西――階級劃分存在，不論你是為封建帝王統治，還是為受過教育的農民統治，從這裏看，作者的class division指的是A項。
B.人們不同的機遇。C.壓迫者和被壓迫者。D.天才和笨蛋。

Passage Seven (The Most Important of All Human Qualities is a Sense of Humor)

Biologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divide world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplin’s early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, ‘Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way.’

     A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop sided view of things.

     This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war; political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gulliver’s Travels.  The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they can’t agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too. It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish.

     The sense of humor must be singled out as man’s most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative – these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.

1.      The most important of all human qualities is
[A] a sense of humor.
[B] A sense of satire.
[C] A sense of laughter.
[D] A sense of history.

2.      The author mentions about Charlie Chaplin’s early films because
[A] they can amuse people.
[B] Human beings are different from animals.
[C] They show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
[D] They show that people have the same ability to laugh.

3.      One of the chief functions of irony and satire is
[A] to show absurdity of actions.
[B] to redress balance.
[C] to take the wind out of politicians.
[D] to show too much grimness in the world.

4.      What do we learn from the sentence ‘it is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish in totalitarian regimes?’
[A] It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.
[B] It can arouse people to riot.
[C] It shows tragedy and comedy are related.
[D] It can make people laugh.

5.       Who is Swift?
[A] A novelist.
[B] A poet.
[C] A dramatist.
[D] A essayist.

Vocabulary

1.      devoid            沒有，缺乏

2.      plague            n.瘟疫，惹人煩惱的人和事v.給……造成麻煩，痛苦，困難

3.      faction            派別

4.      comic stereotype  可笑/滑稽的模式

5.      commentator           （集注）作者，評論員，解說員

6.      tinkle                      n.一連串的丁零聲，電話聲，v.使發出丁零聲

7.      fanatic            狂熱者（尤指宗教、政治的狂熱）

8.      lop-sided                 不均勻的

9.      hover                      翱翔，盤旋；彷徨

10.   somber                   低沉的，暗淡的，嚴峻的

11.   redress            糾正，補償

12.   pompous                 自大的，浮誇的

13.   arrogant                  傲慢的

14.   proportion               均衡，勻稱，平衡，比例

15.   Lilliputian               微型的，極小的，源自《格列佛遊記》中的小人國裏的人

16.   totalitarian      極權主義的

17.   regime            政體，政權，統治方式或制度

難句譯注

1．  In a divided world, laughter is a unifying force.
【參考譯文】在分裂的世界中，笑是一種促成一致（團結）的力量。

2．  Human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps,
【參考譯文】人際關係可能因思想意識派別和政治陣營的不同而受侵擾。

3．  Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
【參考譯文】某些滑稽的模式具有全球性的效果。

4．  Charlie Chaplin查理·卓別林1889-1977，英國諷刺滑稽劇及電影演員，導演及製片人。

5．  At odds with society和社會格格不入。

6．  Dr. Samuel Johnson撒繆爾·約翰生，1709-1784，英國辭典編撰者及作家。

7．  A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tinkle to an earth quaking roar.
【參考譯文】幽默感表現的方式多種多樣，笑也許是銀鈴般優雅輕笑，也許是震耳欲聾的放聲大笑。

8．  If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously.
【參考譯文】如果我們能見到可笑的一面，我們就不會犯這種錯誤：對自己看得過重（自以為了不起）。

9．  We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop-sided view of things.
【參考譯文】我們會經常提醒自己禍兮福所伏（悲劇離喜劇實際並不遙遠），那我們決不會偏執一詞地看事物。

10．     Take the wind out of sb’s sails使某人氣餒或洩氣。

11．     Swift Jonathan swift喬納森·思維福特1667-1745，英國作家，生於都柏林，曾獲牛津大學碩士，三一學院神學博士學位，1688年到英國，後加入英國國教會。他同情英國統治下的愛爾蘭人民，積極參加他們為爭取自由和民族獨立的鬥爭。他以政治諷刺文著世，其文筆犀利、諷刺尖銳、文章推理嚴密，用詞簡潔、語言樸實清晰，被認為是英語的典範，《格列佛遊記》是他的代表作之一。

12．     We laugh because we are meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep too.
【結構簡析】mean to do是打算或註定要…，一般用於被動。
【參考譯文】我們笑是因為想笑，可是我們也想哭。是指小人國和鄰國僅僅為打雞蛋一類小事而打仗可笑，確實也是可悲。作者結合現實指出是人類悲劇之所在。

寫作方法與文章大意

     文章以部部深入，一般到具體的寫作手法論及笑是人類特有的功能。

     形式多種、效果一樣。天下人有各種觀點、制度、人際關係，對滑稽的東西都會報之以笑――一種一致的力量。

     笑基於幽默感，有了它，人們會樂觀、愉快、輕鬆，不偏不倚地對待一切，悲劇中寓以喜劇，幽默感又是人類開啟幸福之門的鑰匙。

     論及的同時作者佐以例子，卓別林的早期電影，《格列佛遊記》中的小人國戰爭等。

答案詳解

1.      A 幽默感。文章一開始就提出人類有別於動物是人有笑的功能，世界紛爭繁雜、人際關係因意識觀點差異而對峙，國家制度不一，但人們都能笑。笑基於人類最複雜而又微妙的品質――幽默感。反過來說沒有幽默感的人恐怕難以笑。第二段正式指出：幽默感表現形式多種多樣，而笑可由微笑到狂笑種種，但其效果相同，幽默感有助於我們保持正確的價值觀。這是政治狂熱者所缺乏的特徵。如果我們能看見滑稽可笑的一面，我們就不會犯過於看重自己的錯誤。我們總會記得悲劇離喜劇不願，因此，我們不會有偏重某一測的觀點。第四段畫龍點睛的指出幽默是人類最重要的特徵，因為它和笑聲結合在一起。而笑又是和幸福聯繫在一起。勇氣、決心、創造力特徵，我們和其他生命形式共用，而幽默感是人類所獨有的。如果幸福是我們生活的偉大目標，那幽默感就是開啟幸福的鑰匙。
B.諷刺感。這是第三段講的內容，諷刺的功能，但不是人類最重要的特徵。C.笑感。D.歷史觀點。

2.      C 作者提卓別林的電影的目的是證明某些喜劇模式對全世界都有吸引力。
A.它可以取悅任何人。B.人類和動物不同。D.證明人有同樣笑的功能。

3.      B使各種事情重新相等和均衡。第三段著重講了這一點。人類在痛苦中掙扎，常處於戰爭的邊緣。政治實現令人絕望，在這種處境中，對某些政治事物的諷刺挖苦和漫畫可以使各種心理重新平衡，可使失去均衡感的政客地下高傲頭顱；可使我看見許多深邃的事情荒謬可笑。
A.表現行為的荒唐。C.使政治家氣餒。D.表現世界上太多的令人沮喪之事。

4.      A它可以以諷刺的手法解釋政治時間的真相。
B.這可促使人民暴動。C.它表示了悲劇和喜劇相聯繫。D.它能使人哭。

5.      A小說家。
B.詩人。C.戲劇家。D.散文家。

Passage Eight (The Improving Economic Situation In Greece)

     Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.

     It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.

     In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:

     “Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”

     Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.

     Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.

1.      The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A] Greek income and expenditures.
[B] The improving economic situation in Greece.
[C] The value of tourism.
[D] Military expenditures.

2.      Many peasants earn less than
[A] $60 a week.
[B] $2 a week.
[C] $1 a day.
[D] $10 a month.

3.      The Greek Government spends
[A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.
[B] More than its collects.
[C] A third of a billion dollars in gold.
[D] Less than 25% of its budget on military terms.

4.      According to the passage, Greece has
[A] a dictatorship.
[B] a monarchy.
[C] a single majority party.
[D] too much red tape.

5.      Greece imports annually goods and materials
[A] totaling almost $700 million.
[B] that balance exports.
[C] that are paid by tourists.
[D] costing $66 million.

Vocabulary

1.      remittance               匯款（額）

2.      wash out                 洗掉，取消、告吹、沖掉、筋疲力盡

3.      drachma                  古希臘銀幣   德拉克馬（現代希臘貨幣單位）

4.      lot                          份額

5.      incompatible           水火不相容的，不能共存的

6.      coalesce                  （政黨）聯合，癒合，接合

7.      highlight                 光線最強處，最重要部分，最精彩場面

8.      margin            （成本和售價的）差額，空白，邊緣

9.      bog down                陷於困境，使停頓

10.   red tape                   官樣文章，煩瑣和拖拉的公務程式

11.   shrewdness     清明，機靈

12.   deadlock                 僵局，僵持；使陷於僵局

難句譯注

1.      Greece, economically is in the black.
【參考譯文】希臘經濟上說是贏利/富裕的

2.      With very little export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from invisible earnings to pay its needed, growing imports.
【參考譯文】除了農產品，如煙草、棉花和水果之外，希臘沒有什麼出口貨，但它從“無形的收益”中掙不少，足夠致富所需的一切――日益增長的進口貨。

3.      This washes out almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
【參考譯文】這筆錢沖掉了進口超過出口近4億美元的差額。

4.      So far most American and other foreign attempts have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.
【參考譯文】到目前為止由於希臘政府那種繁瑣而又拖拉的公務程式和對小事的精明，大多數美國和其他國家的嘗試的工作都陷入困境。

5.      They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
【參考譯文】他們絕望地陷於意見和觀點完全分歧的僵局之中。

6.      And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris and Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic chocked streets of either.
【參考譯文】噴氣式飛機的發展使雅典和巴黎、羅馬一樣很容易到達，卻沒有那兩個城市的交通堵塞的接到的高昂代價。

寫作方法與文章大意

     這是一篇以過去和現在對比的手法，論述了希臘經濟，主要是旅遊業的發展。過去，希臘以無形資產贏得之利潤，來消除赤字，還可稍有節餘。但貧窮、事業情況嚴重，政府辦事拖拉、繁瑣也影響國外的投資，雖然早在1956年就準備擴展旅遊業，但意見分歧。現在，情況大變，就旅遊一項年收入由3100萬增至9000萬美元。

答案詳解

1.      B 希臘經濟形式的改善。文章圍繞這一中心而寫。文章一開始就提出希臘出口除了農產品之外，沒有什麼東西，而無形資產如旅遊、運輸和國外的匯款等可掙得37500萬美元。兩項加在一起來抵消入超赤字近4億美元，稍有結餘。第三段指出，希臘是自由歐洲最窮的國家，許多農民年收入為60－70美元。失業現象席捲城市鄉鎮，建立工業基地的自然資源極少。政府的繁瑣事務程式，關注瑣事等情況使美國和其他國家試圖展開工作陷於停滯狀態。第四段開始指出1956年起開拓旅遊業，不過意見還是分歧。第五斷提出今天驚人的變化，美麗的歷史古城呈現新貌，就旅遊一項收入由3100萬增至9000萬美元。旅館面貌大變。
A.希臘的收支。C.旅遊的價值。D.軍事費用。

2.      B少於2美元一星期。文章第三段第三句：最佳情況，年收入為60－70美元使大多數農民的份額。所以B項最接近年收入。
A.60美元一星期。C.一天一美元。D.一個月10美元。

3.      A 百分之25以上用於軍事。第二段：雖然四個德拉克馬中有一個用於國防，政府最終還稍有結餘――6600萬美元。
B.比收入的還多。C.十億金子中的三分之一。D.少於百分之25。

4.      C單一大黨。第二段：希臘的政府不依靠水火不相容的政黨之間的合作來取得一會的多數席位，這說明是單一大黨。
A.獨裁、專政。B.君主政體。D.太多的繁瑣程式。

5.      A總計幾乎在7億美元左右。第一段中提到希臘出口商品價值28500萬美元，而進口超出出口4億美元。兩者相加為6億2千5百萬美元，相當於幾乎在7億美元左右。
B.和出口平衡。C.由旅遊者支付。D.花費6600萬美元。

Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government Helps Minority Business)

     Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years after the program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.

     Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in the development of successful and stable minority businesses by making use of government-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potential to become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.

     MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for the minority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, the minority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and market fluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoring corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly important financing sources for minority enterprises.

     Ironically, MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established business considerations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a more prudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.

1.      Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
[A] The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.
[B] There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.
[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.
[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely.

2.      According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.
[B] Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.
[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector.
[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses.

3.      Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?
[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
[B] Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.
[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.

4.      The author refers to the ‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to
[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.
[B] call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively.
[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.
[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding.

5.      It can be inferred from the passage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investments preferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as
[A] disappointing.
[B] Indifferent.
[C] Shocked.
[D] Defensive.

