Student

Long, long ago, technology began when humans started using simple natural tools. These first tools were made of stone and were used for killing animals and cutting meat. This was the beginning of the Stone Age, a period that most historians agree started about 2.5 million years ago.

About 6000 BC, the first simple machines were developed. These were used to process food, make clothes, and even to make beer. In about 4000 BC, the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia. This was probably the greatest development in technology since fire. The wheel was originally used to make pottery such as drinking cups and plates. Later, in about 3000 BC, people began to use wheels for transportation.

From about 2500 BC, people began to use metals. Copper was the first metal to be used. At first, it was used alone, but later, it was mixed with tin to create bronze. Bronze became very widely used, so this period is known as the Bronze Age. Bronze was much stronger than copper, but was largely replaced by iron when the Iron Age began in about 500 BC. Today, iron has mainly been replaced by steel, a mixture of iron and carbon. In 1855, an Englishman, Henry Bessemer, was the first person to produce steel efficiently.

Talking Point (pages 6 & 98)

David is talking with his new friend Sarah.

David: Sarah, tell me a little about your high school.

Sarah: I went to a big school with over one thousand students. That meant that we had a lot of interesting clubs. I was a member of the volleyball club. Let me see, what else? I was pretty good at English, and I loved mathematics, but my favourite subject was physics. My least favourite subject was chemistry. We had a lot of tests in chemistry. How about you, David? Tell me a little about your high school.

David: I went to a high school near here. It was small, but I made lots of friends there.

David: Why did you choose this university?

Sarah: Well, a couple of reasons, I guess. The university offered a course on sound engineering that I was interested in. Then my teacher advised me that I could pass the entrance exam. Also, it is near my home. In fact, that was probably the most important reason. I can live at home and save money. And how about you?

David: I chose it because my brother came here and he said it was really good. He graduated several years ago.

David: Which machine in your house is the most useful?

Sarah: Well, let me think. I guess that one useful machine is my washing machine. Washing clothes by

hand would be really hard work. My computer is also useful. I use it to write a lot of reports. But, wait a moment. The most useful is definitely my air conditioner. It keeps me warm in the winter and cool in the summer. How about you? What machine do you think is the most useful?

David: I guess the most useful is the refrigerator. That keeps food fresh and of course, it keeps my beer cool and makes ice.

David: What are you going to do after graduation?

Sarah: I major in engineering, so I’ll probably be an engineer. But I have another dream. After I graduate, I would love to start my own company. I’d like to be president of the company. Or perhaps I could become an actress. I love movies. But, those are just dreams. I’m sure that I’ll be an engineer after all. How about you?

David: I’m not sure. I’m still thinking about it. Perhaps, I’ll go on to do a postgraduate degree.

Authentic Conversations (page 8)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. You may find it useful to point out to students the false starts and mistakes that even native speakers make in unplanned conversation. This may help to reduce your students’ fear of making mistakes.

Speaker 1: Hi Sarah.

Speaker 2: Hey Bryan.

Speaker 1: Can you tell me a little bit about your high school?

Speaker 2: Well, one thing I really remember, it was across the street from my house.

Speaker 1: Wow, that’s convenient.

Speaker 2: It was really close, so when the bell went in the morning, I was sometimes still in bed.

Speaker 1: That’s lucky.

Speaker 2: There were 2 bells so that was the warning bell and by second bell I was in class.

Speaker 1: Was your University near your house? Why did you choose your University?

Speaker 2: I chose one that was actually a few hundred kilometres away.

Speaker 1: Wow.

Speaker 2: Yeah, it was pretty far so I had to move and lived in a dormitory.

Speaker 1: I guess you couldn’t keep getting up early in the morning and walking.

Speaker 2: No, that wasn’t an option. I chose that University because they specialized in French.

Speaker 1: Nice, so you studied French?

Speaker 2: I studied translation, so translation from French into English.

Speaker 1: Wow, could you say something in French?

Speaker 2: [Inaudible 01:05-01:12].

Speaker 1: Wow, what does that mean?

Speaker 2: I said yeah, we can talk in French if you want but I have a feeling you can’t because you don’t speak French.

Speaker 1: Ah.

Speaker 2: So, I wanted to ask you a couple of questions. I want you to think about your house and machines; which machine in your house is the most useful?

Speaker 1: I do know my blender because I use that for smoothies.

Speaker 2: Okay, smoothies are good.

Speaker 1: Smoothies are good but yeah, actually recently I eat more porridge in the morning so I use my microwave. But honestly, it’s my laptop; my computer is the most useful, I spend a lot of time on the computer.

Speaker 2: Yeah I think you do.

Speaker 1: So after graduation from University, what did you do?

Speaker 2: My first job I was a Flight Attendant.

Speaker 1: Really?

Speaker 2: Yeah, they wanted people who could speak both languages that was in Canada. They wanted French and English speakers so they recruited from my University.

Speaker 1: Wow. Did you go anywhere interesting?

Speaker 2: One of the first places I went to, I’d never been to before, was Porto in Portugal.

Speaker 1: From Canada?

Speaker 2: Yeah.

Speaker 1: So from Canada to Portugal, how many hours does it take?

Speaker 2: I guess it would take about 6, maybe a little less, maybe 5, 5 – 6 hours.

Speaker 1: Wow, great job.

Speaker 2: Yeah, it was fun.

Research and Presentation (page 10)

Good morning. Today, I would like to talk about Karl Terzaghi.

Karl Terzaghi is famous for his theories of soil mechanics. Indeed, he is so important that he is often called the father of soil mechanics. In Figure 1, you can see a photograph of him when he was about 50 years old. He was born in Prague in 1883 and went to Technical University in Graz. He studied mechanical engineering but never found it interesting Instead, he began to work on the construction of dams. He noticed many cracks in dams and began to study soil mechanics. He was the first person who was able to predict the behaviour of soils using mathematics Some of his equations are shown in Figure 2. He moved to the United States before the Second World War. Terzaghi Dam in Canada is named after him. He died in 1963 in the United States. In 1983, Austria featured Terzaghi on the postage stamp that is shown in Figure 3.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work it Out (page 11)

Well this morning, we have a very exciting game. The score is one-one and there is only one minute left to play. Oh, oh - it’s a free kick to Cambridge. And Mr. Isaac Newton is taking the kick. He steps back - the stadium is totally quiet. He kicks. And what a kick. After five seconds, we can see that the ball is travelling at 20 meters per second. Hmm, so we know the acceleration, don’t we? Now, the mass of the ball is 0.5 kilograms. And remember Mr Newton’s famous equation: F=ma. In other words, force equals mass by acceleration. So what was the force of Mr. Newton’s kick?

Unit 2 — Communication

Conversation (page 13)

Mr. Out-of-touch: How often do you see your parents?

Ms. Tuned-in: About once a week, but we’re in touch all the time.

Mr. Out-of-touch: Oh really? Do you talk by phone?

Ms. Tuned-in: No, we send texts.

Mr. Out-of-touch: How often do you see your high school friends?

Ms. Tuned-in: About twice a month, but we’re in touch all the time.

Mr. Out-of-touch: Oh really? Do you talk by phone?

Ms. Tuned-in: No, we send email.

Mr. Out-of-touch: How often do you see your grandparents?

Ms. Tuned-in: About once a year, but we’re in touch all the time.

Mr. Out-of-touch: Oh really? Do you talk by phone?

Ms. Tuned-in: No, we stay in touch by social media.

Mr. Out-of-touch: How often do you see your boyfriend?

Ms. Tuned-in: About three times a week, but we’re in touch all the time.

Mr. Out-of-touch: Oh really? Do you talk by phone?

Ms. Tuned-in: No, we use video chat.

Lecture (page 14)

We sometimes forget how amazing it is that we can talk to another person who is not in the same physical space. Indeed, it was not until the year 1867 that it became possible to talk to someone who was in a different place. This was the year when Alexander Bell invented the first practical working telephone. Now, talking to people in real-time by message, voice, or video chat is an everyday activity.

One of the next big advances in real-time communication is likely to be virtual presence. In this technology, you will be able to virtually be in another place. If there are other people there, it will feel like everyone is in the same space. There have been huge advances in the technology for 3D images and "virtual presence" is becoming a real possibility in the near future. Soon, you will be able to control a virtual 3D version of yourself in another place.

When the shared space is virtual, for example an online chat room, it is called 'virtual presence'. But if it is a real physical location, it is called 'tele-presence'. Of course, the technology for tele-presence is much more complicated.

How is the amazing technology of tele-presence created? Cameras, motion sensors, and even sensors attached to your skin scan your face and body. This data then gets sent over the network to another place where your 3D self is created using holographic displays. In good conditions, a holographic image looks exactly like the actual person.

In the future, projecting yourself or a room full a people to another location might become as common as a telephone call is today. 3D Holograms have already been used in real-world situations such as the 'live concerts' by the Japanese virtual pop star, Miku Hatsune. Conference presentations have also been delivered as full holograms.

Of course, in true tele-presence, we will be able to experience the distant place as if we were actually there. Today, our idea of virtual presence and tele-presence is usually only our visual and audio senses— in other words, what we can see and hear. We can not feel or touch or taste or smell. Soon however, haptic technology will allow us to experience touch, feeling, and movement. The future is going to be an interesting place.

Talking Point (pages 14 & 99)

Frasier: How often do you talk on your phone?

Julia: Hmm, every day is different, but I guess that I talk to people about five times per day on average.

I generally only talk for a short time, maybe a minute or two. It doesn't cost anything because I use an app that lets me make free calls. But I use text messages or send photos a lot more than voice calls. How about you?

Frasier: I don’t have a phone. I like being out of contact sometimes. If I had a phone, everyone could always reach me.

Frasier: Do you prefer online or face-to-face communication?

Julia: I actually prefer to talk to people face-to-face. When I am in the same room as them, it's much nicer and easier to understand each other, isn't it? But in fact, I communicate much more often online. I guess that it's so easy and convenient. Maybe I should try harder to meet my friends and family more often.

Frasier: Do you send a lot of email?

Julia: Yes, I send quite a lot for work. I think email is still better for work than social media messages or texts. I guess that I send about 10 or 15 emails per day. I receive quite a lot more than that. I usually get about one hundred emails per day. Of course, about 90% of that is junk mail and it gets filtered automatically by my email program. So I only have to actually read about 10 emails per day.

Frasier: Do you like it when machines like ATMs and computers talk to you?

Julia: It drives me crazy. I really can’t see the point of machines talking to us all the time. Why do I want an ATM to say “good morning” to me? And every single day in the subway station, the ticket machine gives instructions to me. I know how to buy a ticket. Then the escalator announces that it is going down. I think that it’s all noise pollution. What do you think about it?

Frasier: Oh, I don’t mind. I think that it can be helpful. Besides, I listen to music on my phone all the time anyway.

Authentic Conversations (page 17)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Hey how are you doing?

Speaker 2: How often do you talk on your phone?

Speaker 1: Probably once or twice a day.

Speaker 2: Really? Who do you usually call?

Speaker 1: I usually talk to my family or my friends but often I use it for business.

Speaker 2: Really? I just hate talking on the phone, I like messages.

Speaker 1: Okay.

Speaker 2: Do you send a lot of email?

Speaker 1: I do, for work I do send a lot of emails maybe 3 or 4 a day. How about you?

Speaker 2: Yeah I do a lot of email, I've always done a lot of emails. I can say, [Inaudible: 00:38] I don’t know, maybe 30 emails a day.

Speaker 1: Oh wow! 30?

Speaker 2: I still use some like instant messages.

Speaker 1: Oh, okay, that’s interesting.

Speaker 2: So you use your email mainly for work?

Speaker 1: Mainly for work; I do use Messenger and things like that on Facebook that's I think, a little bit different from email.

Speaker 2: Yes it does feel different. Email always seems more formal to me.

Speaker 1: Yeah, I usually use it just for business.

Speaker 2: Do you prefer online or face to face communication?

Speaker 1: Definitely I prefer face to face communication but I often have to do online because I don't have time to meet people. What about you?

Speaker 2: Well, I don't know; with some people it's actually easier to talk online and with some people I really need to be in the same space.

Speaker 1: That makes sense. I feel like when I am close to someone I want to do face to face; when I'm not so close to someone I prefer online. Do you like it when machines talk to you?

Speaker 2: I hate that.

Speaker 1: What kind of machines talk to you?

Speaker 2: When you go to the railway station, you buy your ticket and then the machine keeps talking to you. Or when you haven't bought, your ticket is not the right price and you have to buy a little extra, you put it in there and it keeps talking to you; or the A.T.M.'s at the bank. How about you?

Speaker 2: I’m not really sure, I've not really noticed machines talking to me so much but now that you mention it, I guess I've heard a bit. I don't know when Siri talks to me though, he's kind of cute.

Speaker 2: My Siri is a woman.

Speaker 1: Oh really; mine's a British man.

Research and Presentation page 18)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to talk about communication habits. Over the last few days, I have been carrying out research into people’s communication habits. I asked some simple questions to five people. Their answers are shown in the table. The average number of telephone calls that people make a day is six This includes both free calls and calls that they paid for. Two out of five or 40% of

people often use email. They use email for work and for personal reasons. One person writes a letter every week. One writes a letter about twice a month, but 60% of people never write letters. As more people use social media for communication this trend is likely to continue. Finally, people spend an

average of 25 minutes a day talking to friends and only about 17 minutes to their family. In the past, this figure was much higher, but people now spend more time working, playing with their phones, and watching television and they spend less time talking to each other.

Work It Out (page 19)

It's not something that I usually think about, but today I was wondering: How much does it actually cost for me to communicate? I bought my smart phone for 48,000 yen. I guess that I will use it for 2 years, so I can calculate the cost of the phone itself per month by dividing by 24.

Next, what about the charges for my phone services. The basic monthly charge for my smart phone is 1,700 yen. It used to be almost 6,000 yen, but I changed to a cheaper service and I have already saved a lot of money. I usually make calls using a free calling service. But sometimes I need to make telephone calls. According to my telephone bill, I made 20 telephone calls in June. These calls were mainly to my grandparents who still use a traditional phone, and to my part-time job. The calls were an average of 90 seconds. I try to keep these calls short because it is quite expensive, about 40 yen per minute.

My basic data plan for my phone gives me 3 gigabytes of data. In June, I was streaming a lot of videos, and I had to pay 800 yen for an extra gigabyte of data.

I also have a tablet that I got as a present from my parents. It has a sim card and a monthly charge of 1,800 yen. I'm thinking of cancelling it because I can tether the Internet connection from my phone or use wifi in most areas. But I had to pay the charge in June.

Hmm, what else do I use for communication? Well, my Internet connection for my home computer is 3,000 yen per month.

Finally, I send about two letters every month - usually to my grandmother — she is pretty old-fashioned and she still likes to read real letters. And you know… I enjoy writing real letters, too. The stamp for each letter costs 90 yen, and that isn't much money to make my grandmother smile.

So how much do I pay for communication every month?

Unit 3 — Energy

Conversation (page 21)

Mrs. Coldfeet: What kind of heating do you use?

Mr. Hotblooded: We usually use a kerosene stove. It’s cheap, so I think it’s the best.

Mrs. Coldfeet: Really, I don’t think so.

Mr. Hotblooded: Why?

Mrs. Coldfeet: Well, it’s a little smelly.

Mrs. Coldfeet: What kind of heating do you use?

Mr. Hotblooded: We usually use an air conditioner. It’s clean, so I think it’s the best.

Mrs. Coldfeet: Really, I don’t think so.

Mr. Hotblooded: Why?

Mrs. Coldfeet: Well, it’s a little slow.

Mrs. Coldfeet: What kind of heating do you use?

Mr. Hotblooded: We usually use a gas heater. It’s fast, so I think it’s the best.

Mrs. Coldfeet: Really, I don’t think so.

Mr. Hotblooded: Why?

Mrs. Coldfeet: Well, it’s a little expensive.

Mrs. Coldfeet: What kind of heating do you use?

Mr. Hotblooded: We usually use a kotatsu. It’s comfortable, so I think it’s the best.

Mrs. Coldfeet: Really, I don’t think so.

Mr. Hotblooded: Why?

Mrs. Coldfeet: Well, it’s a little small for four people.

Lecture (page 22)

Fossil fuels have three important advantages.

These advantages explain why fossil fuels, especially oil, are so important all around the world. Firstly, fossil fuels are usually easily available. Of course, they will not last for ever, but if people are willing to pay higher prices, they will last for many years. Secondly, they can be used easily to produce heat or generate electricity. Thirdly, they are easily distributed. For example, oil can be distributed by ship, truck, or by pipeline. It is not difficult to transport oil over large distances by tanker.

However, fossil fuels have three big disadvantages, too. Firstly, they cause global warming by producing carbon dioxide. Secondly, the price of fossil fuels can change quickly. For example, the price of oil depends on politics and war. The price of oil is so important that an oil crisis can damage the global economy. Thirdly, burning fossil fuels causes other kinds of pollution such as acid rain and smog.

Oil is the most important fossil fuel. It is used to produce gasoline for cars, to heat our homes and businesses, and of course to generate electricity. Apart from the polluting and political problems of oil, there is another serious reason to look for an alternative energy source. The supply of oil is limited. Estimates vary, but it is likely that oil supplies will run out before the end of this century. We have to start considering renewable energy sources such as solar power and wave power far more seriously than we are currently doing. Considerable research is being carried out in these areas, but this research needs more government funding and more public support. Until renewable sources are in widespread use and supplying our needs, we should try to reduce our energy consumption as much as possible.

Talking Point (pages 22 & 100)

David: What electrical devices have you used today?

Sarah: Well, let me think a moment. I used the lights in the house and put on the heater because it was cold. So that’s two devices. Then, this morning, I had a shower. But the water is heated by gas so I guess that doesn’t count. Then, I used a toaster and an electric kettle when I made my breakfast, so that’s two more. And of course, I used my computer to check news headlines and my social media feeds.

David: Didn’t you use a hairdryer?

Sarah: No, I never wash my hair in the morning. …

David: How do you heat and cool your house?