Vocabulary

1.      implement                               執行，履行

2.      growth-oriented               增長潛力的，有發展性的

3.      intermediary company      仲介公司，中間公司

4.      venture capital                         風險資本

5.      entrepreneur                    企業家，創業者

6.      fluctuation                      波動，漲落，起伏

7.      pragmatically                          實用地

難句譯注

1.      Even 15 years after the program was implemented minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.
【參考譯文】甚至在這個計畫執行後15年，少數民族工業的收入還不到全國總收入的2％。

2.      Recently federal policy makers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the supporting large, growth oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.
【參考譯文】最近，聯邦決策者採取一項措施，旨在加速少數民族工商業的發展，他們不再直接幫助小型的少數民族企業，而是轉向通過中間公司來支援規模較大、有發展潛力的少數民族公司。

3.      By making use of government-sponsored venture capital.
利用政府資助的風險資本。

4.      The MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to become future suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.
【參考譯文】然後再由MESBIC向那些少數民族企業提供資金、進行指導。這些企業是有成為贊助公司的未來供應商或客戶的潛力的。

5.      MESBIC – minority enterprise small business investment company
少數民族小型企業投資公司。

6.      MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations than does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available.
【參考譯文】MESBIC的建立基於這種信念：為已建公司提供方便，使它更容易獲得相關的管理技術更具體的工作經驗以及大筆資金要比簡單地給予一般管理經驗和小筆資金更能使它們獲得機會去建立穩固的商業基礎。

7.      The latter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria would warrant.
【參考譯文】後者――高級經理們――在有大多數情況下，仍然常常從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，因此，他們似乎更傾向於選擇那些比正常投資標準更具風險性，而不太引人注目的專案。

寫作方法與文章大意

     文章主要採用因果以及對比的寫作方法。先點出SBA計畫――聯邦政府對少數民族去也的贊助（）的失敗及其原因。
    為此，聯邦決策者改變方法，通過仲介公司，建立MESBIC。由它來幫助少數民族企業――使其獲得相應的管理技術、具體工作經驗和大量資金，甚至潛在的市場――取得了成功。

     可內部存在問題，MESBIC的職工和領導者之間的意見分歧，職工的投資觀點更切實際，而領導者仍從“社會責任的角度”來考慮問題，若不改變，有可能重蹈SBA之覆轍。

答案詳解

1.      A 運用MESBIC來幫助少數民族企業似乎比原來SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一開始就點名SBA（小型企業管理局）向少數民族企業提供聯邦保證貸款，政府資助管理和技術方面的幫助，結果令人失望。組建成的少數民族新企業由於管理上缺乏經驗、地點不佳、資金短缺而導致失敗的情況很多。其他見難句譯注1、2、3。總之在MESBIC支持下：為它的潛在市場提供大量資金等，使它們在地點和市場流通方面風險小的多，從而帶來足夠的收入和保持所需的管理質量。這一切都說明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。
B.MESBIC中的領導者和職工方面在觀點上有著至關重要的分歧。C.經歷了早期管理和市場問題後，少數民族企業已開始穩步發展。D.希望組建新公司的少數民族企業家已有好幾個成功的聯邦計畫可依靠。

2.      D 依靠打工四向少數民族企業投資。見第二段第二句：大公司利用政府資助的風險資本參與成功而又穩固的少數民族企業的發展。參與的大公司用這筆資金建立了“少數民族小型企業投資公司”（MESBIC）
A.尋求為少數民族企業提供市場聯邦合同。B.鼓勵少數民族企業為其他少數民族企業提供市場。C.試圖在少數民族部門保持特定的增長率。

3.      C 預期加入SBA項目中的公司的失敗率比實際失敗率低得多。文內沒有直接點出，而是從（見第一題注釋）SBA幫助的企業失敗率很高――令人失望，從而推斷C項結論。
A.給企業貸款最高期限為15年。B.商業貸款對企業來說遠筆管理和技術幫助重要。D.鼓勵接受貸款企業重新尋找利於企業發展的地區。

4.      B 為的是引人注意這一實際情況：MESBIC必須取得足夠的資金才能有效地運轉。這在第三段最後一句：在經歷了早期財政和運行問題後，贊助公司給MESBIC注入的資金遠遠超過了50萬美元的法定最低限額，以獲得足夠的收入並保持所需的管理質量。MESBIC現在正成為日益重要的少數民族企業的資金來源。這說明沒有足夠的資金是難以有效運轉的。
A.擴大討論範圍以包括通過贊助公司投資MESBIC的合理性。C.表明贊助公司願意在原來的MESBIC只投資50萬政府資助的風險資本。D.對比SBA和MESBIC最低投資限額。

5.      A 失望。文章最後一段MESBIC的職工――一般是拉美和黑人專業人員在少數民族公司的投資上比MEBSIC的領導者更切實際。這些高級經理從社會責任角度看問題，會選擇更具風險性，不太吸引人的項目。觀點分歧使許多少數民族職工感到不安，他們認為應以公司的業務爆出來評價少數民族企業家及其企業。者充分說明MEBSIC的職工對領導所青睞的投資項目不滿意和失望。
B.漠不關心。C.震驚。D.持保留態度。

     Passage Ten (The Importance of Independent Thinking)

No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to   follow her intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.

She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.

1.      The best title for this passage is

[A] The Age of Reason            [B] The need for Independent Thinking

[C] The Value of Reason           [D] Stirring People’s Minds

2.      According to the author, it is always advisable to

[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.

[B] adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclination.

[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,

[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.

3.      According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find

[A] acceptance of truth              [B]   controversy over principles 

[C] inordinate enthusiasm            [D]   a dread of heterodox speculation

4.      According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT as

[A] enslaved by tradition             [B]   less than fully rational

[C] determinded on controversy        [D]   having a closed mind

5.      It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements

[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.

[B] Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,

[C] The  refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.

[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,

Vocabulary

1.  stature           高度，境界，狀況

2.  heterodox        不合乎公認的標準的，異端的，異教的

3.  tacit             心照不宣

4.  refute            反駁

5.  adversary         對立面，對手，敵人

6.  plausible         善於花言巧語的/辭令的，似乎有理的/有可能的

7.  doctrine          教義，學說

8.  profess           表示，明言，承認，自稱，信奉

難句譯注

1.         True gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.

[參考譯文]  真理甚至從一個經過恰當研究和準備進行獨立思考的人的錯誤中獲得更多的東西，而從那些只是因為不予思考卻持有正確的觀點中獲得的少（一種經過恰當的研究和準備進行獨立思考的人犯的錯誤，另一種人是不予思考的卻持有正確的觀點，真理從前者錯誤中獲得的東西比從後者的正確觀點中獲得的要多）。

2.   mental slavery 思想禁錮，精神受奴役狀態

3.       Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.

[結構簡析]  這是一句以Never否定詞開頭的倒裝句，正常的句序應把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations

[參考譯文]  當辯論比開重大課題，重大到足以燃起/激起人們激/熱情的課題時，那麼一個民族的思想絕不會從天賦的情感和原始的基礎上昇華，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到優點莊嚴的思想家水平上。

4.      The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.

[參考譯文]  對她來說理智的立場是停止判斷，而且除非她滿足於這一點，否則，她不是為權威人物的觀點所左右，後者就像世界上芸芸眾生一樣，倒向她感覺最傾向的一邊。

5.      That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.

[結構簡析]  do justice to 公平對待，適當處理。 Bring……into contact with 　使和……接觸／聯繫。

[參考譯文]   這不是對正確觀點評價的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接觸到論點的實質。

6.      She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.

[結構簡析]   most plausible and persuasive form 很善於辭令和有說服力形式。　　possess oneself of  獲得，據有，把……占為己有。　　them=arguments。　else　　否則的話。

7.      Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.

[結構簡析] throw oneself into…position   設身處地，使自己處於……位置／地點。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇由一般到具體，重要採用正反對比，推理的寫作方法的文章，邏輯性強，正反論證，句子結構複雜冗長，分兩段給出內容，第一段重點在：偉大的思想家的首要責任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的結論。由此引起思想家和思想活躍的人民同時代環境的關係。只有思想後月的時期，才有偉大的思想家和活躍的人民，因為他們可以討論重大主題，而在思想禁錮時期，只能產生個別偉大思想家。第二段具體的論證了獨立思考涉及兩方面，既如自己一方種種，也得知對手的一方種種（內容，推理，論點），才能真正獲得真理。

答案詳解

１.   B 獨立思考的必要性。見難句譯注１。這裏說明進行獨立思考的人即使犯錯誤，真理也能從中獲得東西，而那些懶於思考人，即使持有正確的觀點，真理也難以獲得東西。第一段還點明思想禁錮時期，即不能進行獨立思考時期，難以討論重大議題，產生不了活躍的人民，絕不會出現像輝煌的文藝復興那種時期（見第二題注）。第二段也是圍繞獨立思考而寫，只是從具體點著眼：人只知自己，不知對方無法獲得真理，只有獨立思考兩方，才能不為權威所左右，不會跟著自己感覺走，最終知道自己的真正主張。

A. 理性時代。　　C.　駁斥的價值。　　D.  激發人民的思想。

２.   C 熟悉有利於自己不同意／反對觀點的論點。這是作者在第二段講述的重要論點。他認為一個人只知自己一方，推理極好，無人能反駁，卻不知對方的推理，也不能夠予以反駁的話，他就無權選擇兩方的任一論點，其理智位置是停止判斷。否則她就會（像世界上芸芸眾生那樣）不是為權威所“引導”，就是跟著感覺（的傾向）走。其二，作者提出：光聽自己的老師講述對立面的論點，以及他們所提出的反駁論點。只是不夠的，必須傾聽那些人（他們真正相信對立的觀點）的論點，並為此積極熱情，竭盡全力辯護，才能使自己的思想和獨立論點接觸，公正的作出公正的判斷。

A. 具有不能駁斥的觀點。　　B. 採取個人感覺最傾向的觀點。 D. 停止有利於教條主義研究的異端思考。

３.   B 辯論原則問題。答案在第一段：在思想禁錮的氣氛中，過去，現在可能會產生個別的思想家，但絕不會有思想活躍的人民，在那裏有一種心照不宣的慣律：原則決不能討論——認為佔據人類心靈的最重大問題的討論應封閉，我們不能期望看到一般高級的思想活動。這種思想活動曾使歷史上某些時期光輝燦爛。而文藝復興就是思想活動的頂峰時期，必然會討論原則問題，所以選B 。

A.     接受真理，周經過討論才能接受真理。　C. 過度的熱情。  D. 害怕異端思考。

４.   C.　在辯論上，堅定不移。這是一道推斷題，一般講：持有未經檢驗的正統信仰的人不會獨立思考，更不會懷疑他所信仰的東西。

A.     為傳統所奴役。　B. 不怎麼理智。　D. 頭腦閉塞。這種人必然受傳統思想控制，不理智更不願接受外界新鮮事物。

５.   B. 在思想方面取得成就的時期就是進行非正統反思的時期。見３題注釋。

A.  一個真正的思想家不犯錯誤。　C. 一個人的老師最能提供所接受思想觀點的反駁。　D. 過度的辯論會制止清晰的思考。

Passage Eleven (The Affect of Electricity on Cancer)

  Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.

   Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”

   The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.

At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.

How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.

But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.

The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.

1.      The main idea of this passage is

[A]. studies on the cause of cancer 

[B]. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer

[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.

[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.

2.      The view-point of the EPA is

[A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer.

[B]. electricity really affects cancer.

[C]. controversial.

[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer

3.      Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report? Because

[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.

[B]. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.

[C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.

[D]. they had different arguments.

4.      It can be inferred from physical phenomenon

[A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.

[B]. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.

[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.

[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.

5.      What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments?

[A].They are indifferent.      [B]. They are worried very much.

[C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance.   [C]. They are shocked.

Vocabulary

1.  preposterous     反常的，十分荒謬的，乖戾的

2.  leukemia        白血病

3.  malignancy      惡性腫瘤

4.  legitimate       合法的，合理的

5.  paranoia        偏執狂，妄想狂。這裏指：無根據的擔心。

6.  lymphoma       淋巴瘤

7.  carcinogen       致癌物

8.  minuscule        很小的，很不重要

9.  consensus        輿論

10.  wallop          亂竄，猛衝，衝擊力

11.  epidemiological   流行病學的

12.  blistering        囉嗦的，胡扯的

13.  critique         評論，批評

14.  imprimatur       出版許可（官方審查後的），批准

難句譯注

1.      Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.

[參考譯文]  由於這問題的證據還不是結論性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就難以斷定有關電力對身體的影響的顧慮是合乎情理，還是毫無根據的懷疑。

2.  EPA——U.S. Environmental Protection Agency   美國環境保護署

3．  While the report falls short (缺乏，不夠) of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”

[參考譯文]   雖然報告沒有把極低頻磁場歸類為可能致癌物，但它確實指出通常60赫茲的磁場是“一種雖尚未證實，但可能導致人患癌症的因素。”  

4．  The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a                         great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House

[參考譯文]  證據爭議性仍然很大，所以報告草案在布希政府內引起巨大的爭辯，而環保署無視無角大樓和白宮的強烈反對，公佈了這份報告。

5.      This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.

[參考譯文]  這遠比細胞所產生的電磁場低的多。

6.      …and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.