Sarah: I use gas to heat the house. It’s great. When I turn it on, the whole room is warm within 5 minutes. In the summer, I use an air conditioner to keep the room cool. I usually set it at about 23 degrees centigrade. I hate it when the temperature is set really low. A friend of mine sets it at 16 degrees and it is always so cold.

David: Do you ever use a kerosene stove?

Sarah: No, I think that they smell really bad and they can’t be good for us. …

David: Do you have a driving license?

Sarah: Yes, I got my license about six years ago. I went to a driving school in my hometown to learn how to drive. I can drive either an automatic or a manual car. I used to have an old second-hand Toyota, but I sold it last year. I don’t have a car at the moment, but I’m saving money to buy one next year.

David: How much money do you need to save?

Sarah: Hmm, I guess that two thousand dollars would be enough. …

David: Should the world get more energy from nuclear power?

Sarah: I don’t really think so. I truly believe that nuclear power is better than burning fossil fuels, but it has so many problems. There is always the risk of an accident. Renewable energy is best. I think that we should use more tidal power. The world is 70% water. Wind power is good, but the amount of usable land is limited.

David: Is there much renewable energy used in your country? Sarah: There is some, but not enough yet. …

Authentic Conversations (page 24)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: What electrical devices have you used today?

Speaker 2: Well, still pretty early in the morning but I've already had a cup of coffee so coffee machine definitely.

Speaker 1: Sure.

Speaker 2: I had to charge my computer and my phone is plugged into the wall right now.

Speaker 1: Great.

Speaker 2: Man, I use a lot of electricity.

Speaker 1: We sure do, but luckily things are much more efficient now.

Speaker 2: Yeah. Hey Larry.

Speaker 1: Yeah.

Speaker 2: Do you have a driving license?

Speaker 1: I sure do; in fact I have 2 of them.

Speaker 2: You've got 2?

Speaker 1: I have one from my home country of America and I have another one for here in Japan.

Speaker 2: Alright and you find it easier to drive in the United States or in Japan?

Speaker 1: Oh gosh, I think they're both good, they're different but they're both pretty easy. How do you heat and cool your house?

Speaker 2: Well, I've got a couple different ways I do it; in the winter I use usually gas and I think it's a bit cheaper and it's actually really efficient, more efficient than the air push, the forced air, air-conditioning unit. Summertime, I use the forced air; air- conditioning up on the wall.

Speaker 1: I use a wool sweater.

Speaker 2: That's really good. Hey Larry,

Speaker 1: Yeah.

Speaker 2: Should the world get more energy from nuclear power?

Speaker 1: Yes I think so. I think that the technology of nuclear power has come a long way so it's much safer than it was 20, 30, 40 years ago.

Speaker 2: This is true and it is cleaner right/

Speaker 1: It is now cleaner.

Speaker 2: Yeah.

Research and Presentation (page 26)

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Today, I would like to talk about Ireland’s sources of energy for electricity. Please look at the pie graph. As you can see, the most important source of energy for our country is natural gas. 45% of our electricity is generated by burning natural gas. Another fossil

fuel, coal (14%) is also important. We import about 8% of our electricity from the United Kingdom via a high voltage cable running along the seabed of the Irish Sea. The percentage of electricity for wind power has increased to 18%. Ireland is a little unusual because 9% of electricity is generated by

burning peat. There is no nuclear energy in Ireland. This is because of public fears about accidents at nuclear plants and the high cost of building nuclear power stations. Hydroelectricity produces about 3%. Other sources of energy such as wave power and geothermal power make up the final 3%.

In 10 years, I think that our energy needs will be different. For example, the percentage for natural gas will probably decrease to about 25% and the percentage for wave power will increase to about 10% because of better technology.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 27)

Today, let's think about electricity usage. Like everyone else, I use a lot of electricity for many different things. In our modern world, electricity really is so important that I don't think I could live without it. Let's think about the month of January.

I use an electric heater for about 3 hours every day. So that is 1.5 kilowatts by 3 hours - that makes 4.5 kilowatt hours per day.

My fridge is on 24 hours a day, of course. Otherwise, my beer would get warm. So that’s 200 watts by 24 hours. That’s 12 kilowatt hours per day.

For cooking, we use the microwave oven for about 20 minutes a day and the toaster for about 15 minutes.

Television - hmm... I don’t really watch much television myself. I usually stream video on the computer, but my children watch cartoons on TV for about an hour every day. It’s hard to stop them. Televisions consume about 100 watts per hour.

We use the vacuum cleaner for about 30 minutes each day. We use the washing machine for one hour, the clothes dryer for 30 minutes and the iron for about 15 minutes a day. Let’s see - what have I forgotten?

Oh yes, we use the water heater for about 2 hours. We all love nice hot showers. And our water is heated by electricity. It takes a lot of power. The water heater consumes about 5 kilowatts per hour.

Then we dry our hair with the blowdryer. I guess that takes about one hour for the whole family.

And one more thing—the computer. I leave it on 24 hours a day. But modern computers are quite efficicient and go into sleep mode when they are not in use. The power consumption is only 200 watts per hour.

So, how much is my electricity bill?

Unit 4 — Robots and Artificial Intelligence

Conversation (page 29)

Ms. Oldfashioned: What do you think a robot would be useful for?

Mr. Lazybones: Hmm, it could clean my house. That would be great.

Ms. Oldfashioned: Yes, but it might damage the furniture.

Mr. Lazybones: I guess that’s possible.

Ms. Oldfashioned: I think that would really annoy me.

Ms. Oldfashioned: What do you think a robot would be useful for?

Mr. Lazybones: Hmm, it could cook meals. That would be great.

Ms. Oldfashioned: Yes, but it might not understand your tastes.

Mr. Lazybones: I guess that’s possible.

Ms. Oldfashioned: I think that cooking is fun.

Ms. Oldfashioned: What do you think a robot would be useful for?

Mr. Lazybones: Hmm, it could go shopping. That would be great.

Ms. Oldfashioned: Yes, but it might get stolen or damaged.

Mr. Lazybones: I guess that’s possible.

Ms. Oldfashioned: I think that robots are just expensive toys.

Ms. Oldfashioned: What do you think a robot would be useful for?

Mr. Lazybones: Hmm, it could chat to me. That would be great.

Ms. Oldfashioned: Yes, but it might be boring.

Mr. Lazybones: I guess that’s possible.

Ms. Oldfashioned: I think that talking to people is interesting.

Lecture (page 30)

Part A - Why are robots useful?

Robots are useful for many reasons.

Firstly, robots never get sick or tired, so they can work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In the automobile industry, workers usually work for about 10 hours and then new workers take over. In contrast, robots work continuously and only stop for maintenance.

Secondly, robots can do work that would be dangerous for humans. For example, robots are often used in coal mining. Coal mining has always been a dangerous and unpleasant job for people.

Finally, robots do not get bored, so work that is repetitive is no problem for a robot. Robots are widely used for assembling components in the electronics industry. It would be very boring for a human operator to make the same integrated circuit day after day, year after year. But robots never complain. At least—not yet!

Part B - Will robots take our jobs?

As technology improves, you might be surprised at the jobs that robots can do. For example, robots are working at a pharmacy in San Francisco. These robots create personal packages of medicine for each patient.

Automated cars are also a kind of robot and they are replacing human drivers, not only for passenger cars, but also for delivering goods. Eventually drivers of trucks and taxis and other vehicles will need to find other jobs.

Did you ever think of becoming an astronaut? Maybe it's time to rethink that career choice. Robots are tougher in space and they don't need oxygen or food. So human astronauts are likely to be necessary for only a small amount of space travel.

You may not have ever dreamed of becoming a soldier, but it is an important career for millions of people. Soldiers are being replaced by drones in many missions. These robots can help injured buman soldiers or carry medical supplies. Eventually, countries will probably fight their wars with each other using artificial intelligence and robot soldiers.

Many college students get their first job working in a cafe or restaurant, but those jobs may disappear soon. Already, at many restaurants, you order your food by making choices on a touch screen. Soon, your food may be brought to your table by robots, and even the cooks in the kitchen of many restaurants will be replaced by clean and efficient robots who prepare your pasta and curry.

Even jobs that seem very human can be replaced, for example, writing a sports column in a newspaper. Machine-generated stories are already used by many news networks.

In every area of human life, robots and artificial intelligence are going to replace many humans. Experts predict that at least 50% of today's jobs will disappear by 2050 or earlier. Which jobs will survive? We are pretty sure that athletes and singers will always have a job. Police officers and government workers are probably safe, too. For everyone else, we are not sure! The future is going to be a very interesting place.

Talking Point (pages 30 & 101)

Frasier: What is the most useful thing that a robot could do for you?

Julia: The most useful thing, hmm, that’s a good question. A robot could clean my house. Or it could cook for me. But to be honest, I enjoy doing both of those. I think that the most useful thing would be sorting my trash and bringing it outside on cold winter mornings.

Frasier: You don't like that, do you? Julia: No way! How about you?

Frasier: Do you think that robots take jobs away from people?

Julia: Yes, definitely.

Frasier: What kind of jobs?

Julia: Well, they have already taken jobs in the automobile industry and other industries. Many people used to work in factories doing simple jobs. Most of these people will be replaced by robots. As robots become cheaper, supermarkets, restaurants and other industries will buy more and more of them. I think that unemployment will rise a lot and that it will cause a lot of social problems. What do you think?

Frasier: Are you interested in virtual reality?

Julia: Well, it sounds really interesting. But I don’t really know much about it. I’ve heard that someday we’ll be able to become virtual tourists.

Frasier: Wow, where would you go?

Julia: I’d love to go to England. But most of all, I’d like to go on a virtual tour to Mexico to practice my Spanish. Where would you go, Frasier?

Frasier: Will computers be more intelligent than people someday?

Julia: That depends. I mean, what is intelligence? Some people are good at mathematics, others are good at languages. Others are very good at music. So we can say that there are different kinds of intelligence: mathematical, linguistic and musical.

Frasier: So, how could computers be intelligent?

Julia: I think that computers can become intelligent in different ways, and yes, they can be more intelligent than people in limited ways. In particular, I think that they will be more intelligent than us mathematically. What do you think?

Authentic Conversations (page 32)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Hey Larry, what's the most useful thing that a robot could do for you?

Speaker 2: Wow, that's a good question. I think I would like a robot to, gosh, let me think about this. Maybe wake me up in the morning.

Speaker 1: That's a good one.

Speaker 2: I'm awfully lazy so I need something to wake me up and get me going in the morning.

Speaker 1: Okay, sounds good.

Speaker 2: Is coffee a good robot?

Speaker 1: Actually I was thinking about it; it could serve you coffee in the morning too, right?

Speaker 2: Yeah, what else could I use a robot for? Oh gosh, maybe to help me learn Japanese better.

Speaker 1: That's a good idea you know, you can have a conversation with the robot and the robot never makes mistakes right?

Speaker 2: Well, that's Siri. Sara are you interested in virtual reality?

Speaker 1: Wow, VR virtual reality. You know what, I got hooked on it was watching Star Trek - The Next Generation.

Speaker 2: Oh yeah.

Speaker 1: You ever seen that?

Speaker 2: No I haven't actually but I've seen plenty of clips on it.

Speaker 1: Yeah, so in their world they can actually go to the holodeck, press a button and they can command anything. So a beach in Hawaii or anything like that; has a real feel of it like the breezes would be there and you could see a sunset. I would love to experience virtual reality like that.

Speaker 2: Do you think the glasses in the modern technology will help that?

Speaker 1: I think so, we've got Google Glass and things like that and we can, I don't know, hopefully sometime soon. Hey Larry, do you think that robots take jobs away from people?

Speaker 2: Yes they take jobs away from lower level jobs, however, I do think that the creativity involved in programming and design of robots will actually give more jobs.

Speaker 1: Okay, so I see when you're saying lower level jobs do you mean more like manual labour?

Speaker 2: Manufacturing, assembly, making different parts, super machinery.

Speaker 1: I get it, that kind of rote labour so things you do monotonous maybe?

Speaker 2: Cars used to be put together by hand now they’re entirely put together by robots.

Speaker 1: Right, and people have to build the robots that do that.

Speaker 2: That is exactly right.

Speaker 1: That creates a job too, right?

Speaker 2: With less danger and less problems.

Speaker 1: Okay, sounds good.

Speaker 2: I have a good one for you. Will computers be more intelligent than people someday?

Speaker 1: That's a good question. When I think about it, computers are smart and we see all these Sci Fi movies where computers actually surpass humans; like that one with Hal.

Speaker 2: Right, 2011 Space Odyssey.

Speaker 1: Yeah the Space Odyssey movie, so the computer actually takes over. When I think about it, is that possible if humans are actually making the computer so could the computer surpass the human’s technology? Do you know I mean?

Speaker 2: Somewhat; I think computers can do things that humans cannot do much more easily.

Speaker 1: Yeah that's true.

Speaker 2: Anything mathematical, anything that can be programmed is much better for computers so I think they will work together. My personal opinion is they will work together as compared to compete with each other.

Speaker 1: That’s cool, I like that.

Research and Presentation (page 33)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to talk about face recognition technology.

Face recognition technology is already becoming an important part of security at airports around the world. It allows machines to recognize criminals or terrorists as they pass through the airport. In the next few years, I predict that it will become more widely used throughout our cities. For example, your supermarket may recognize you and greet you by name when you go to buy your groceries.

Face recognition technology will also be important for robots of the future If a robot is provided with face recognition technology, it will be able to recognize you when it sees you. This will allow the robot to help you in many different ways. For example, a robot at a bar could instantly recognize regular customers and bring them their usual drinks.

How does face recognition technology work? When a robot meets a person for the first time, it maps the features of the person’s face into a multi-dimensional face space. In other words a picture of the face is stored in digital format. All of us have different features and the computer is programmed to recognize these differences. When the robot meets a new person, it compares their face to the pictures of people that have already been stored. Even with thousands of stored faces, a successful match can usually be made within a fraction of a second.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 34)

So I’m planning to buy some robots to replace some workers in my factory in Berlin. So… let’s see. I want to buy 10 robots.

The price has fallen considerably over the last few years and each robot will cost me 60,000 Euro. Hmm, it still seems quite expensive, but the technology is excellent and I need to stay ahead of other companies. It will also cost 100,000 Euro to remodel the factory to set up the robots.

Currently, I pay my workers 35,000 Euro per year. But if I fire my workers, I must pay them a termination pay of one year’s salary, so all the workers will get 35,000 Euro as their termination pay. Now, each robot will do the work of two people. And the robots also use material more efficiently, so each robot will save me 10,000 Euro per year. But I must pay to maintain the robots and the maintenance cost for each robot is 10,000 Euro per year.

So, now, if you think carefully, you can work out the initial cost, my saving per year, and most importantly, the number of years that it will take me to make money on my robot investment.

Unit 5 — Food technology

Conversation (page 36)

Mrs. Clueless: Would you like to get something to eat?

Mr. Healthy: Yeah, sure.

Mrs. Clueless: How about a Chinese takeaway?

Mr. Healthy: Oh no, that’s full of additives.

Mrs. Clueless: Yes, I know, but it tastes good.

Mrs. Clueless: Would you like to get something to eat?

Mr. Healthy: Yeah, sure.

Mrs. Clueless: How about some pizza?

Mr. Healthy: Oh no, that will make you fat.

Mrs. Clueless: Yes, I know, but tomorrow I'll go on a diet.

Mrs. Clueless: Would you like to get something to eat?

Mr. Healthy: Yeah, sure.

Mrs. Clueless: How about French fries and a burger?

Mr. Healthy: Oh no, they have far too much salt.

Mrs. Clueless: Yes, I know, but it's convenient.

Mrs. Clueless: Would you like to get something to eat?

Mr. Healthy: Yeah, sure.

Mrs. Clueless: How about instant noodles?

Mr. Healthy: Oh no, they contain artificial flavourings.

Mrs. Clueless: Yes, I know, but they’re easy to prepare.

Lecture (page 37)

Modern processed food contains many additives. These food additives have both good and bad points. Most of them are perfectly safe and improve the quality of our food, but we need to be careful because some of them may be carcinogens–in other words, they may cause cancer– or they may lead to other health problems.

I'd like to explain the purpose of five types of additives.

First, I'll talk about preservatives. These are added to food to stop it going bad.

Preservatives kill or stop the growth of microorganisms—tiny living creatures that make food go bad.

The second group of common food additives is antioxidants. Oxygen gives us life, but it also attacks food, making it go bad. Antioxidants slow the oxidation of fats, colourings, and flavourings.

Next, emulsifiers are often used as food additives. Emulsifiers keep the oil and water in food mixed together, because oil and water do not naturally combine. Foods like ice cream and mayonnaise look and taste great only because they contain emulsifiers.

The fourth kind of food additives are flavour enhancers. There are really only five different flavours: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. Flavour enhancers change the balance of natural flavours in food to improve the taste. Smell is also an important part of taste, so flavour enhancers may also add some new smells.

Finally, thickening agents, as their name suggests, are used to make food thicker. They are often used to give a more attractive texture in foods such as gravy, curry, or jam.

Talking Point (pages 37 & 102)

David: Do you buy a lot of food at convenience stores?

Sarah: No, hardly ever. They are really expensive. I don’t have much money for food, so I have to spend it carefully. I usually buy lots of vegetables at a little market near my apartment. How about you?

David: Oh, I buy a lot of stuff at convenience stores. They really are so convenient!

David: What kind of foods do you think are healthy?

Sarah: I think that fruit is very healthy. Every morning, I eat a couple of bananas. I love the taste of bananas and they’re full of vitamins. And they have lots of natural sugar that gives me energy for the day, but doesn’t make me fat. I think that eating lots of vegetables is good too, and a little meat once in a while, is good for you. But nothing is as good as fruit.

David: What kind of meat do you usually eat?

Sarah: Hmm, mainly pork and chicken. I rarely eat beef.…

David: What kind of food can you cook?

Sarah: Nothing really. In fact, I have hardly ever cooked in my whole life. My mother is a great cook — possibly the best in the whole world. I’m going to find a husband who can cook really well. Otherwise, I’ll have to live at home forever.

David: Would you like to learn to cook?