[參考譯文]　而且幾十年來，科學家專注于更為強大的輻射類別，如Ｘ光射線，其聚合的衝擊力足以把電子從組成人體的分子中撞出來。

7.      But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect.

[參考譯文]  可是流行病學的研究發現，幾組資料在資料方面有所關聯，卻沒有證實其因果關係。

8.  a body of laboratory work 一批研究成果。

9.      In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link.

[參考譯文]  在長達33頁的對環保署檔的十分尖銳的批評中，空軍方面的科學家指責，作者歪曲整個文件以證明癌症和電磁場之間的關聯。

10.   It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.

[參考譯文]  令人驚訝的是環保署竟然批准許可這份報告的出籠。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章以問答的方式，對比的寫作方法，寫出了圍繞電力是否影響健康——是否致癌因素的兩種觀點，及其觀點的依據。一種是美國環境保護署為代表的：極低頻磁場是一種可能但還未被證實的致癌因素，而且無視白宮和五角大樓反對，公佈了這份報告。理由是科學證據提出了兩者之間的關聯偶然性。另一種以空軍中科學家為主的觀點：電磁場不會誘發或觸發癌症，而且以歪曲整個檔來證明兩者之關係，批評了環保署。其理由人人皆知。因軍隊中任一單位都有點——從地面雷達到艦艇飛機防衛系統。

答案祥解

1.       D 電力對癌症影響的不同觀點。文章一開始就提出了“電會致癌嗎？”這個問題。十多年來，一大批科學家和新聞界人士都指出：研究結果似乎表示：接觸電磁場可能會增加患白血病和其他惡性腫瘤的危險性。所以說到目前為止還難以確定電力對健康的影響究竟是理性的，還是杞人憂天。見難句注釋1。第二段公佈了環保署的報告，見難句注釋3。第三段說明：即使有致癌危險也是極微的。但應予以認真對待，進行更多的研究。而第七段中空軍方面的科學家還沒有被說服（見難句注釋9），明確提出，我們的評論員認為沒有跡象說明環境中存在的電力會誘發或促發癌症。

A. 對致癌因素的研究。   B. 致癌原因方面有爭議的觀點，這兩項根本部隊，和文內電力毫無關係。   C. 電力和癌症的關係，文中涉及的是電力究竟會不會致癌的兩種觀點，而不是兩者之關係。

2.       A. 電和致癌有一定難以確定的關係。答案在第二段第三句，環保署目前的結論是據科學證據指出極低頻電磁場——具有長波的電磁場——和白血病，淋巴瘤及腦癌之間有著難以確定的聯繫，見難句注釋3。

A. 電確實致癌，不對。   C. 有爭議的。說的不夠清楚，爭議什麼。   D. 低頻磁場是一個可能致癌因素。這只是論點的一面。

3.       B. 現代軍事的任何部門都一直依賴于應用大量應用電子設備。五角大樓和白宮所以反對環保署公佈報告之理由就在此。空軍方面的專家所以說環保署方面的報告“歪曲了整個文件以證明兩者之間的關係”也在此。見難句注釋4。所以文內說“角大樓的關注是可以理解的。”

A. 報告會在布希政府內引起大規模的辯論，這是結果。   C. 五角大樓的關注是可以理解的，這不是原因。   D. 他們有不同的觀點。

4.       磁場力太弱不會產生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，當電流通過電纜，產生磁場，對周圍物體產生（影響）力。許多年來，科學家把任何有關“這些力可能有害的想法”置於一邊（不予考慮），主要是因為它們（所產生的力）非常弱。

B. 磁場力比細胞產生的電磁場弱。只是明確指出的事實。   C. 磁場力對人的健康有害。不對。   D. 只有更強的輻射才能把人體中的電子擊出來。不對。

5.       C. 他們會採取謹慎小心避開電器的途徑。因為他們不可能象A項那樣漠不關心。這種問題直接影響人的生命。

B. 他們非常擔憂。   D. 他們感到震驚，這兩項都不可能，因為還在爭議中，唯一的途徑是儘量避開和電器接觸。

            Passage Twelve (Religion and Rationality)

   Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.

   Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.

   What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.

1.      As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as

[A]. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.

[B]. an unemotional search for the truth.

[C]. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.

[D]. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness

2.      Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

[A]. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.

[B]. Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.

[C]. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.

[D]. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.

3.      According to the author, science differs from religion in that

[A]. it is unaware of ultimate goals.          [B]. it is unimaginative.

[C]. its findings are exact and final.          [D]. it resembles society and art.

4.      The author states that religion differs from rationality in that

[A]. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .

[B]. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.

[C]. it has disappointed mankind.

[D]. it has inspired mankind.

5.      According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be

[A]. imaginative.                      [B]. a provider of hope for the future.

[C]. a highly intellectual activity     [D]. ineffectual.

Vocabulary

1.  grace              恩賜，仁慈，感化，感思禱告

2.  chide              責備

3.  sentiment           情感

4.  inviolate            不受侵犯的，純潔的

5.  intent              意義，含義

6.  piecemeal           一件件，逐漸的，零碎的

7.  bubble up           起泡，沸騰，興奮

8.  veer                改變方向，轉向

9.  abortive             夭折的，失敗的，中斷的，流產的。

10.  pale               範圍，界限

11.  draught             要求

12.  oracle              神諭宣誓，預言，聖言

13.  antidote            解毒藥，矯正方法

14.  correlate            相互關係

15.  dislocate            使離開原來位置，打亂正常秩序

16.  gratuitous           無償的，沒有理由的。

17.  debauch             使失落，放蕩

18.  sanction             支持，鼓勵，認可

19.  impede              妨礙，制止

20.  ineptitude            不恰當，無能，愚蠢

21.  insinuate             暗示

22.  remould              重塑，重鑄

23.  aspiration            抱負，壯志

24.  arrogate              沒來由反把……歸於（to ）

25.  literal                樸實的，字面的

26.  intelligible            可以理解的。

27.  conceit               幻想，奇想

難句譯注

1.      Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.

[參考譯文]  可是音調和語言的差異必然很快的給我們深刻的印象，就象哲學所說的那樣：那種差異應提鄉我們，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的話，其功能也是通過不同的器官在兩種不同的情況下完成的。

2.      Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.

[參考譯文]  另一方面，理性知識一種原則或者是潛在的秩序，我們確實可以在此基礎上存在於我們心中，沒有種種變化，或任何壓力。

3.      We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion.

[參考譯文]  不論我們是否遵循理性，它不會極力或責備我們，除了以事物的本來面目和比例揭示各種事物而自然而然的激起我們的感情，它並不需要我們付出任何感情。

4.      Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims.

[參考譯文]  宗教在其意義上，比社會，科學，藝術更自覺，更直接的追求“理性生活”，因為這些東西（社會，科學，藝術）暫時而又零星的接近和填補理想的生活，無視目的，也不管其本能的目標是否最終證明正確。

5.  one and all    各個都，全部

6.      Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind.

[參考譯文]  處於宗教領域範圍之內的人民也許會說服自己對其結果表示滿意，這要感謝他們在結實過去和對未來希望寬宏要切上的一種偏愛。可是任何迅速關注宗教的人，把其成就和理性所要求的一切做一比較，必然感到這種種宗教為全人類作好的失望是實在太可怕了。

7.      To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness.

[參考譯文]  以無理的幻想混淆智力，弄亂正常的情感是一種短視的追求幸福的方法。

8.      Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.

[參考譯文]  因此，宗教常常會使它要支持的道德墮落淪喪，並妨礙它應該執行的科學任務。

9.      The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses.

[參考譯文]  生活的目標和條件在宗教中詩一般的呈現，但這種詩意往往把宗教所並不具有的樸實真理和道德威力沒有來由的歸於宗教。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇用對比手法寫出宗教和理性之差異並著重描述宗教的文章。有各種中焦，理性只有一個，縱然兩者在功能和目的上有不相同之處，但由於宗教以直覺，想像力，情感為主，無視目的，雖比科學，社會或藝術更自覺，更直接追求理性生活，結果卻是失敗和失望，而理性則相反。

答案祥解

1.       C.  一種有目的而又不帶偏見對最佳事物的探索。答案在最後一段，這種愚蠢的秘密是什麼？為什麼宗教在目的上那麼接近真理，在其結構和結果上，卻沒有理性的一切？答案很簡單：宗教是通過想像來追逐理性，當它解釋事件或闡明原因時，以虛構的想像來取代科學，當它訓誡，暗示理想或者重塑抱負時，以想像代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意識而又公正的追求一切好東西。

A. 通過想像力追求理性。 B. 不帶感情的探詢真理。   C. 追求幸福的短視的方法。

2.       A.  宗教通過想像力尋求真理，而理性的探索卻運用感情。見難句譯注3，理性（智）是非感情的。

B. 在解決人類問題上的宗教是一種無效的工具。   C. 科學尋求逐步解決對人類的問題。 D. 哲學和理性的功能是一樣的。

3.       A.  宗教沒有意識（不知道）其最終目的的。見難句譯注4，說明宗教不管（幾乎不關注）其目的，或不關心其本能的目標最終真確與否。

B. 宗教沒有想像力。   C. 其成果是確切的，最終的。   D. 宗教很象科學和藝術。

4.       D.  它激起人類情感。第一段中說“宗教的掙扎與不斷變化的力量似乎促使人追求某種永恆的東西，它似乎追求靈魂的最終和諧以及靈魂與靈魂所依賴的一起事物之間的永恆的和諧。”

A. 宗教依賴於直覺而不是推理。第一段最後一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各種各樣的偶然實踐和直覺中沸騰。可不久它又向事物內心摸索前進，然而不論從哪個方向來，都轉想最終方向（最終多轉想這個方向——直覺），文章的最後一句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一樣，而其實現目的方法是通過直覺和無限止的詩一般的幻想來進行的。   B. 它不關心其本能的目標最終是否真確。  C. 它使人類很失望。

5.       D.  無效。第二段開始就點出：我們得承認宗教追求理性生活一直是很失敗（流產了）。

A. 有想像力的。 B. 為未來提供希望的。   C. 是一個高度的智力活動。

               Passage Thirteen (Cryptic Coloring)

   Cryptic coloring is by far the commonest use of color in the struggle for existence. It is employed for the purpose of attack (aggressive resemblance or anticryptic coloring ) as well as of defense (protective resemblance or procryptic coloring ). The fact that the same method concealment, may be used both for attack and defense has been well explained by T.Belt who suggests as an illustration the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations. Cryptic coloring is commonly associated with other aids in the struggle for life. Thus well-concealed mammals and birds, when discovered, will generally endeavor to escape by speed and will often attempt to defend themselves actively. On the other hand, small animals which have no means of active defense, such as large, numbers of insects, frequently depend upon concealment alone. Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey. In the case of insectivorous Vertebrata and their prey such differences exist in an exaggerated form. Cryptic coloring, whether used for defense of attack, may be either general or special. In general resemblance the animal, in consequence of its coloring, produces the same effect as its environment, but the conditions do not require any special adaptation of shape and outline. General resemblance is especially common among the animal inhabiting some uniformly colored expanse of the earth’s surface, such as an ocean or a desert. In the former, animals of all shapes are frequently protected by their transparent blue color, on the latter, equally diverse forms are defended by their sandy appearance. The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast. Thus the black and white stripes of the zebra blend together at a little distance, and “their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.” Special resemblance is far commoner than general and is the form which is usually met with on the diversified surface of the earth, on the shores, and in shallow water, as well as on the floating masses of algae on the surface of the ocean, such as the Sargasso Sea. In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes. Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized, and perhaps more important than any other element in the complex method by which concealment is effected. In special resemblance the combination of coloring, shape, and attitude is such as to produce a more or less exact resemblance to some one of the objects in the environment, such as a leaf of twig, a patch of lichen, a flake of bark. In all cases the resemblance is to some object which is of no interest to the enemy or prey respectively. The animal is not hidden from view by becoming indistinguishable from its background as in the case of general resemblance, but it is mistaken for some well-know object.

In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations, attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of the direct influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inherited effects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes that natural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the best concealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex nature of numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thus depends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effected may be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on the back and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H. Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is due to shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced because the back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white of the sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earth reflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose of concealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of a larva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In an analogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of its body obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of a leaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblance is well know in mimicry.

1.      The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form

[A]. hunters.                        [B]. nocturnal predators

[C]. lions and tigers.                  [C]. insectivorous  Vertrbrata

2.      Aggressive resemblance occurs when

[A]. a predaceous attitude is assumed.

[B]. special resemblance is utilized.

[C]. an animal relies on speed.

[D]. an animal blends in with its background.

3.      Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies on

[A]. its ability to frighten its adversary.   [B]. speed.

[C]. its ability to assume an attitude.     [D]. mistaken identify

4.      The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is

[A]. Cryptic coloration for Protection.     [B]. How Animals Survive.

[C]. The uses of Mimicry in Nature.       [D]. Resemblances of Animals.

5.      Of the following which is the least common?

[A]. protective resemblance.             [B]. General resemblance.

[C]. Aggressive resemblance.            [D]. Special resemblance.

Vocabulary

1.  cryptic               隱藏的，保護的

       cryptic coloring 保護色，隱藏色

2.  predaceous            食肉的，捕食其他動物的。

3.  vertebrate             脊椎動物門

4.  tint                   色澤，色彩

5.   zebra                斑馬

6.   Sargasso             果本馬尾藻

7.   twig                 嫩枝

8.   lichen               地衣

9.   flake                一片

10.  gradation            等級，層次，分等

11.  obliterate            塗抹，擦去，使消失

12.  larva                幼蟲，幼體

13.  pupa                蛹

14.  mimicry             模仿，擬態

15.  nocturnal            夜間發生的，夜出的

16.  insectivorous         食蟲的

17.  procryptic            有保護色的，保護性的

難句譯注

1.          …the rapidity of movement which is also made use of by both pursuer and pursued, which is similarly raised to a maximum in both by the gradual dying out of the slowest through a series of generations.

[參考譯文]  追捕動物和被追的動物也利用快速的動作。這種快速的運動同樣是通過幾代更迭，逐漸消除了慢速，而發展到快速頂峰。

2.          Protective resemblance is far commoner among animals than aggressive resemblance, in correspondence with the fact that predaceous forms are as a rule much larger and much less numerous than their prey.