Sarah: No, I don’t think so. I’ll just wait for the right man.…

David: Do you ever buy organic food?

Sarah: No, I don’t think so. Perhaps some of the food in my local supermarket is organic, but I doubt it. There’s a little shop called Living Food near my house that sells it. Also, one of my cousins told me that he orders organic rice over the Internet. I must ask him for the address of the website. But, actually walking down the road would be easier, wouldn’t it. Do you buy organic food?

David: No, never. I don’t really care about what I buy. Maybe I should, but it’s so much trouble.…

Authentic Conversations (page 39)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Do you buy a lot of food or convenience stores?

Speaker 2: Yes especially during the busy season.

Speaker 1: When is your busy season?

Speaker 2: Well in May or March, April, that kind of beginning of the year.

Speaker 1: really, I think you're busy all the time.

Speaker 2: Well that's true.

Speaker 1: So you must buy a lot of food at convenience stores?

Speaker 2: I try to cook at home as much as possible but maybe towards the beginning of the school year I tend to be the most busy, so that’s when I kind of rely on convenience food. How about you?

Speaker 1: Not so much; I mean about things like milk of course bread and beer but that's about it really. What kinds of foods do you think of healthy?

Speaker 2: Well, predominately food that’s plant based. Vegetarian food I find is often very healthy, it can be very healthy; it could also be really unhealthy too depends on how you know, what you eat but I think that's really healthy. What about you?

Speaker 1: Well my wife is a vegetarian so we eat a lot of vegetarian food and I think that it is very healthy.

Speaker 2: Yeah, lots of fibre.

Speaker 1: What kind of food can you cook?

Speaker 2: I grew up around the world so I usually cook a lot of different food from different parts of the world, like Singaporean food, Malaysian food, Italian; one of my favourite things to cook is Greek food. How about you?

Speaker 1: Well, I just want to know more about Greek food. What kind of food is Greek food?

Speaker 2: One of my favourite things to make a spanakopita which is feta cheese, spinach and filo pastry. It's super easy to make.

Speaker 1: Yum, yeah, that’s more interesting than what I can cook.

Speaker 2: What's your favourite or best dish that you cook?

Speaker 1: I make a pretty decent curry.

Speaker 2: Oh nice, Indian style, Japanese style?

Speaker 1: My style.

Speaker 2: Oh my style, that sounds very cool. Do you ever buy organic food?

Speaker 1: Once in a while but it's just so much more expensive.

Speaker 2: Yeah it's true, it's true.

Speaker 1: It would be nice to think it doesn’t have farm chemicals but really, when it's twice the price.

Speaker 2: I agree with you. I find that even when it says organic, they use a lot of chemicals anyway that are said to be organic so I don't really trust it.

Research and Presentation (page 40)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to tell you about my favourite cookies These are made by a company called Pepperidge Farm. On the label it says that this product contains no artificial flavours or preservatives. I was happy about this, because I was wondering what kind of ingredients are present. There are six main ingredients. These are flour chocolate, sugar, vegetable oil, milk, and eggs. The flour is enriched. That means that it has added iron and vitamins such as B1, B2, and folic acid. These are all fairly healthy ingredients, but I am worried that there may be too much sugar. Actually, I only worry sometimes because these cookies taste so good. Please try them some day.

Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 41)

I try to eat healthy food most of the time. After all, you are what you eat.

For example, yesterday for breakfast, I had a bowl of rice and one portion of salmon. I think that fish is excellent for our health and I try to eat it quite a lot.

For lunch, I had a lovely roast beef sandwich. There's a great cafe called Delaney's near my office and I often eat there. For dessert, I had a piece of apple pie. It's wonderful— one of Delaney's specials. I know it has too much sugar, but it's ok to treat myself once in a while.

In the afternoon, I had a can of cola about 4 pm. I only drink it when I get very tired and need a quick boost of energy. But to be honest, I never feel good afterwards.

For dinner, I cooked some spaghetti with spinach. I love Italian food, especially pasta.

Spinach is full of vitamins, but you have to be careful not to overcook it. I also had a big piece of garlic toast. I could eat garlic toast every single day and never get tired of it.

So, how many calories did I take in during the day?

Also what exercise would you recommend for me? I want to be sure that I am using up all the calories that I take in during the day so that I don't gain weight. So what do you think is best for me, tennis, golf or something else?

Unit 6 — The Internet

Conversation (page 42)

Mr. Techdumb: What are you looking at on your phone?

Mrs. Online: I found this great online store for shopping.

Mr. Techdumb: Really, what kind of stuff does it have?

Mrs. Online: Well, clothes, books, that kind of thing.

Mr. Techdumb: Hmm, sounds interesting. Maybe I should try that.

Mr. Techdumb: What are you looking at on your phone?

Mrs. Online: I found this great site for games.

Mr. Techdumb: Really, what kind of stuff does it have?

Mrs. Online: Well, tips, free downloads, that kind of thing.

Mr. Techdumb: Hmm, sounds interesting. Maybe I should try that.

Mr. Techdumb: What are you looking at on your phone?

Mrs. Online: I found this great app for managing money.

Mr. Techdumb: Really, what kind of stuff does it have?

Mrs. Online: Well, functions to track my spending, that kind of thing.

Mr. Techdumb: Hmm, sounds interesting. Maybe I should try that.

Mr. Techdumb: What are you looking at on your phone?

Mrs. Online: I found this great webpage for cooking.

Mr. Techdumb: Really, what kind of stuff does it have?

Mrs. Online: Well, recipes, advice, that kind of thing.

Mr. Techdumb: Hmm, sounds interesting. Maybe I should try that.

Lecture (page 44)

Part A - Is Internet Addiction Real?

The Internet has become important in every area of life. People use it so much that some psychologists are worrying that many people have an addiction to the Internet. An addiction means that you can't give something up. Internet addiction can be similar to addictions such as drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes.

Scientists have used CAT scans to look at people's brains while they are online. They found that particular brain areas are activated when people receive a social media 'like'. These are the same areas of the brain that become activated by drugs like cocaine or heroin.

In 2007, Justin Rosenstein invented the 'like' button on Facebook so that people could 'reward' interesting posts. Now, that 'like' button is everywhere. Many apps on our devices send us notifications when someone likes our photo or online post. Rosenstein compares these notifications to heroin.

Our time and attention are the most important things that we have. Yet, these 'like' buttons are grabbing our attention all through the day. Rosenstein is worried because a small number of large technology companies is now managing the attention of billions of people.

Part B - What are the symptoms of Internet addiction?

What are the symptoms of Internet addiction?

First, people with Internet addiction spend far more time than necessary online. Whenever possible, they use their phone, tablet, or computer, even while at work or at school. They check social media and other feeds all the time. They spend hours watching one video after another or following news links. They often intend to spend only a few minutes online, but actually spend much longer.

Next, people with Internet addiction develop different communication habits. They prefer to talk to people online rather than face-to-face. Many isolate themselves from family and friends and instead will talk to strangers for hours online.

A third symptom is that Internet addicts begin to forget what is most important in their lives. They often neglect important things such as family, work, or study, to spend more time on the Internet. In addition, they cause damage to their health by skipping meals, not sleeping enough, or by staring at a small screen for too long.

Psychologists have shown that Internet addiction can lead to depression. Smartphones and tablets are sometimes used to numb our true feelings, the same reason that many people turn to alcohol or hard drugs. Internet addiction is a little like food addiction. We can't stop eating, and the Internet is now so important that we can't stop using it, so we need to develop skills to control it.

Talking Point (pages 45 & 103)

Frasier: Do you think you are an Internet addict?

Julia: Hmm, I don't think so. But I do check my email and social media feeds as soon as I get up in the morning. Then, I read the newspaper or blogs online while I eat breakfast. And at work, of course, I am online most of the time. It's hard to measure. Actually, I guess that I am using the Internet on my phone or computer for about 10 hours per day. Once, I was online continuously for 16 hours.

Frasier: Wow, that’s a long time. Maybe you are an addict!

Julia: Not really. It's just such a part of my life that I can't avoid it. I'm happy to be away from it for a while. One friend of mine is an addict. She can't stay away from her computer or phone for more than a minute. If her phone battery is running low and there is no electrical outlet nearby, she starts to get nervous.

Frasier: That’s unbelievable.

Frasier: Do you think that Internet dating is safe?

Julia: I don’t think it’s all that different to dating in the real world. Frasier: Really, that’s interesting. Why do you think so?

Julia: Well, we meet and talk to strangers all the time in cafes, bars, and libraries, so why shouldn’t we do the same thing online? The whole world is dangerous. Why should the Internet be any different? All dating has the potential to be dangerous.

Frasier: That’s a good point.

Frasier: Do you do much online shopping?

Julia: Yes, of course. I use Rakuten all the time to buy books or clothes. I also get my electronic equipment online. I love it because it’s fast and cheap.

Frasier: That’s true.

Julia: I have become so used to shopping for books online that I almost never go to a real bookstore. I even order my cat food from an online shop. The cans are really heavy, and I hate carrying them back from the store. So I order them online and they deliver right to my door.

Frasier: That’s really convenient.

Frasier: Do you post much on social media?

Julia: No, not anymore. I used to share a lot of photos and stuff about my life. Frasier: That’s interesting. Why do you share less now?

Julia: I started seeing too many advertisements that were related to my posts. I think the technology companies are selling my private information.

Frasier: Well, of course they are. If the product is free, then you are the product! They are selling information about you.

Julia: That's awful.

Authentic Conversations (page 47)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Do you think you're an Internet addict?

Speaker 2: I think I spend a lot of time on the Internet, social media communicating with my family; my family lives overseas.

Speaker 1: Which social media do you use?

Speaker 2: Well, Facebook and especially Messenger because the Messenger we can make phone calls and video calls.

Speaker 1: How many hours do you think you spend?

Speaker 2: Oh gosh, it's just such a part of life now I don't know. If I had to put it down hours, at least 4 hours.

Speaker 1: 4 hours, it's quite a lot. How about internet dating? Have you ever done Internet dating?

Speaker 2: You know what, I'm a bit older and I think that started after I got involved in the internet.

Speaker 1: Do you think internet dating is safe?

Speaker 2: I would say you have to be very careful; if you're going to make a date with someone make sure it's at a coffee shop or somewhere out in the open and take it from there but be sure that you're in a public space, wise.

Speaker 1: Yeah, that’s sensible.

Speaker 2: Do you post much on social media?

Speaker 1: I used to post a lot on social media; recently I don't post so much. I used to be very interested and try to follow everybody's news but recently I find it takes too much time.

Speaker 2: You're into music aren’t you?

Speaker 1: That's right, I play music too so when my band is playing I usually post on social media to tell people about it.

Speaker 2: So you might use it for advertising.

Speaker 1: Yes, that's the main purpose for me, advertising. Do you do much online shopping?

Speaker 2: Actually I don't. I like to try things on and see them and hold them and touch them and get a real feel for what I'm buying; I guess I don't trust just a picture.

Speaker 1: I do a lot; I try to buy everything online.

Speaker 2: It is convenient.

Speaker 1: I buy books, I buy whatever musical equipment, I buy electrical equipment.

Speaker 2: But would you buy clothes?

Speaker 1: I have bought clothes but a few times and actually pretty much every time I was disappointed.

Speaker 2: Yeah I think clothing, it's better to try it on, right?

Speaker 1: Yeah.

Research and Presentation (page 48)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to talk to you about Google.com.

Google.com is one of the most popular sites on the Internet. It is also one of the most useful. It was developed in 1997 and is now one of the most popular search engines. You can search for areas of interest by entering keywords. Google will instantly return lots of webpages with relevant information. Or you can use your voice to search. You can even take a photo with your phone and use Google to search for similar images.

But, Google is not just a search engine. It has many other great features. For example, you can use it to store your digital photos and easily share them with your friends and family. You can check the latest news with Google news or use Google Translate to easily translate from one language to another. It's not perfect, so please keep studying English! The best thing is that like so many other great websites, Google is free.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work it Out (page 48)

Four friends are talking about how they use the Internet. Their names are Keisuke, Maria, John, and Adele. They are all members of the same fitness club. As they talk, they realize that they spend most of their online time on four activities: watching videos, reading blogs and news, communicating, and working. Keisuke is interested in reading news online, but he loves online movie and video streaming services, so he spends more time than any of the other three watching these. Maria likes to watch videos, but she spends more time keeping up with blogs and online news as she surfs different web sites on her phone or computer. Adele works as a stock broker and she uses the Internet so much at work that she tries to stay offline when she gets out of the office. John is living far away from his family because he lives overseas. He doesn't use the internet much at work, but in the evenings when he gets home, he likes to stay in touch with his wife and kids so he uses online message services and video chat for several hours each evening. Which person uses each internet service the most?

Unit 7 — Climate

Conversation (page 51)

Mr. Concerned: Global warming is causing flooding isn’t it?

Ms. Who-cares: Yes, especially in low-lying areas. But what can we do about it?

Mr. Concerned: I think we should all use cleaner cars.

Ms. Who-cares: Hmm, that’s a good idea.

Mr. Concerned: Yes, you could start by selling that old car of yours.

Ms. Who-cares: Oh ...

Mr. Concerned: Global warming is causing severe storms isn’t it?

Ms. Who-cares: Yes, especially in coastal areas. But what can we do about it?

Mr. Concerned: I think we should all use efficient appliances.

Ms. Who-cares: Hmm, that’s a good idea.

Mr. Concerned: Yes, you could start by replacing your old light bulbs.

Ms. Who-cares: Oh ...

Mr. Concerned: Global warming is causing agricultural problems isn’t it?

Ms. Who-cares: Yes, especially in hot countries. But what can we do about it?

Mr. Concerned: I think we should all use less electricity.

Ms. Who-cares: Hmm, that’s a good idea.

Mr. Concerned: Yes, you could start by turning off the air-conditioner.

Ms. Who-cares: Oh ...

Mr. Concerned: Global warming is causing more skin cancer isn’t it?

Ms. Who-cares: Yes, especially in Australia. But what can we do about it?

Mr. Concerned: I think we should all drive less.

Ms. Who-cares: Hmm, that’s a good idea.

Mr. Concerned: Yes, you could start by walking to work.

Ms. Who-cares: Oh ...

Lecture (page 52)

Part 1 - The South of Europe

In the near future, global warming will lead to big changes in climate for Europe. This will have serious results for both the South and the North of Europe, but the results in each area will be quite different.

Let's begin by thinking about the south of Europe. The higher temperature produced by global warming is likely to lead to serious problems in the south of Europe.

First and most importantly, it will become too hot to live comfortably. Indeed, many older people will die because of the heat. Way back in 2003, 16,000 people died in France because of a heatwave that many blamed on global warming. A stronger heatwave struck in 2015, but luckily, people were more prepared and the number of deaths was much lower. However, the discomfort and number of deaths is likely to rise further as global warming worsens. Experts predict that by the end of the 21st century, 150,000 people in Europe could die every year because of the high temperatures.

Second, holiday resorts will be very badly affected. Beach resorts on the Mediterranean Sea will lose their beaches as the sea level rises. Skiing resorts in the Alps will lose a lot of snow. Skiing will become impossible in most areas and very expensive in the areas that still have snow.

Third, agriculture and the environment will be strongly influenced. There will not be enough water to grow fruit and vegetables. As the land becomes drier, forest fires will increase. Many species of birds and animals will become extinct. Eventually, some areas of southern Europe could turn to desert.

Fourth and finally, global warming is likely to lead to social problems. Environmental refugees will enter Europe from Africa as people move north in search of a gentler climate. The problems of producing food will lead to more crime as the differences between rich and poor people grow.

Part 2 - The North of Europe

Global warming will also have big effects on the north of Europe, but the effects will be quite different. The north of Europe will have fewer problems and there are several possible benefits. For example, trees and other plants will grow faster in the warmer climate. There will be warmer winters and less snow. In addition, people will spend less money on heating houses and offices.

However, there will also be some serious consequences of global warming for the north of Europe. Firstly, there will be more droughts. In other words, there will not be enough water in the summer. Secondly, there will be bigger storms and floods. And finally, insects will bring new diseases.

Some climate scientists predict a different effect for northern Europe. They believe that global warming could cause the Gulf Stream to change direction. The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that makes the United Kingdom at least 5 degrees warmer than Labrador in Canada which is on the same latitude. Ironically, although the whole world is getting warmer, northern Europe could actually become much colder!

Talking Point (pages 53 & 104)

David: Hi Sarah. Have you talked with your brother lately? How’s his vacation going?

Sarah: Well, it was pretty sunny on Monday and Tuesday. Then on Wednesday, the weather turned bad and it was raining and cold all day Wednesday and Thursday. It was supposed to be a lot nicer by the weekend.

David: That’s good.

Sarah: At least, that’s what it said on the weather forecast. I hope so because he wants to go windsurfing. How’s your sister’s vacation going?

David: What is your favourite season?

Sarah: I like Autumn the most. Spring is nice because the flowers are in bloom and so pretty.

David: That’s lovely. How about summer?

Sarah: Well, of course, it’s fun to go to the beach in the summer. But I really like the falling leaves in Autumn. I don’t know why, but they make me feel very relaxed. I love going on long walks by the river. What’s your favourite season?

David: Where do you think has the best climate?

Sarah: I like the climate in Hawaii the most. It is sunny all year round.

David: Really, there’s no rainy season?

Sarah: Well, they have a rainy season, but even then, it never seems to rain much. There is always a lovely soft wind from the ocean.

David: That sounds wonderful.

Sarah: Yes, and even when the wind is warm, there are fresh fruit drinks to keep me cool. It’s great to wake up and think, “wow, it’s another beautiful day in paradise.”

David: What should be done to stop global warming?

Sarah: I think that the most important thing is to grow more forests.

David: Why?

Sarah: Well, trees reduce the amount of carbon dioxide. But every year, we cut down millions of trees in places like Indonesia and Brazil. Of course, it is important to reduce the burning of fossil fuels, but there is still too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Other ideas like credits for carbon dioxide seem really silly to me.

David: That’s a good point.

Authentic Conversations (page 55)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: So Paul, how has the weather been this week?