[參考譯文]  保護性模仿遠比侵犯行模仿要普遍得多，這是和下述的情況想配合的：食肉的（形式）動物，按慣律總是比他們捕食的對象要大而且多得多。

3.          The effect of a uniform appearance may be produced by a combination of tints in startling contrast.

[參考譯文]  在驚人的對比中，色澤的綜合可能產生外形一致的效果。

4.          …their proportion is such as exactly to match the pale tint which arid ground possesses when seen by moonlight.

[參考譯文]  （這裏指斑馬的黑白條）比例正好和在月光下觀看貧瘠土地所具有的蒼白色澤相吻合。

5.          In these environments the cryptic coloring of animals is usually aided by special modifications of shape, and by the instinct which leads them to assume particular attitudes.

[參考譯文]  在這些環境中，動物的保護色常常得到特定的形狀變化和本能的協作，這種本能會使動物採取特定的姿勢。

6.          Complete stillness and the assumption of a certain attitude play an essential part in general resemblance on land; but in special resemblance the attitude is often highly specialized…

[參考譯文]　絕對靜態和採取一般姿勢在陸地的一般模仿中起很大作用，而在專門模仿中，姿勢常常是高度專門化的。

7.          Thus the arrangement of colors of many kinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and the rigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude.

[參考譯文]  因此許多類顏色排列成恰當的模式/形式，要求把合適的外形和嚴格的採用一定的精心設計的姿勢相結合。

8.          The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation of all these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretation lies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation which tends toward survival.

[參考譯文]  保護效果是由於所以這些因素確切合作而形成。根據目前科學水平，唯一的解釋（此種現象）就是自然選擇理論，它可以累積要生存的各種變異/變種。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章以一般到具體的協作和分類方式寫作，第一段點出生物界生存競爭中最常用的一種顏色是保護色，保護色可分為兩類：進犯（進攻）型和防衛型。一般是防禦性保護色多於進攻型。而兩種類型都可歸納為一般性模仿和專門（特定）模仿。居住（棲息）在單一色澤的地方的動物，如海洋或沙漠，常採用模仿性保護色——如透明的綠色，土色等，而特定摸剛的動物則棲息在多樣性的地方，如海岸，淺水，海洋表面等。特定模仿還需要有改變形狀姿勢之協作，使其看起來像客觀環境中的某物，某種身份mistaken identify.

第二段涉及有關模仿性的解釋的探索，結果為二。一種觀點是環境直接影響的結果。第二種是自然選擇的結果。當人們理解了許多特定模仿的複雜特性時，第一種解釋就不能成立了。這說明保護效果是一切因素——合適的外形和某種精心設計的姿勢等——合作而成。按現在科學水平來解釋，只能歸之“自然選擇”理論，然後是用具體例子來證實。

答案祥解

1.       B. 夜間活動的食肉動物。見難句譯注4，斑馬的黑白相間顏色的比例正好和月光下所見的貧瘠土地的蒼白的色澤相吻合。當然能保護斑馬夜間免遭這些食肉動物的襲擊。

A. 捕獲者。     C. 獅子和老虎。          D. 食蟲的脊椎動物

2.       A. 在裝成捕食其他動物的姿勢時。

B. 應該專門模仿。    C. 動物依賴速度。     D. 動物和背景混在一起。

3.       D. 搞錯/認錯了動物（身份）（mistaken identify 認錯了人之義）。見第一段最後一句話，它不像一般模仿那樣，通過動物和背景難以辨別從而從視覺中隱藏起來，它是被誤認為某種著名動物。

A. 用以嚇走它的對手（敵人）的能力。   B. 速度。 C. 採用某種姿勢的能力。

4.       C. 自然界模擬的運動。文章一開始就點命保護色迄今為止生存鬥爭中最常用的一種顏色，常用於進攻和防衛。保護色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，見難句譯注1。然後講到保護色分類，一般（普通）和特殊（專門）模擬/模仿。第二段解釋或說明模擬適應性。第一種解釋為環境使然/影響。第二種認為是自然界選擇之結果。

A. 為了保衛的保護色。 B. 動物是如何存活下來。  D. 動物之模仿性。

5.       C. 進攻性（侵犯性）模仿。見難句譯注2。

A. 保護色模仿。    B. 一般性模仿。     D. 專項模仿。

              Passage Fourteen (Pageants)

Pageants are usually conceived on a fairly large scale, often under the auspices of some local or civic authority or at any rate in connection with local groups of some kind. This sometimes means that there is an allocation of funds available for the purpose of mounting the production, though unfortunately this will usually be found to be on the meager side and much ingenuity will have to be used to stretch it so that all performers can be adequately clothed.

Most pageants have a historical flavour as they usually come about through the celebration of the anniversary of some event of historic importance, or the life or death of some local worthy. Research among archives and books in the public library will probably prove very useful and produce some workable ideas which will give the production an especially local flavour. From the first economy will have to be practiced because there are usually a great number of people to dress. Leading characters can be considered individually in the same way as when designing for a play; but the main body of the performers will need to be planned in groups and the massed effect must be always borne in mind.

Many pageants take place in daylight in the open air. This is an entirely different problem from designing costumes which are going to be looked at under artificial lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are subject to many more distractions. No longer is everything around cut out by the surrounding darkness, but instead it is very easy to be aware of disturbing movement in the audience of behind the performers. Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best when seen in a daylight setting of trees, verdant lawns and old ivy-covered walls; the same goes for costumes being worn in front of the mellow colors of stately homes. The location needs to be studied and then a decision can be made as to what kinds of colors and textures will harmonize best with the surroundings and conditions and then to carry this out as far as possible on the funds available.

If money is available to dress the performers without recourse to their own help in the provision of items, it is best to arrange for all the cutting and pinning together of the costumes to be done by one or two experienced people than to be given out to the groups and individuals for completion. When there is little or no money at all, the garments need to be reduced to the basic necessities. Cloaks and shawls become invaluable, sheets and large bath towels and bath sheets are admirable for draping. Unwanted curtains and bed spreads can be cut to make tunics, robes and skirts. These are particularly valuable if they are of heavy fabrics such as velvet or chenille.

Colors should be massed together so that there are contrasting groups of dark and light, this will be found to help the visual result substantially. Crowds of people gathered together in a jumble of colors will be ground to look quite purposeless and will lack dramatic impact.

The use of numbers of identical head-dresses, however simply made, are always effective when working with groups. If these are made of cardboard and painted boldly the cost can be almost negligible. Helmets, hats and plumes will all make quite a show even if the costumes are only blandest or sheets cleverly draped. The same can be said of the use of banners, shields and poles with stiff pennants and garlands—anything which will help to have a unifying effect. Any kind of eye-catching device will always go with a flourish and add excitement to the scenes.

1.      The main idea of this passage is

[A]. Pageants.                          [B]. Costumes on the stage.

[C]. Costumes for pageants.            [D].  How to arrange a pageant.

2.      It can be inferred that the most important factor in costume design is

[A]. money.     [B]. color.      [C]. harmony     [D]. texture

3.      Why will much ingenuity have to be required in costume design?

[A]. Because pageants take place in daylight in the open air.

[B]. Because different characters require different costumes.

[C]. Because the colors and textures must be in harmony with the setting.

[D]. Because an allocation of the funds available is usually rather small.

4.      Why do most pageants have a historical flavour?

[A]. Because most pageants take place for celebration.

[B]. Many pageants take place for amusement.

[C]. A lot of pageants take place for religion.

[D]. Because pageants usually take place for competition.

Vocabulary

1.   conceive                 設想，想像

     to be conceived        設想好的，構思好的

2.   under the auspices of       在……的主辦下

3.   meager                  貧乏的，不足的

4.   mount                   登上，製作，上演

5.   flavour                  風味，風格，情趣

6.   archive(s)                檔案（館）

7.   distraction                使人分心的事

8.   ivy                      常春藤

9.   mellow                   柔和的

10.  recourse (to)               依賴，求助於 

11.  drape                     覆蓋，披上

12.  invaluable                 無價的，非常貴重的

13.  tunic                     （古時）長達膝蓋的外衣，穿在盔甲上的戰袍

14.  chenille                  繩絨絨（織品）

15.  jumble                   混亂，搞亂

16.  pennant                  細長三角旗

17.  garland                  花環，花冠

難句譯注

1.      This sometimes means that there is an allocation of funds available for the purpose of mounting the production, though unfortunately this will usually be found to be on the meager side and much ingenuity will have to be used to stretch it so that all performers can be adequately clothed.

[結構簡析]  複合結構。That是主句的賓語從句，從句後再有從句。

[參考譯文]  這種情況，有時就表示有一個可用於演出目的資金配額。遺憾的是配額一般都少而不足，就得動用非常之才能細細的使用金額，使所有的演員都能穿上合適的戲裝。

2.      Most pageants have a historical flavour as they usually come about through the celebration of the anniversary of some event of historic importance, or the life or death of some local worthy.

[結構簡析]  主從句

[參考譯文]  大多數露天演出都帶有歷史情調，因為這些戲一般是通過慶祝某個重大的歷史事件，或慶祝當地某個值得紀念的人誕辰或逝世周年而產生的。

3.      This is an entirely different problem from designing costumes which are going to be looked at under artificial lighting; for one thing, scenes viewed in the daylight are subject to many more distractions. No longer is everything around cut out by the surrounding darkness, but instead it is very easy to be aware of disturbing movement in the audience of behind the performers.

[結構簡析]  複合結構：主句this is後有定語從句，which修飾costumes。從句中又套從句。

[參考譯文]  這和人為燈光下看的設計服裝完全不一樣。首先，白天看到幕景易於受許多因素影響，不再能用一片漆黑的環境把周圍的一切隔開，而是相反，演員後和觀眾中有點紛亂的動作，很容易看到。

4.      Very theatrically conceived clothes do not always look their best when seen in a daylight setting of trees, verdant lawns and old ivy-covered walls; the same goes for costumes being worn in front of the mellow colors of stately homes.

[結構簡析]  並列句，中用分號隔開。第一句中有when seen 連詞+過去分詞，實質起從句作用。第二句是主從句。

[參考譯文]  設計出的非常具有戲劇性效果的服裝，在光天化日，有樹木，有綠茵茵的草地，又有爬滿常春藤的古老圍牆的背景下，經常看起來是不起眼：在堂皇的住宅四周一片和色調前，所穿的服裝效果同樣不太好。

5.      If money is available to dress the performers without recourse to their own help in the provision of items, it is best to arrange for all the cutting and pinning together of the costumes to be done by one or two experienced people than to be given out to the groups and individuals for completion.

[結構簡析]  條件句，主句為邏輯主句，注意中間兩個被動不定式。To be done by, than to be given out, 這裏的than起連詞作用。

[參考譯文]  如果有錢可以為演員著裝而不用求助自己供應種種物件，那麼最好把所有的戲裝的裁減和縫製交給一，兩個有經驗人去幹，而不是讓群體演員和單個演員去完成。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章論述露天演出的服裝問題，由於露天演出不同於室內，劇院內演出，要從各個方面考慮服裝問題，才能獲得應有的舞臺效果。作者從資金多少，地方色彩，露天，白天，顏色搭配等方面來論述服裝。寫法多種，有因果，對比，舉例等。

答案祥解

1.       C. 露天演出的服裝。第一段末尾已經點明，“一般認為露天演出規模宏大，常常是由某個地方或當局（民政局主辦贊助），或總是和某個地方集團有關。這意味著有用於演出目的資金配額，遺憾的是配額一般很少，必須動用非常的才能，細細的使用資金，所有演員才能窗上恰當的服裝。”其他各段各有重點，但都是服務於劇裝這一中心。

A. 露天演出。   B. 舞臺劇裝（包括劇場）。   D. 如何安排露天演出；涉及面或大或小，不適合。

2.       C.  和諧。服裝設計中最重要的因素是和諧。這一點在幾段中都提到，第二段最後一句“演員的主題必須以群體設計，頭腦中必須經常記住群體效果。”第三段最後一句“必須研究演出的地理位置，決出什麼樣的顏色和織物，能和環境，條件，達到最完美和諧。”第五段專講顏色搭配，“應當從總體考慮顏色，這樣才有亮和暗的群體對比，幫助產生實感的視覺效果，一群穿著雜七雜八顏色服裝的演員聚集在一起看起來亂哄哄。缺乏戲劇效果。”這也是和諧之要求。

A. 錢。錢要考慮。出前兩段外，第三段最後一句，講完和諧後，也提到“盡可能以能到手的資金加以實現這決定。”第四段中“在錢很少或是沒有錢的情況下，服裝得降到基本需要”，下面就講利用被單，浴巾，窗簾做服裝，所以錢在服裝設計中很重要，但不能列為最重要因素，有錢沒有錢都得以服裝協調為主。  B. 顏色。

D. 織品。同樣都的服從和諧這一前提。

3.       D. 因為能得到資金的配額都很少。第一段最後一句話，見第一題譯注。

A. 因為在光天化日下演出。 B. 因為不同演員要求不同服裝。 C. 顏色和織物必須和佈景諧調。這些只是考慮的因素。見上面譯文。

4.       A. 因為大多數露天演出都是為紀念慶祝。第二段第一句“露天演出一般都是某個具有歷史意義事件，或者當地某個值得紀念的人物的誕辰和逝世周年，所以大多數露天演出都具有歷史紀念色彩。”

B. 許多露天演出是為了娛樂。 C. 許多露天演出是為了宗教。 D. 因為露天演出一般是參與競賽。三項都不對。

        Passage Fifteen (The Second Wave of Feminism)

   The statistics I’ve cited and the living examples are all too familiar to you. But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of for a new job in your offices. This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience, She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President’s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.

   She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be.

   Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female as oppression by the master class of men. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.

   The radical feminists found strength in banding together. Coming to recognize each other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy. The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreams—and the two were often found in direct conflict.

What is the stereotyped role of American women? Marriage. A son. Two daughters. Breakfast. Ironing. Lunch. Bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics. Perhaps an occasional cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on TV. Each day the same. Never any growth in expectations—unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded. The inevitable question: “Is that all there is to life?”

The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine “Ms.” was born in the year of the death of the magazine “Life.” But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist.

It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising increasingly is regarded as a means to independence and fulfillment, rather than a ceremony of fulfillment itself. Genuine independence can be realized through competence, through finding a career, through the use of education. Remember that for many decades the education of women was not supposed to be useful.

1.       What was the main idea of this passage?

[A]. The Second Wave of Feminist.       [B]. Women’s Independent Spirits.

[C]. The Unity of Women.                  [D]. The Action of Union.

2.       What was the author’s attitude toward the radical?

[A]. He supported it wholeheartedly.       [B]. He opposed it strongly.

[C]. He disapproved to some extent.        [D]. He ignored it completely.

3.       What does the word “militant” mean?

[A]. Aggressive.  [B]. Ambitions. [C]. Progressive. [D]. Independent.

4,  What was the radical feminist’s view point about the male?

[A]. Women were exploited by the male.

[B]. Women were independent of the male.

[C]. Women’s lives were deprived by the male.

[D]. The male were their common enemy.

Vocabulary

1.   trapped                  被誘入圈套的，陷阱

2.   servile                   屈從的，奴隸的，奴性的

3.   dehumanized              使失去人/個性的

4.   pretension                要求，權利，藉口

5.   look beneath              看到下面

6.   band together              緊密團結在一起

7.   explore                  探索，考察

8.   phase                    階段，方面，形式

9.   class-warfare              階級鬥爭

10.  hammer home             硬性灌輸

           hammer home an idea into sb. 硬向某人灌輸某種觀念

11.  intrigue                  使著迷，密謀，用詭計取得

12.  stereotype                固定不變的，陳規舊習的

13.  attest                    證明，證實，表明

14.  chauvinist                沙文主義者，男子至上主義這

15.  moderation               （政治，宗教上）穩健中庸，緩和

16.  fulfillment                臻于完善，發揮潛在能力

17.  sexism                   性別歧視（常指其實婦女）

18.  be independent of          獨立於……之外，不受……控制/支配

難句譯注

1.      She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President’s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday.

這是作者杜撰的名字，含有諷刺內涵。Mr. Seldom Seen 很少見到的先生。說明公司很難見到他。那麼做他的助手就是她替他幹一切活。星期五姑娘。星期五是《魯濱遜漂流記》中的一個人物，是魯濱遜的僕人。這位星期六休假日來上班的姑娘，當然得幹主人的一切活。

[參考譯文]  她不會滿意做“很少見”先生的助手，也不願做助理副主席的星期五姑娘，那位姑娘是唯一的一個星期六來上班的人。

2.      Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society.

[結構簡析]  she believed 形式上插入語，實際 Men 句是它的賓語從句。In order that 義：為的是。目的狀語。

[參考譯文]  她認為男人為婦女創制了一個持家操勞的奴隸角色，為的是男人可以獲得事業和機遇參與決定重大的社會抉擇。

3.      Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life.

[結構簡析]  兩句句子。前一句的賓語為主從句，後為並列句。

[參考譯文]  於是，激進女權主義者認為綜觀歷史，婦女一直是被壓迫被奴役，被非人化，主要原因就是因為男人就是想剝削他的妻子，孩子們的母親。有時是有意的剝削；有時是由於沒有透過生活的假像看到問題的實質，是無知所致。

4.      Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country.

[參考譯文]  Betty Friedan， Gloria Steinem，Germaine Greer，以及其他許多激進女權主義者堅持不懈的強行灌輸（推行）他們的思想，幻想並吸引了國內無數最聰容，最能幹的婦女。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章論述“爭取女權運動的婦女”，也可以說是女權運動的第二次浪潮。作者從歷史上的女權運動激進分子觀點談起：婦女為男人所奴役，剝削。因為男的想獨攬決策社會的大權，到女子覺醒，認識自己和自己的力量，把男人視作她們共同的敵人。最後是目前向緩衝發展的趨勢，也是作者觀點。

答案祥解

1.       A. 第二次女權運動的浪潮。在第一段，一般性描述之後（見難句譯注1），作者畫龍點睛的指明“她就是我所指的第二次女權運動浪潮的象徵。她是決心要成為的現代婦女的代表。”以後的文章就是圍繞女權運動而寫的。見文章大意。

B. 婦女的獨立精神。這只是女權運動中部分內容。 C. 婦女團結。第三段一開始就提到“激進女權主義者發現了緊密團結在一起的力量。”也是女權運動的部分內容。

D. 團結運動。

2.       C. 有點不贊成。這在最後兩段表現的最為明顯：“許多女權運動組織迅速發展證明這些激進爭取女權的人觸到了某些活躍的神經。（非常活躍）。 Ms 雜誌就在《生活》停刊那年誕生。可是喚起覺醒的會議常常成為這些活動的目的。性別歧視（歧視婦女）也常常顛倒過來並且提倡憎恨男人。許多人曾是男權至上主義者。”“因此，察覺向平和中的趨向發展並不難。提高覺悟的做法越來越被認為是獨立與成就的方式，而不是慶賀成就本身的儀式。真正的獨立是能夠通過能力，通過尋找一份事業，通過應用教育加以實現。要記住，幾十年來，婦女教育被認為是無用的。”如果是倒數第二段是作者對激進分子有點批評，不滿的態度的表現，那麼最後一段就是作者的觀點：獨立是靠塌實工作，提高婦女自身的能力來實現的。

A. 他全心全意的擁護。   B. 他強烈反對。不完全如此。 D. 他完全忽視不顧。

3.       A. 好鬥的。（鬥爭性強的）。第三段第三句：“在最近5年中女權運動首要方面常常具有這種好鬥的階級鬥爭調子。”

B. 野心的。    C. 進步的。     D. 獨立的。

4.       D. 男人是她們共同的敵人。第三段：“激進女權運動分子在緊密團結中找到了力量。第一次她們認識了自己，她們可以探索自我，意識到她們的力量，把男人及其制度視為她們共同的敵人。”

A. 婦女為男人們所剝削。這在第三段中講到，見難句譯注3。這是婦女觀點中具體內容之一。也是為什麼說男人及制度是她們共同敵人的原因之一。   B. 婦女不受男人支配。         C. 男人剝奪了女人生活。

Passage Sixteen (Crime in Computer)

   New and bizarre crimes have come into being with the advent of computer technology. Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes…

   Theft of data, or data crime, has attracted the interest of organized criminal syndicates. This is usually the theft or copying of valuable computer grogram. An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market. Buyers for stolen programs may range from a firm’s competitors to foreign nations.

   A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector. This computer sabotage may also be tied to an attempt by affluent investors to acquire the victim firm. With the growing reliance by firms on computers for their recordkeeping and daily operations, sabotage of their computers can result in internal havoc, after which the group interested in acquiring the firm can easily buy it at a substantially lower price. Criminal groups could also resort to sabotage if the company is a competitor of a business owned or controlled by organized crime.

   Politically motivated sabotage is on the increase; political extremist groups have sprouted on every continent. Sophisticated computer technology arms these groups with awesome powers and opens technologically advanced nations to their attack. Several attempts have already been made to destroy computer facility at an air force base. A university computer facility involved in national defence work suffered more than $2 million in damages as a result of a bombing.

   Computer vulnerability has been amply documented. One congressional study concluded that neither government nor private computer systems are adequately protected against sabotage. Organized criminal syndicates have shown their willingness to work with politically motivated groups. Investigators have uncovered evidence of cooperation between criminal groups and foreign governments in narcotics. Criminal groups have taken attempts in assassinating political leaders…. Computers are used in hospital life-support system, in laboratories, and in major surgery. Criminals could easily turn these computers into tools of devastation. By sabotaging the computer of a life-support system, criminals could kill an individual as easily as they had used a gun. By manipulating a computer, they could guide awesome tools of terror against large urban centers. Cities and nations could become hostages. Homicide could take a now form. The computer may become the hit man of the twentieth century.

   The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences. Although criminals have adapted to computer technology, law enforcement has not. Many still think in terms of traditional criminology.

1.      How many kinds of crimes are mentioned in the passage?

[A].  7.     [B].  8.        [C].  9.        [D].  10

2.      What is the purpose of a competitor to sabotage a company’s computer?

[A]. His purpose is to destroy or weaken the firm’s operational ability.

[B]. His purpose is to weaken firm’s competitive capability and get it.

[C]. His purpose is to buy the rival’s company at a relatively low price.

[D]. His purpose is to steal important data.

3.      Which of the following can be labeled as a politically motivated sabotage of a computer system?

[A]. Sabotage of a university computer.

[B]. Sabotage of a hospital computer.

[C]. Sabotage of computer at a secret training base.

[D]. Sabotage of a factory computer.

4.      What does the author mean by “Homicide could take a new form”?

[A]. There is no need to use a gun in killing a person.

[B]. Criminals can kill whoever they want by a computer.

[C]. The computer can replace any weapons.

[D]. The function of a computer is just like a gun.

Vocabulary

1.   bizarre              奇怪的

2.   vandalism           破壞，故意破壞文化，藝術的行為

3.   cripple              使癱瘓，削弱

4.   fence               賊市，髒品買賣處

5.   neutralize           使成為無效

6.   affluent             富裕的

7.   recordkeeping        記錄存貯

8.   havoc              浩劫，大破壞

9.   resort to            求助於，借助於

10.  motivate            作為……的動機，激發

11.  extremist            過激分子，極端主義分子

12.  sprout              萌發迅速發展

13.  awesome           令人驚懼的，引起敬畏的

14.  vulnerability         易受攻擊，脆弱

15.  devastation          劫持，破壞

16.  hospital life-support system 醫院的生命維持系統

17.  hit man             職業兇手（殺手）

18.  pool               集中（資金）合辦，入股

19.  criminology         犯罪學，刑事學

難句譯注

1.       Organized crime to has been directly involved; the new technology offers it unlimited opportunities, such as data crimes, theft of services, property-related crimes, industrial sabotage, politically related sabotage, vandalism, crimes against the individual and financially related crimes…

[結構簡析] 句子很長，都是簡單句，中間有分號隔開，後面是舉例。

[參考譯文] 有組織犯罪團夥也直接參與：電腦新技術較為犯罪提供了無限的機會，如數據資訊犯罪，偷竊服務專案，跟財產有關的犯罪，工業破壞，跟政治有關的破壞，破壞文化藝術，對個人和財經方面的罪行等等。

2.       An international market already exists for computerized data, and specialized fences are said to be playing a key role in this rapidly expanding criminal market.

[結構簡析] 並列句，and 作對比連接詞用。

[參考譯文] 一個電腦資訊的國際市場已經存在，而專門從事髒品交易的市場據說在迅速擴展的犯罪市場中起著關鍵的作用。

3.       A competitor sabotages a company’s computer system to destroy or cripple the firm’s operational ability, thus neutralizing its competitive capability either in the private or the government sector.

[結構簡析] 主謂賓補結構，後跟thus+從句表示結果。

[參考譯文] 競爭對手破壞一個公司的電腦系統為的是摧毀或削弱公司的操作運行能力，從而使其喪失在私人或政府部門中的競爭力。

4.       The computer opens vast areas of crime to organized criminal groups, both national and international. It calls on them to pool their resources and increase their cooperative efforts, because many of these crimes are too complex for one group to handle, especially those requiting a vast network of fences.

[結構簡析] 兩句話。前一句為主謂賓，後一句為主從句，從句內採用too…to 句型，後跟分詞獨立結構進一步說明。

[參考譯文] 電腦為國內和國際有組織犯罪集團開闢了犯罪的廣泛領域。它要求它們集中資源，提高通力協作力量，因為許多犯罪太複雜，一個集團難以駕馭，特別是那些需要巨大的髒品交易時常網路的罪行。

寫作方法與文章大意

文章介紹“電腦犯罪”，採用分類寫作手法，先列出種種電腦犯罪項，下面逐一說明。文本只選四種犯罪——資訊資料偷竊或資訊（資料）犯罪，產業破壞，政治破壞，對個人生命破壞。分四段敍述，每段為一種罪行，最後是對比罪犯勢力越來越有組織，勢力請大，而司法部門卻沒有準備好。

答案祥解

1.       B. ８種，具體罪行。見難句譯注１。

2.       B. 他的目的是削弱公司競爭力進而得到它。答案見難句譯注２及第二段第二句起：“電腦破壞也可以和富裕的投資者欲得到對手的公司的企圖相連。隨著公司對電腦記錄存儲的信賴性加強，破壞他們的電腦可以造成內部大破壞。之後，對取得這個公司感性趣的集團很容易在級低價格上買進。”

A. 削弱公司運轉能力。　　　C. 在相當低的價格上買進對手的公司。這兩個選項都只是破壞目的的一個方面。　　D. 偷竊重要資料，文內沒有講。

3.       C 破壞秘密訓練基礎。這可以標以政治目的的破壞電腦。

A. 大學　　　B. 醫院　　　　D. 工廠。　這三個地方都難以和政治直接相連，第三段講的大學是“參與國防保衛工作的大學電腦措施”，和一般大學不一樣。只有秘密訓練的基地和真正相連的可能性最大，所以選C.

4.       B. 犯罪可以通過電腦任意殺人。答案在第五段：“犯罪集團曾採取步驟暗殺政治領袖。醫院的生命維護系統，實驗室，大型外科手術中都用電腦。罪犯們很容易把這些電腦轉變成破壞的工具。通過破壞生命維護系統電腦，罪犯們就像用槍一樣很容易殺死人。通過控制電腦，他們可以指導這可怖的工具攻擊大城市中心。城市和國家都可以成為人質。謀殺具有新的形式，電腦可能成為２１世紀的事業殺手。”

A. 殺人不需要用槍。這話太籠統，不用槍，用什麼。用毒藥，用刀？　　C. 電腦可以取代任何武器。　　　　　　D. 電腦的功能就像槍，錯誤的。

      Passage Seventeen (A Strong Stock Market)

   The increase in the margin rate from 50% to 70% was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong, with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market. Naturally, such a move had a momentarily chilling effect upon prices but if the FRB had been preoccupied with undue speculation, the increase might have been to the 80% or even 90% level. Such an increases in the margin rate is a confirmation of a strong stock market and since 19…,such increases have resulted in interim market highs over twelve months later. Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case, but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course—continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism.