Speaker 2: Well actually it's quite remarkable, it's been very hot.

Speaker 1: Really?

Speaker 2: Yeah unbelievable; 2 weeks ago it was snowing.

Speaker 1: Yeah it changed really quickly didn't it?

Speaker 2: Yeah indeed.

Speaker 1: By the way, what's your favourite season?

Speaker 2: Well, I've got 2 really; spring and autumn and they're both to do with like warming temperatures and colours in autumn.

Speaker 1: I love the colours in autumn.

Speaker 2: Me too, especially here in Japan.

Speaker 1: Yeah it is really so lovely with the trees changing color; I love to go up in the mountains and see the trees.

Speaker 2: I can see them from my bedroom window so I don't even have to walk far.

Speaker 1: You're a lucky man.

Speaker 2: Indeed.

Speaker 1: Where do you think has the best climate?

Speaker 2: Well, actually, I prefer the English climate in summer and the Japanese climate in winter so there's no one place I think unless you just fancy living in Hawaii.

Speaker 1: Hawaii is nice of course. I often fantasize about creating the perfect country having a little bit of Irish summer and Japanese autumn.

Speaker 2: Yes that’s the only way, is actually the mix is best.

Speaker 1: Finally, what should be done to stop global warming?

Speaker 2: Well, that is a loaded question. How about abolishing all the combustion engines on earth and stopping meat production.

Speaker 1: That’s all pretty serious.

Speaker 2: Yes, pretty serious.

Speaker 1: Do you think that kind of thing is possible?

Speaker 2: Ultimately it's going to have to be otherwise maybe the human beings will wipe themselves out.

Speaker 1: Wow, interesting.

Research and Presentation (page 56)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to talk about the climate of Ireland.

If you look at the map, you can see that Ireland is a small island. This means that nowhere in Ireland is very far from the sea. This has a big influence on the climate. The sea stores heat during the day and releases it at night, so it has a balancing effect.

A big influence on the Irish climate is the Gulf Stream which brings warm water from Central America. This results in a much higher temperature than you would imagine by looking at a map of the world. Ireland has very little snow in the winter and the temperature rarely goes below zero degrees. In the summer, the temperature reaches a maximum of about 27 degrees. Ireland has a lot of rainfall, especially on the west coast where the mountains face the Atlantic ocean. The east of the country has much lower rainfall.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work it Out (page 57)

Global warming will lead to a rise in sea level around the world, but it is difficult to predict exactly how much it will rise. In the 50 years from 1965 until 2015, scientists estimate that the sea level rose by 15 centimeters. If we assume that this rise was steady, we can calculate the average rise per year. Of course, the level will rise much more in some areas than others, but these are useful average figures.

However, the current level of rise may increase and scientists do not agree on this. We can divide estimates into three types: Low, Medium, and High.

The scientists in the Low group say that the rate of rise will continue to be the same as the last 50 years.

The scientists in the Medium group say that the average rate of rise will double over the next 50 years.

The scientists in the High group say that the average rate of rise will quadruple over the next 50 years. In other words, it will be four times the rate today.

You can now go ahead and calculate the predicted rise in sea level by the low, medium, and high groups.

Unit 8 — City Life

Conversation (page 58)

Mrs. Mayor: I know, let’s build more roads. People love roads.

Mr. Sensible: What? Are you serious?

Mrs. Mayor: Yes, of course. Why?

Mr. Sensible: That will cause more pollution.

Mrs. Mayor: Oh yes, I forgot.

Mrs. Mayor: I know, let’s build some skyscrapers. People love tall buildings.

Mr. Sensible: What? Are you serious?

Mrs. Mayor: Yes, of course. Why?

Mr. Sensible: That will destroy the view.

Mrs. Mayor: Oh yes, I forgot.

Mrs. Mayor: I know, let’s build a suspension bridge. People love big bridges.

Mr. Sensible: What? Are you serious?

Mrs. Mayor: Yes, of course. Why?

Mr. Sensible: That will cost a lot of money.

Mrs. Mayor: Oh yes, I forgot.

Mrs. Mayor: I know, let’s build a dam. People love cheap electricity.

Mr. Sensible: What? Are you serious?

Mrs. Mayor: Yes, of course. Why?

Mr. Sensible: That will cause environmental problems.

Mrs. Mayor: Oh yes, I forgot.

Lecture (page 60)

If you live in the city, you are likely to have seen a construction project in your area recently. According to experts, construction is the third biggest industry in the world after information technology and tourism. In the United States, about 11 million people work in the construction industry. The total value of construction in the U.S. is more than 1.2 trillion dollars.

Construction can be divided into 3 different types: housing, public works, and commercial. Housing is the biggest sector and accounts for 45% of all construction. Public works, paid for by the taxpayer, accounts for 22%. The remaining 33% of construction is carried out by businesses.

Thousands of years ago, the ancient Egyptians used only simple tools made of stone, copper, wood, and rope to create huge structures, such as the Khufu pyramid. This was the largest building on Earth until the 20th century.

In the past, human labour was cheap. The pyramids were built by thousands of slaves and low-paid workers. Thousands of years later, in the year 1250, workers used similar tools to complete the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris.

But technology has made huge changes in the construction industry, especially since steel and reinforced concrete were developed in the 19th century. It is estimated that each pyramid took at least 30 years to build. Notre Dame took over 100 years to complete. Today, a skyscraper can be built in 100 days. The combination of steel frames and concrete made possible skyscrapers like the Empire State Building in 1931. Concrete now makes up 60% of the infrastructure of developed countries.

In the future, steel and concrete will probably continue to be the most important materials in construction. However, we are also likely to see increased use of carbon nanotubes being used to increase the strength of steel. Graphene is also becoming easier to mass-produce. It is lightweight and stronger than steel and could be used to create stronger beams and cables.

Another possible future material is synthetic spider silk. It is also stronger and lighter than steel, and it may be possible to print it with a 3D printer.

In fact, 3D printers have also already been used to create entire houses. These houses are environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and quick to build–only 24 hours! They also allow new and interesting architectural designs. 3D printing allows new possibilities, too. For example, NASA already has plans to create 3D printed buildings on the moon and Mars!

Talking Point (pages 61 & 105)

Frasier: Tell me about your house.

Julia: Well actually, I live in an apartment in the city. It’s on the 27th floor, so we have a great view.

Frasier: Wow!

Julia: Yes, it’s very pretty in the evening. The apartment is bigger than average. It’s 105 square meters.

Most apartments are only about 80 square meters.

Frasier: Right.

Julia: We have four rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. Frasier: So how big is each room?

Frasier: What are the advantages of city life?

Julia: Hmm, I’ve lived in the city all my life, so that’s a difficult question for me.

Frasier: Yeah, I understand.

Julia: But let me think. Well, I guess the biggest advantage is public transportation.

Frasier: Right.

Julia: I don’t like driving, and if I lived in the country, I’d definitely need a car. Another thing I like about the city is the night life. I love going out to late-night cafes with my friends. How about you?

Frasier: What are the problems of city life?

Julia: I think that one big problem is noise. It’s never quiet in the city.

Frasier: Uh huh.

Julia: You can always hear the sound of cars passing by, especially at my apartment, because we’re next to a main road. Also, the air pollution is pretty bad. I'm hoping that automated cars will reduce those problems soon.

Frasier: I see.

Julia: Oh wait a moment, there is a bigger problem about city life. The heat in the summer. The concrete in the city makes it much, much hotter than the country.

Frasier: Yes, it sure does.

Frasier: What construction projects were built recently?

Julia: There has been a lot of construction in this area in the last 20 years. The main road was widened about 15 years ago.

Frasier: Right.

Julia: And that suspension bridge across the river was built about 12 years ago.

Frasier: I see.

Julia: Let me think, what else. Oh yes, the subway, of course. The subway was finished five years ago.

It cost a lot of taxpayers’ money, but it is very convenient for getting around the city.

Frasier: That’s good.

Authentic Conversations (page 63)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Can you tell me about where you live?

Speaker 2: I live in Shinsakae in Nagoya.

Speaker 1: Oh wow.

Speaker 2: It’s a great area and we don't live in a house, we live in an apartment but it's really nice; it’s a two-level apartment and it’s fairly big.

Speaker 1: That sounds pretty big for an apartment in the city.

Speaker 2: It is, we're really happy with it.

Speaker 1: Yeah, nice. What are the problems of city life?

Speaker 2: Well, city life is a bit more tiring; there's always noise and I'm quite sensitive to noise. Sometimes just in the city I get tired just from the noise and the poor air quality.

Speaker 1: What do you do to deal with that?

Speaker 2: I wear headphones sometimes and that really does help because then I can create my own world and forget about the noise.

Speaker 1: So then, why do you live in the city? What are the advantages of city life?

Speaker 2: The city is just so convenient. We live pretty near the center of the city and we can walk everywhere or use a bicycle and just go everywhere to shops, and there live music, there’s so many things.

Speaker 1: So there's a lot of activity?

Speaker 2: Yeah. One thing is there's an awful lot of construction especially at this time of year and it’s quite noisy.

Speaker 1: So what construction projects were built recently?