   The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a 50% rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the blue chips for the most part. In past Investment Letters we have voiced the thought that speciality stocks could outperform the general market from this point. We continue to believe that this could be the case. For example, steel stocks tend to sell at certain fixed price/earnings ratios. Below a certain ratio they are considered good value—above a certain ratio, overpriced. If a company produces a unique product it is far more difficult for market analysis to place a numerical ratio upon the company’s earnings. We have also contended in the past Letters that the stock market reflects mass psychology as well as the business outlook. When investors—both the public and the institutions—are nervous and pessimistic they definitely hesitate to buy stocks: they seek low price/earnings multiples and high yields. These same investors—when they are in an optimistic frame of mind—become for less preoccupied with yields and more wiling to pay a premium(high p/e multiples) for accelerated growth. If the public’s attitude towards the auto industry is any measure, then this period seems to have been one of optimism.

1.      The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is

[A]. A Time to Sell Stock.             [B]. A Strong Stock Market

[C]. Raising the Margin Rate           [C]. Price/earnings Ratio in Steel

2.      When investors are pessimistic what do they do?

[A]. They look to the FRB for help.      [B]. They buy steel

[C]. They buy automobile stocks.        [D]. They look for high yields.

3.      Why does the writer believe that speciality stocks could outperform the general market?

[A]. Because analysis have difficulty in deciding upon a fixed price/earnings ratio.

[B]. Because the activity had been limited to blue chips.

[C]. Because the rise was conservative.

[D]. Because of the FRB action.

4.      When investors are optimistic, what do they do?

[A]. They look for accelerated growth.  [B]. They buy speciality stocks.

[C]. They look for high yields.        [C]. They are more prudent.

Vocabulary

1.   margin rate             保證金率，邊際比率

2.   rampant                無約束力，猖獗的，蔓延的

3.   stem                  遏制

4.   stem from              滋長，源自

5.   underpin               加強……基礎，支持

6.   underpinning            支持物，基礎（建築物下的）

7.   preoccupy              先占，使專心於，吸引住

8.   undue                 過分的，非法的，不適當的

9.   interim                間歇；暫時的，間歇的

10.  guideline              方針，指導路線

11.  underscore             在……下面劃線，強調

12.  point up               加強，強調

13.  bluechip               蘭籌股票

14.  blue-chip              蘭籌的

15.  outperform            在使用上勝過

16.  overprice              將……標價過高

17.  numerical ratio         數率，數字比率

18.  earnings              收益，利潤，收入

19.  contend               競爭，堅決主張，爭論

20.  premium              傭金，酬金

難句譯注

1.      The increase in the margin rate from 50% to 70% was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong, with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market.

[結構簡析] 是not…but句型，兩個破折號中間是插入成分；中插入一個帶with+N+participle 短語

[參考譯文] 保證金率從50%增長到70%，並不是想要遏制群眾方面猖獗的投機，而是聯邦儲備委員會想要保持現存於股市強勁基礎——事實上股市由於群眾非常莊嚴的參與——在技術上看起來相當強勁。

2.      Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case, but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course—continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism.

[結構簡析] 複合句。中間有插入語if clause, 進一步說明條件。

[參考譯文] 顯然，不可能保證這種情況再次出現（情況再是這樣）。可是，如果歷史具有指導方針的話——如果商業和公司的利潤仍然保持在同樣軌道上——那麼對股市前景樂觀似乎要比悲觀更精確些。

3.      The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a 50% rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the blue chips for the most part.

[結構簡析] 這句句子內有四個that clause：第一個that是good rise的定語從句。第二個和第三個that都是the fact that句型。但第二個the fact that中，as long as it was, 指頭一年，pointed up是謂語。第四個是in that連詞，義：因為。

寫作方法與文章大意

   文章論述“強勁證券市場”的種種情況。首先是聯邦儲備委員會為保持強股市基礎要求保證金率增長。這種增長過去，現在，將來都能鞏固強市。其次由於絕大部分集中在蘭籌股上，使股市看好上升趨於保守，引出行業股比普通股吃香。最後是投資者心情和股市強弱有關。

答案祥解

1.       B. 強勁證券市場（強市）。見難句譯注1和第一段第三句：“那種保證金率的增長有力的鞏固了強勁證券市場。從19……年起，這種增長導致一年來股市屢創新高。

A. 買出股票的時候。   C. 提高保證金率。  D. 鋼的市盈率。這三項都不對，它們只是文中涉及的方面。

2.       D. 他尋找高業績（即公司的產量或投資收益）。見文章倒數第三句：“當投資者——公眾和團體機構——緊張而又悲觀時，他們肯定在買進股票上舉棋不定；他們尋求低價格/利潤倍數和高額利潤。

A. 他們尋求聯邦儲備委員會的幫助。  B. 他們買進鋼材。   C. 他們買進汽車股票。

3.       A.  因為在決定定價/利潤比上難以分析。見第二段第二句：“在過去的投資保證上我們一直表達了這樣的思想：行業股票在使用上可能超過普通股。我們依然相信情況可能就是這樣。舉例說：鋼股往往在一定價格/利潤比上拋出。低於一定比率，可認為股是好價值，而高於一定比率就是超價。如果一個公司就生產獨一無二的產品，那市場分析就很難對公司所得定出數比。“

B. 因為股市活動受蘭籌股所限。 C. 因為行情上升保守。這兩項見難句譯注3。  

D. 由於聯邦儲備基金會的行動。

4.       A. 他們尋求加速的增長。見文章倒數第二句：“同樣是這些股民，當投資者（對股市前景）持樂觀態度時，他們不太關注（公司的）業績（產值）而願意以高價來購買具有高成長性的股票。”

                Passage Eighteen (The Military Is In)

   Things have really changed. Not only is the military standing tall again, it is staging a remarkable comeback in the quantity and quality of the recruits it is attracting. Recruiters, once denounced by antiwar students as “baby killers” and barred from campuses, are welcomed ever at elite universities. ROTC (Reserve Officer’s Training Corps) programs, that faltered during the Viet Nam era, when protesters were fire bombing their headquarters, are flourishing again. The military academies are enjoying a steady increase in applications.

   Certainly, the depressed economy has increased the allure of the jobs, technical training and generous student loans offered by the military. Students know that if they go in and become, say, nuclear weapons specialists, they can come out and demand a salary of $60,000 a year. Military salaries, while not always competitive with those paid for comparable jobs in the private sector, are more than respectable, especially considering the wide array of benefits that are available: free medical service, room and board, and PX (Post Exchange) privileges. Monthly pay for a recruit is  $574; for a sergeant with four years services it is $906; for a major with ten years’ service it is $2,305. The services’ slick $175 million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has helped win over the TV generation. Kids are walking down the school hallways chanting ‘Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines,’ just like in the commercials. And many military officials feel that the key difference is the enhanced patriotism among the nation’s youth. There is a return to the view that the military is an honorable profession. The days of a judge telling a miscreant to join the Army or go to jail are over. Recruiting for all four services combined is running at 101%of authorized goals. And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing some re-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target.

The military academics are also enjoying halcyon years, attracting more and better-qualified students. Compared to private colleges, where tuition and expenses have been climbing sharply, the service schools are a real bargain: not only is tuition free, but recruits get allowances of up to $500 a mouth. It is reported 12,300 applicants are for the 1,450 positions in this year’s freshman class. Military academies are now just as selective as any of the best universities in the country.

Nationwide, ROTC enrollment exceeds 105,000,a 64% increase over the 1974 figure. In the mid 70’s, the ROTC students refused to wear their uniforms on campus because they suffered all sorts of ridicule, if they did. Now if they wear them to class no one looks at them twice. To them, Viet Nam is ancient history, something the old folks talk about.

1.      What is the main idea of this passage?

[A]. The Military is in                 [B]. The Military is up

[C]. The Military is down              [D]. The Military is on

2.      What was the attitude of the students in 1970’s towards the military?

[A]. Approval. [B]. Indifferent.  [C]. Distaste. [D]. Scolding.

3.      The phrase “come out” is closest in meaning to

[A]. “become  visible”.           [B]. “begin to grow”.

[C]. “be made public”.                [D]. “gain a certain position”.

4.      Which one of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason to attract students.

[A]. Free tuition.                     [B]. Spacious room.

[C]. Considerate allowance.             [D]. Technical training.

Vocabulary

1.   stage a comeback         再度走紅，捲土重來

2.   standing tall             站得高

3.   babykiller               殺嬰犯人

4.   denounce               譴責

5.   elite                   傑出的，名牌的

6.   ROTC=Reserve Office’s Training Cope           (美)後備軍官訓練隊

7.   falter                   動搖不定，躊躇不前

8.   flourish                 繁榮興旺

9.   allure                   誘惑

10.  come out                進入社交界，揚名

11.  the wide array            一大批，一大半

12.  PX=Post Exchange        陸軍消費合作社

13.  sergeant                 中士

14.  major                   少校

15.  slick                    聰明的，非常好的，吸引人的

16.  hallway                 門廳，過道

17.  chant                   單調重複的說話（唱歌）

18.  miscreant               無賴，惡棍

19.  retention rate             繼續服役率，服役期滿不退役的比例

20.  real bargain              好買賣，十分划算

難句譯注

1.      The services’ slick $175 million-a-year advertising campaign promising adventure and fulfillment has helped win over the TV generation.

[結構簡析]  句子的主語是campaign. 這裏指大規模的廣告（advertising campaign）。Promising 修飾 campaign。

2.      The days of a judge telling a miscreant to join the Army or go to jail are over.

[參考譯文]  由法官判一名無賴不去當兵就得坐牢的日子過去了。

3.      And the retention rate is now so high, that the services are refusing some re-enlistment applications and reducing annual recruiting target.

[結構簡析]  so …that 句型。

[參考譯文]  超役留隊率現在很高，所以各個軍種都要拒絕一些再入伍申請，並降低年度招兵指標。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是論述軍隊在美國地位提高的文章，主要採用因果寫法，中插對比。

答案祥解

1.       A. 軍隊又吃香了。To be in 有“流行，時髦”之義。全篇文章圍繞這一點而寫。文章一開頭就點名宗旨“事情真的變了，軍隊形象不僅高大，招收新兵的質量和數量明顯得到恢復。”第二段開始：“可以肯定，經濟蕭條使得軍隊提供就業，技術訓練和對學生慷慨貸款提高了誘惑力……。”第二段倒數第七句“許多軍官感到關鍵性的變化是這個國家青年中的愛國心增強，當兵是一個榮譽職業的看法又恢復了。”都表示吃香。

B. to be up 有“完了，完畢，上漲”等義。 C. to be down 有“消沉，落魄，下降”等義。        D. to be on 有“上演，開著”等義。這裏都講不通。

2.       C. 厭惡。答案在第一段第二句“招兵人員曾一度被反戰學生譴責為‘殺嬰犯’而拒之校園之外，現在甚至名牌大學都歡迎。後備軍官訓練隊計畫在越戰時期曾動搖不定，抗議的人向部隊投擲燃燒彈，如今又興旺起來。”最後一段第二句“70年代中期，後備軍官訓練隊學生不願在校內穿制服，因為穿了就遭到各種嘲笑。”這些都說明70年代，學生對軍隊的態度是“厭惡”。所以

A. 贊成，    B. 漠不關心，      D. 漫駡，都不對。

3.       獲得地位。To come out 有 to gain certain position 獲得（名次，地位）之義，也有appear, to be seen （出現，看得見）之義。這裏的上下文，只能是D. 第二段第二句“學生們知道，要是參軍，當上譬如核武器專家，他們就能揚名並可要求6萬美元年薪。”

A. 看得見，   B. 開始成長，    C. 公開。

4.       B. 寬敞的房間。

A. 免學費。   C. 相當高的津貼。 D. 技術培訓，都提到過。第二段開始“可以肯定，經濟蕭條使得軍隊提供就業，技術訓練以及對學生慷慨貸款等的誘惑力增大。”第三句“軍隊薪金儘管比不是私人公司中類似工作的工資，但已經很可觀了，尤其考慮到軍隊裏有一系列的福利待遇，如免費醫療，膳宿，軍人消費合作社特惠等。”第三段“軍事院校招收的學生數量多了，質量好，年頭也就好過。私立大學裏，學費和各類費用一直急劇上升，相比之下，上軍事院校確實便宜，不僅學費全面，新生每月還可拿5百美元的補貼。

          Passage Nineteen (Creative Process of Works)

The great question that this paper will, but feebly, attempt to answer is , what is the creative process?

Though much theory has accumulated, little is really known about the power that lies at the bottom of poetic creation. It is true that great poets and artists produce beauty by employing all the powers of personality and by fusing emotions, reason, and intuitions. But what is the magical synthesis that joins and arranges these complex parts into poetic unity?

John L.Lowes, in his justly famous “The Road to Xanadu,” developed one of the earliest and still generally acceptable answers to this tantalizing question. Imaginative creation, he concludes, is a complex process in which the conscious and unconscious minds jointly operate. “There is…the deep well with its chaos of fortuitously blending images; but there is likewise the Vision which sees shining in and through the chaos of the potential lines of Form, and with the Vision, the controlling Will. Which gives to that potential beauty actuality.”

The Deep Well is the unconscious mind that is peopled with the facts, ideas, feelings of the conscious activity. The imaginative vision, an unconscious activity, shines through the land of chaos, of lights and shadows, silently seeking pattern and form. Finally, the conscious mind again, through Will, captures and embodies the idea in the final work of art. In this way is unity born out of chaos.

Though there can be no absolute certainty, there is general agreement that the periods in the development of a creative work parallel, to some extent, Lowes’ theory of Well, Vision, Form, and Will. There are at least three stages in the creative process: preparation, inspiration, work.

In a sense, the period of preparation is all of the writer’s life. It is the Deep Well. It is the Deep Well. It is especially a period of concentration which gives the unconscious mind an opportunity to communicate with the conscious mind. When remembrance of things past reach the conscious level of the writer’s mind, he is ready to go on with the process. Part of this preparation involves learning a medium—learning a language, learning how to write, learning literary forms. It is important to mot here that form cannot be imposed upon the idea. Evidence, though sparse, shows that the idea gives birth to the form that can best convey it. It is the Vision, according to Lowes, ” which sees shining in and through the chaws of the potential lines of from … ”

1.      When remembrance of things past reach the conscious level, the post has reached the stage called

[A]. Well.  [B]. Vision.   [C]. Form.    [D]. Will.

2.      Which of the following statements is TRUE?

[A]. The form determines the subject matter.

[B]. The idea determines the form.

[C]. Vision makes beauty an actuality.

[D]. A writer is unconscious when he prepares his work.

3.      The word “fortuitously” in the third paragraph means

[A]. accidentally.    [B]. luckily.     [C]. thoroughly.     [D]. potentially.

4.      The remembrance of things past is carried on in the

[A]. Deep Well.                     [B]. Vision.

[C]. Chaotic lights and shadows.        [D]. Conscious mind.

Vocabulary

1.   fuse                  融化，結合

2.   intuition               直覺

3.   Xanadu              是一個非常美的，田園詩般的地方。美國詩人Sanul T Coleridge還根據這地方寫了一首詩，“Kubla Khan” 忽必烈汗（即元世祖）

4.   John  L. Lowes        1876——1945年美國學者，批評家及教師

5.   tantalizing             引起好奇心的，可望不可及的，逗人得

6.   fortuitous              偶然的，幸運的

7.   parallel               相應於

8.   sparse                稀少，稀疏

9.   synthesis              綜合，綜合法

難句譯注

1.       …by employing all the powers of personality and by fusing emotions, reason, and intuitions.

[參考譯文] 運用個人（品格）的全部力量，把情感，理智和直覺融會貫通結合在一起。

2.       …still generally acceptable answers to this tantalizing question.

[參考譯文] 現在仍然是眾所接受對這些可望不可及問題的答案。

3.       There is…the deep well with its chaos of fortuitously blending images; but there is likewise the Vision which sees shining in and through the chaos of the potential lines of Form, and with the Vision, the controlling Will. Which gives to that potential beauty actuality.

[結構簡析] 注意介詞短語和定從。With its chaos…, 是修飾deep well. Which sees shinning 定語從句修飾Vision.  And 後的with the vision, 卻是狀語。Which gives 又是定從，修飾Will.

[參考譯文] 有……那充滿了混亂的偶然交織在一起的形象的深靜；但同樣也有那洞察力，看到在混亂中熠熠生輝的潛在的形式線索，由於有這樣的洞察力便有那控制一切的意志把潛在的美變成真實的（詩歌）篇章。

4.       lights and shadows   藝術上有 light and shade  明和暗。這裏也是指明和暗。

寫作方法與文章大意

   文章論述“創作過程”。開門見山就提出“什麼是創作”。主要是引用了羅斯的Road to Xanadu 一書來說明創作過程。首先是創作的源泉，洞察分辨，最後意志賦予寫作。

答案祥解

1.       D. 意志。第三段倒數第二句“最終又是意識的思維，通過意志，在其最終的藝術作品中捕捉和體現了這種思想觀念”。第五段第三句：“當作者回溯以往事情達到了有意識的水平時，他就具備（準備）了繼續創作進程的條件。這種準備工作中有一部分涉及學習媒介——學習一種語言，學習如何寫，學習文學形式。”第二段都體現了意志是有意識思維的集中表現。

A. 源泉，來源，顧名思義，也是最初的東西。 B. 洞察力，視覺。 C.形式。這三項選擇在第二，三段集中說明，見難句譯注3及第四題答案。

2.       B. 思想觀念決定形式。這在最後一段倒數第四句：部分準備工作涉及學習媒介——學習語言，學習如何寫，學習文學形式之後“這裏要注意文學形式不能強加於思想觀念。有證據，雖然很少，表明思想觀念產生適合傳遞它的文學形式。

A. 形式決定主題。  C. 形象使美變得真實。  D. 作者在準備寫作時處於無意識狀態。難句譯注3和第四題答案都說明了這三項選擇是不對的。

3.       A.  偶然的。

B. 幸運的，fortuitously一詞確實有幸運的之義。但這裏上下文含義是A，見難句譯注3。

C. 徹底的，透徹的。     D. 潛在的，可能的。

4.       A. 深井（深層的源泉）。見難句譯注3和第三句“深層的源泉是無意識思維，內中塞滿了各種事實，觀點，意識活動的情感。富有想像力的洞察力是一種無意識的活動，在雜亂的土壤中閃爍光輝，忽明忽暗，默默的探索模式和形式。最後，又是有意識的思維，通過意志……。”這裏說明回溯過去是在深井階段進行。

B. 視覺，是在探索表現形式。 C. 雜亂的光亮和陰影，明面和暗面。 D. 有意識思維

              Passage Twenty (NCB in Interpol)

The organization known to the world as Interpol has sometimes been described as an outfit of chisel-jawed gimlet-eyed crime fighters who put their lives in jeopardy every working hour. Less flatteringly, Interpol has also been described as a huge filing cabinet, stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics.

As with most generalities, there is some truth in both statements. There are, certainly, some grim battlers of crime to be found working with Interpol. There are, just as surely, those drones shuffling mountains of paper whose cheeks are sallow from indoor life. Consider the charisma of the name alone: INTERPOL, the international police force. Continents leaped in a single bound, oceans crossed in the space of a breath, villains watched by eyes that never sleep. Surprisingly, a lot of it happens almost that way.

Four groups coordinate and direct the activities of Interpol. One of them is the National Central Bureaus, or NCBs, bodies designated by the member nations to serve as their link with Interpol. These are the front-line troops, the action people. IN the United States, the Treasury Department is the National Central Bureau. In the United Kingdom, it is Scotland Yard; the Questura in Italy and the Melbourne City Police in Australia. Because police organization varies from country, the NCBs were established to act as the one special group to handle Interpol chores and unsure maximum cooperation between nations. Each NCB is usually an official government body with police powers if a country has only one central police authority, that body becomes the National Centre Bureau. Of course, any service appointed as an NCB is bound to its nation’s law and authority and retains its national title.

Each NCB is connected by radio to the regional station for its geographic zone. The regional stations are connected to the Central Station in France. The radio network is versatile. Network stations can monitor the Central station or any regional station. Because of this messages can be broadcast to more than one station at a time. A coding system determines the urgency of each message so that those with high priority can be given precedence. Besides, other communication tools, such as radio-teleprinters and phototelegraphy equipment. Permit rapid transfers of fingerprints and photographs. Sometimes ever more advanced technology is employed. When the police all over the world were looking for a Canadian named George Leray, they turned to the Early Bird Satellite. Leray had led his gang on a daring holdup of a Montreal bank and gotten away with $4 million. Scotland Yard broadcast Leray’s photo to the world by satellite. An American who saw the picture in Florida recognized Leray as a man who was living on a yacht in Fort Lauderdale under an assumed name. The police were alerted and arrested Leray.

1.      What is the best title for this passage?

[A]. The Function of the Interpol.       [B]. The Quality of the Interpol.

[C]. The Organization of the Interpol.    [D]. The Rapid Development of the Interpol.

2.      The organization of this passage is

[A]. general to specific.               [B]. cause and effect.

[C]. comparison and contrast.          [D]. development.

3.      The sentence “stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to

[A]. a lot of employees busying in their work.

[B]. many office workers busying with various documents.

[C]. crowded with office workers busying with their own collected data.

[D]. workers busying in their own information.

4.      Which is the easiest tool to communicate?

[A]. Satellite.                        [B]. Radio.

[B]. Teleprinter.                      [D]. Phototelegraphy.

Vocabulary

1.         Interpol                       國際刑警組織

2.         outfit                         全班人馬，有組織團體

3.         chisel-jawed                   儀錶英俊的

4.         gimlet-eyed                    目光銳利的

5.         jeopardy                      危險

6.         flatteringly                    奉承

7.         choke                        悶死

        choking on their own statistics  被自己的統計數字弄的喘不過氣來

8.         as with most generalities         和大多數籠統說法一樣

9.         grim                         冷酷的

10.      drone                        懶漢，懶洋洋的人

11.      shuffle                       反復挪動，亂翻，洗（紙牌）

12.      charisma                     超凡的魅力

13.      National Central Bureaus         國家中心局

14.      Treasury Department            財政部（美）

15.      Questura                      警察局（意）

16.      Melbourne                     墨爾本警察局

17.      chore                         日常零星工作

18.      to be bound to                  受……的約束，義務，一定……

19.      geographic zone                地區，地帶

20.      versatile                      有多方面用途的

21.      radio-teleprinter                無線電印表機

22.      phototelegraph                 傳真

23.      daring                        大膽的

24.      holdup                       搶劫

25.      alert                          使警惕，使處於待命狀態

難句譯注

1.      The organization known to the world as Interpol has sometimes been described as an outfit of chisel-jawed gimlet-eyed crime fighters who put their lives in jeopardy every working hour. Less flatteringly, Interpol has also been described as a huge filing cabinet, stuffed with clerks choking on their own statistics.

[結構簡析] 兩個句子都是被動語氣，都有分詞短語。前一句known 修飾organization，後一句stuffed 修飾 cabinet.

[參考譯文] 聞名於世的國際刑警組織長被描述成一群儀錶英俊，目光犀利和罪犯鬥爭的戰士的群體組織。他們的生命無時無刻不處於危險之中。國際刑警組織也被描述為一個大型的檔案室，裏面擠滿了工作人員，他們被自己的統計數字忙得喘不過氣來。

2.      There are, certainly, some grim battlers of crime to be found working with Interpol. There are, just as surely, those drones shuffling mountains of paper whose cheeks are sallow from indoor life.

[結構簡析] 這是兩個句子，都是引導詞there句型。

[參考譯文] 這裏肯定能見到和罪犯鬥爭的冷酷無情的鬥士在國際刑警組織工作，同樣可以肯定，這裏有那些懶洋洋的人在翻動如山的檔檔案，他們的臉頰由於室內生活而消瘦如刀。

3.      Continents leaped in a single bound, oceans crossed in the space of a breath, villains watched by eyes that never sleep.

[結構簡析] 這是省略句。正常句型應該是Continents are leaped in…，Oceans are crossed in…, villains are watched by …。

[參考譯文] 大洲可一步跨過。大洋可以在轉眼之間越過，壞蛋可以由日夜不眠的眼睛緊盯著。

4.      These are the front-line troops, the action people.

[參考譯文] 這些人是前線軍，具體行動的人（執行人）。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇介紹國際刑警組織的文章。採用一般到具體的寫作方法。頭二段是對國際刑警組織的一般介紹，後面是具體到NCB，組成國際刑警組織四個部門之一——國家中心局是各國負責和國際刑警保持聯繫部門，如英國的蘇格蘭場，美國的財政部等，最後一段講聯繫的多種渠道和方式方法。

答案祥解

1.       C. 國際刑警組織。上面文章大意已經說明介紹國際刑警組織，其職能性質只是附帶涉及。所以

A. B. 不對。 D. 迅速發展，文章沒有涉及。

2.       A. 文章是一般到具體的組織結構。

B. 因果   和 C. 對比。  不對。 D. 展開，任何文章都得展開。

3.       C. stuff=crowd  辦公室擠滿了工作人員，忙於分析處理收集來的資訊和資料。見難句譯注1參考譯文。

A. 有許多雇員忙於工作；  B. 許多辦公室人員忙於各種文件；   D. 忙於自己資訊的工人。   這三項都沒有。

4.  B. 無線電通訊。縱然第四段內提及種種手段：衛星，無線電，印表機，傳真電報。但無線電通訊仍是他們運用的最方便和最得力的工具，因為他們的無線電網路靈活多用，網路站能監控中央和各地區站點，而且一次能把資訊傳至好幾台。至於衛星，電報，傳真電報只是在特殊情況下運行，如快速傳送照片，指紋等。所以A. 衛星， C. 無線電印表機， D. 傳真電報，不對。

Passage Twenty-one (The Result of the Falling US Dollar)

   Like a ticking time bomb, the falling dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic polices the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsche mark, U.S. good becomes cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.

   Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroad—especially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather faddish notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in interest rates, the stock market rally could stall.

   Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in another’s competitiveness.

   Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.

   Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments—especially the government bond market. The money to finance   the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere. Inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikes—and U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. federal Reserve then might need to step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.

Worried about these side effects, Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect from U.S. Treasury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chance are relatively good that we will avoid an investor break or panic.”

1.       What is the main idea of this passage?

[A]. The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.

[B]. The result of the U.S. falling dollar.

[C]. The side effect of U.S. falling dollar.

[D]. Japan and West Germany are worried about U.S. falling dollar.

2.       What does the word “rally” mean.

[A]. prosperity.  [B]. decline.    [C]. richness.    [D]. import.

3.       Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?

[A]. Because the falling dollar may cause inflation in their countries.

[B]. Because it may force them to sell a lot of U.S, stocks.

[C]. Because it may do damage to their trade.

[D]. Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.

4.       If  dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in , what would happen?

[A]. The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.

[B]. The U.S. economy might face serious problems.

[C]. Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.

[D].Inflation could flare up.

Vocabulary

1.         ticking                            滴答作響的

2.         grab                              抓住

3.         abate                             減弱

4.         snap up                           爭購，搶購

5.         heavy buying                      大量買進

6.         export-oriented                     以出口為方向的

7.         in anticipation of                   期待，預期

8.         faddish                           一時流行的

9.         spree                            無節制的瘋狂行為

10.      buying spree                       狂購亂買

11.      plummet                          垂直落下，驟然跌落，暴跌

12.      stall                              停滯

13.      verge                             處於……邊緣

14.      verging on recession                 正處於衰退的邊緣

15.      boost                             振興，吹捧

16.      bond market                       債券市場

17.      flare up                           突然閃耀，發火，爆發

18.      hike                              提高，增加

19.      follow suit                         照著做，跟出同花色的牌

20.      profit margin                       利潤幅度

21.      step in                             介入

22.      rally                              繁榮

23.      equilibrium                        平衡，均勢

24.      defect                            逃跑，開小差

25.      break or panic                      崩潰或大恐慌

難句譯注

1.  cries for trade protection       貿易保護的呼聲

2.  the global free-trade system     全球自由貿易體系

3.  that is a rather faddish notion right now  只是一時流行的概念

4.  get out of hand                  失控

5.  What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower.   什麼是平衡水平？可能是接近現在水平或者稍低一些。

6.  trade deficit   貿易赤字，貿易逆差。

寫作方法與文章大意

這是一篇論述“美元下跌的後果”的文章，採用對比，順序，因果等寫作。先提出問題：美元下跌，美國得利有二：一是（第一段）商品便宜，銷售量大，赤字下降，全球自由貿易體系保住。二是（第二段）外國投資者會搶購美國股票。總之，美國競爭力加強。

這兩段中都有對比。第一段美國和日本的對比，開頭“就像滴答作響的定時炸彈，日見下跌的美元抓住了日本和西德的注意力，迫使他們考慮採取美國提出的經濟政策。“第二段是美國本身之利弊對比。“……許多外國投資者搶購出口導向的美國股票，期望在下一年左右的時間裏得到較多的利潤。如果公司收益在今後幾個季度裏令人失望的話，這種買進古片的狂熱行為就可能消失。最後，如果美元價格直線下跌導致利率上升，股票市場價格回升就會停頓。“ 後面兩段是這兩段負效應的進一步論證。

答案祥解

1.      B. 美元下跌的結果。全篇文章都講的美元下跌的後果。

A. 美元下跌的印象。 C. 美元下跌的副作用，均不對。   因為還講述了有利的一面。    D. 日本的、西德擔憂美元下跌，這只是其中的部分內容。

2.      A.  繁榮。第五段“美元下跌是否會失控：如果美元下跌過多，投資者可能會失去對美國投資的信心，特別是對美國的債務市場。對聯邦政府預算和貿易赤字提供的資金可能移向其他市場，因為日本和西德廠商最終會將上漲的價格轉嫁出去，美國公司也可能這麼做，以提高其市場利潤幅度，從而使通貨膨脹再次爆發。美國聯邦儲備委員會這時可能需要介入，提高利率來穩定美元。而較高利率會導致美國經濟減慢，華爾街的繁榮行將結束。”

B. 衰退。  C. 富有。     D. 出口，都不是rally之含義。

3.      C. 因為下跌對他們貿易有損害。第三段“改善美國競爭力意味著其他國家的競爭力下降。”第四段，“日本和西德正瀕於經濟衰退的邊緣。其出口導向的經濟正在面臨嚴重問題。日本擔心由於日元堅挺而給其貿易帶來損害，西德也在發愁。上個星期，法蘭克福股市價格暴跌。據說，波恩已在考慮降低利率以振興其經濟。

A. 美元下跌會使他們國家通貨膨脹。沒有正式提到, 內涵只是貿易帶來的其他具體問題。    B. 它可能迫使他們賣掉許多美國股票。   D. 這可能使日本競爭力下降。問題是提出兩國，不單單是日本。

4.      A. 美國經濟繁榮消失，見第2題答案A的注釋。

B. 美國經濟可能面臨嚴重問題。太籠統。       C. 投資者可能對在美國投資失去信心。這不是美國聯邦儲備委員會介入後發生之事。   D. 通貨膨脹全面爆發。這也是介入之後果。

Passage Twenty-two (Pantomime)

Pantomimes like pageants, need to be very well planned, and it is essential that initial organization should begin many weeks in advance of the production date. Pantomimes are nearly always divided into separate scenes, very often taking place in different countries or even in different centuries. It is therefore necessary that there should be an overall unity of design culminating in the grand finale. This latter is really just an excuse for visual effects, and for once the performers become merely cloths hangers on which to put elaborate garments.

The scene should be discussed at some length with the producer so that the background, which is decided upon, does not present impossibilities for the provision of costumes within the budget or insuperable making problems for the wardrobe. Because of the large numbers of costumes needed full use must be made of the cheapest materials available, such as tarlatan (thin, stiff, open-weave muslin) nets and inexpensive cottons and taffetas. Very often it is possible to pick up goods that have been substantially reduced in price as cheap lines either in the big stores or on stalls in street markets.

Costumes for pantomimes need to be imaginative, gay and fairly bold in conception—this does not mean that they need to be garish. Usually in one scene there needs to be the flavor of what is newest at the moment in clothes. It is always a good idea to make use of a modern gimmick and to point it in some way if this can be conveniently fitted into the scheme. The audience comes to pantomime to have the eye feasted as much as for any other purpose, thus making a great chance for the designer to excel. Because of the very varied audience to be catered for there must be costumes to please patrons of all ages and delight the eyes of toddlers, teenagers, parents and grandparents.

Usually there is the chance for some country scene involving merry-making peasants in ginghams, stripes of chintzes. There may be a military or naval routine or some number emphasizing precision and calling for trim slick costumes. There is certain to be a ballet which is to look fairy-like or romantic and pretty and which may well need either classical or romantic tutus. The finale, which must be the most spectacular of all, is often set in a ballroom or palace where all the characters come together to make their final bows; and it is for this scene that the glitter of sequins and jewels, the sparkle of tinsel, the gold and silver materials and the waving plumes should be saved.

It may be helpful to examine the different characters and the various scenes in which they are likely to appear. They remain much the same in all pantomimes; the flavor varying according to the setting—so that a s\dash of the Orient, or the particular feeling of a historical epoch is added to the standard costume.

1.       Which word can best describe the final scene in pantomime?

[A]. Spectacular.  [B]. Beautiful.     [C]. Romantic.  [D]. Sparkling.

2.       What is the best title for this passage?

[A]. How to Gain Success of a Pantomime.

[B]. The Most Important Factors in a Pantomime.

[C]. Pantomime needs to have a very-well.

[D]. How to Make Preparation for a Pantomime.

3.       What does paragraph two imply?

[A]. It implies actor and actress outnumber costume.

[B]. It implies costume costs too much.

[C]. It implies the funds available is on meager side.

[D]. It implies a good plan is necessary for a pantomime.

4.       The success of a pantomime lie in

[A]. well-planned preparation.            [B]. excellent actors.

[C]. brilliant costume.                   [D]. harmony.

Vocabulary

1.         culminate                   達到頂點，達到最高潮

2.         insuperable                 不可逾越的，不可克服的

3.         tarlatan                     薄紗，塔拉丹

4.         taffeta                      花花綠綠的塔夫綢，襯綢

5.         gimmick                   （魔術師道具等）暗機關，

6.         garish                      裝飾（物） 鮮豔奪目的，俗不可耐的

7.         gingham                    方格花布

8.         stripe                      條紋布，斜紋布

9.         chintz                      擦光印花棉布

10.      slick                       光滑的，打扮漂亮的，華而不實的，討人喜歡的

11.      tutu                       （芭蕾舞女演員）短裙

12.      sequin                      裝飾服裝用的圓形小金屬片

13.      tinsel                       金銀絲織品，閃亮裝飾品

難句譯注

1.      This latter is really just an excuse for visual effects, and for once the performers become merely cloths hangers on which to put elaborate garments.

[結構簡析] for once= for just once 就這一次

[參考譯文] 後者確實就是為了視覺效果，就這一次，演員成了僅僅是套上精緻衣服的衣架子。

2.      Usually in one scene there needs to be the flavor of what is newest at the moment in clothes. It is always a good idea to make use of a modern gimmick and to point it in some way if this can be conveniently fitted into the scheme.

[結構簡析] 兩句句子。To make use of 利用，to point 強調。

[參考譯文] 一般說來，在一幕裏，需要有當時服裝上最新款式和風格。如果便於和演出設計相吻合的話，利用當時的機關並給以適當突出也不失為好辦法。

3.      The audience comes to pantomime to have the eye feasted as much as for any other purpose, thus making a great chance for the designer to excel。

[結構簡析] 注意後面thus making…的譯法。

[參考譯文] 觀眾來看默劇，不僅為了大飽眼福，還有其他目的。這就給了設計者展示才能超越別人的大好機會。

寫作方法與文章大意

   這是一篇論述默劇準備工作的文章。文章一開始就點明主題。然後從錢，劇幕，服裝，色彩，情趣等方面加以闡明，手法多種。

答案祥解

1.       A. 最後一幕非常壯觀。文章內兩處提到，第一段第二句“默劇幾乎總是分成獨立的幾幕，常常是發生在不同的國家和不同的世紀，因此，在宏偉的最後一幕有一個達到高潮完整統一設計。”第四段第四行末尾“最後一幕，必須是全戲最壯觀的，地點常常是在舞廳或者皇宮，聚集著所有的演員，以備謝幕。”

B. 美麗的。  C. 浪漫的。     D. 燦爛的，都只是壯觀中之一部分。

2.       D. 如何為默劇做好準備工作。文章一開始“默劇，像露天演出劇一樣，需要很好策劃，應在演出前好幾個星期作好最初的組織工作……。”後面幾段都是圍繞這一中心而寫。

A. 如何獲取默劇的成功，文中提得很少但準備的目的是獲得成功。 B. 默劇的最重要的因素。 C. 默劇需要一個很好的設計，都是準備工作中提及的部分內容。

3.       C. 隱射能得到的資金很少。第二段“劇幕場景應和舞臺監督進行詳細的討論。這樣決定下來的場景不會出現預算內金額不能提供服裝，或劇團服裝難以供應的問題。由於需要劇裝量大，要充分利用能得到的最便宜的材料，類似薄紗，低價棉布和襯綢之類。可以在大商店或馬路地攤上選購一些降價的便宜貨品。”這一段說明他們的資金相當少，所以C 正確。

A. 演員認輸超過了服裝數。  B. 服裝太貴，文中都沒有提到。也不是第二段的內涵。 D. 默劇需要一個好計畫。一開始就點明，不用隱射。

4.       A. 充分計畫好的準備工作。如果沒有計劃，其他三點都談不上。因為

B. 優秀演員。 C. 華麗的戲裝。    D. 和諧，都四計畫內考慮的因素。

           Passage Twenty-three (Women and Fashions)

Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.

This illusion is created by changing fashions. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so- called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women the whole world over rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.

If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores. Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste. Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn’t at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women’s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.

1.      The main idea of this passage is

[A]. New fashions in clothes reflect the qualities of women.

[B]. New fashions in clothing are created solely for commercial exploitation of women.

[C]. The top designers seem to have the right to creating new fashion.

[D]. Men have the basic quality of reliability.

2.      Why do the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?

[A]. Because they want their appearance in the fashion.

[B]. Because the top designers want them to follow the fashion.

[C]. Because the top designers want them to make fashion.

[D]. Because the top designers want them to lead the fashion.

3.      Why are women mercilessly exploited by the fashion designers?

[A]. They love new fashion.           [B]. They love new clothes.

[C]. They want to look beautiful.       [D]. They are too vain.

4.      What are fashion designers interested in?

[A]. Outward appearance.             [B]. Comfort.

[C]. Beauty.                        [D]. Durability.

Vocabulary

1.          dated                        過時的

2.          decree                       法令，命令