Speaker 2: Yeah, well next door to us they were rebuilding the apartment block and that went on for over a year and it was really noisy.

Speaker 1: Yeah I can imagine.

Speaker 2: They knocked it all down and then were rebuilding it from scratch and just I don't know, it was every day it was hammers and saws and drills; was too much noise.

Speaker 1: Yeah that makes sense, I mean Nagoya Station too, it was very, very, noisy when they were rebuilding all those buildings and also the air was quite polluted.

Speaker 2: Yeah, it's so dusty.

Research and Presentation (page 64)

Good morning. Today, I would like to talk about my hometown. My hometown has changed a lot over the years. Here are two sketches of my hometown. The one in Figure 1 is what it looked like many years ago. This area had many small farms just like this one. In Figure 2, you can see a sketch of the same place that I drew last year. They look like two different places.

When the new highway was built, it split the farms into two parts. Many people moved to the area because houses were cheap and the new road allowed them to travel to work quickly. The population is rising very quickly and there are more pollution problems.

In the past, there were always many people walking in the streets, and they always took the time to talk to each other. Now, it seems as if everyone travels by car, bus, or train and is too busy to stay in one place for even a few minutes.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work it Out page 65)

Good afternoon. Today, with Mr. Handyman you’re going to make a box. It's very satisfying to create something with you own hands. A box like this can be very useful in your home. And because it is made of real natural wood, it looks much nicer than any plastic box that you can buy in a store. You can use it for storing extra clothes or books or other equipment that you don't use all the time.

Now the length of our box is going to be one metre. That’s long enough, I think.

Now, the width of our box - let’s make it 50 cm. That is 0.5 meters. And the height of the box - well, the height of the box will be 0.8 meters.

Now of course, using this information, you can work out all the areas of the wood surfaces that you are going to need. For example, the area of the top and bottom of the box will be:

0.5 multiplied by one. So it’s 0.5 meters squared.

In the same way, you should work out the area of the short sides and the area of the long sides.

With these figures, you can calculate the total area of the box.

Now, the cost of the wood is 10 Euro per square meter, so how much will the total cost of the wood for your box be?

Unit 9 — Media

Conversation (page 66)

Ms. Know-it-all: Did you hear the news about the prime minister?

Mr. Clueless: No, anything interesting?

Ms. Know-it-all: Yes, he took a huge bribe.

Mr. Clueless: Oh really. That’s shocking. Where did you hear about it?

Ms. Know-it-all: I just watched it on TV a few minutes ago.

Ms. Know-it-all: Did you hear the news about the typhoon?

Mr. Clueless: No, anything interesting?

Ms. Know-it-all: Yes, it’s going to miss us.

Mr. Clueless: Oh really. That’s great. Where did you hear about it?

Ms. Know-it-all: I just saw it on the Internet a few minutes ago.

Ms. Know-it-all: Did you hear the news about the stock market?

Mr. Clueless: No, anything interesting?

Ms. Know-it-all: Yes, it fell by 12%.

Mr. Clueless: Oh really. That’s awful. Where did you hear about it?

Ms. Know-it-all: I just saw it on social media a few minutes ago.

Ms. Know-it-all: Did you hear the news about the economy?

Mr. Clueless: No, anything interesting?

Ms. Know-it-all: Yes, GNP rose 4%.

Mr. Clueless: Oh really. That’s wonderful. Where did you hear about it?

Ms. Know-it-all: I just heard it on the radio a few minutes ago.

Lecture (page 67)

The first social media site, Six Degrees, was created in 1997, and for the first time, people could upload a profile online and connect easily to other users. Two years later, in 1999, the first blogging sites became popular. The word blog was a combination of the words: "web" and "log". These enabled anyone to publish their thoughts for the whole world to see and other people could interact and post comments. By 2006, Facebook and Twitter had become hugely popular social media sites, and at least one third of the world's population now uses social media. People are sharing more photos, information, and ideas than ever before, and this is having some big effects. Here, we introduce four of these effects.

First, social media is reducing the reliability of news sources and influencing political debate. The Internet opens up a whole world of information, but social media is making it harder to tell what is true and what is false. We often hear the phrase 'fake news.' The reliability of news is important because 62% of adults get their news on social media.

Second, in the past, everyone got their news from just a few different newspapers, but now, everyone's news is different. You might be surprised if you look at other people's social media feeds because they may look very different to yours. AI algorithms are using your personal information and tastes to feed you a particular blend of information. For example, if you are already politically right wing, your information is likely to come increasingly from right wing sources. And, if you are politically left wing, you will rarely see right-wing news at all.

Third, social media and the flow of information is also both free and controlled at the same time. It is free because anyone can post a photo or an opinion and potentially reach billions of people. It is controlled because these posts may actually only reach a small number of people. It can be controlled by the algorithms used by big technology companies. Internet data can also be controlled by governments. A famous example is the Great Firewall of China which blocks a large amount of Internet traffic. Actually, most internet data is controlled. Google and other common search engines can only access 4% of sites. Most of the internet is on the dark and deep web.

Fourth, social media may actually be changing the way that we think. A co-founder of Facebook says that the social network was built to exploit weaknesses in human psychology. Sean Parker, founding president of Facebook notes that a like or a comment on a post sends users "a little dopamine hit," encouraging them to post again. Social media networks are now so large that they change people's relationship with society, and with each other. Many scientists even believe that it is rewiring our brains.

Talking Point (pages 68 & 106)

David: Do you watch a lot of television?

Sarah: Sure, I watch television every evening. When you’re a poor student like me, television is the best kind of entertainment. I can keep up with the news, too.

David: Yes, I know.

Sarah: It doesn’t cost anything and you can watch interesting programs all night. Most of all, I love watching quiz shows. They are so silly that they make me laugh all the time.

David: Do you watch all the channels?

Sarah: No, there is some really boring stuff like the Shopping Channel.

David: Right.

David: What are the big stories in the news this week?

Sarah: Let me think. Well, in national news, there was another scandal in the government. A politician was using his secretary’s salary for his own campaign.

David: That’s awful.

Sarah: In international news, the United States announced that they will invest more money in developing alternative energy resources. As a result, the price of oil fell.

David: Oh really, that’s interesting.

David: Do you often play video games?

Sarah: Yes, of course. I love video games. I have a game console at home. I've also installed some great games on my phone. Do you know Words With Friends or Dunkers?

David: No. I've actually never really enjoyed video games. Why do you like them?

Sarah: They are fun, of course. Most of the games start off easy but then they get more challenging so you are always engaged.

David: That's interesting. But don't you worry that you are spending too much time playing games alone?

Sarah: Oh no, not really. Actually, in some games like Words With Friends, it is possible to play with other people, so it can be a fun way to connect with my friends and family.

David: Should the media respect people’s privacy more?

Sarah: Yes, I think it is important to respect privacy. Things are better now than before.

David: Why do you say that?

Sarah: A few years ago the government passed a law to protect privacy.

David: I see.

Sarah: Now, a television station or newspaper that does not respect people’s privacy can be fined a lot of money.

David: That’s interesting.

Authentic Conversations (page 70)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Hey Brian, do you watch a lot of T.V.?

Speaker 2: No we don't actually have a T.V. I don't really like T.V. very much. Recently we did start subscribing to Netflix.

Speaker 1: I like Netflix.

Speaker 2: Netflix is cool, you can stream all these movies or T.V. programmes. So recently I guess, is that T.V.?

Speaker 1: I guess we have a different image right; for us growing up T.V. was all about it comes in short bits and it's always interrupted by commercials and it comes at the same time once a week. Now, Netflix has changed that, it doesn't feel like T.V. does it?

Speaker 2: No it feels different.

Speaker 1: Yeah there's no ads, we can pick and choose when we want to see it and we can stop halfway through and pick up again the next day.

Speaker 2: Do you keep up with the news? For example, what are the big stories in the news this week?

Speaker 1: Gosh, you know I've been away for a week, I've been out of the loop but I usually do keep up with news. I like to watch Sky News on Video broadcast it's live, I read C.N.N. online.

Speaker 2: Sky News and C.N.N, they are American?

Speaker 1: Sky News is British and C.N.N. is American. I try to get different perspectives because they both focus on different parts of the news obviously, so it helps me keep up but also have a pretty open mind as much as I can with that kind of news.

Speaker 2: Do you often play video games?

Speaker 1: Never.

Speaker 2: You don't like video games?

Speaker 1: I do not like video games.

Speaker 2: Really? Why not?

Speaker 1: I don't know, they take up too much time and I find I get frustrated by them. I think some people use them as a way of relaxation but they make me more tensed and it's not relaxing at all.

Speaker 2: One more thing; should the media respect people's privacy more?

Speaker 1: Oh I think so, yeah with big news items; especially tragedies are very sad things. The media should have a pause button where they don't intrude on people's lives, it's not very nice.

Speaker 2: I agree; I think people should be allowed to have their privacy.

Speaker 1: Yeah, it’s important.

Research and Presentation (page 71)

Good morning. Today, I would like to talk about a newspaper which I researched on the Internet.

The newspaper is called The Chronicle. This is a British newspaper. You can see the three biggest headlines from the front page in Table 1.

The first headline is about two big computer companies. It means that Intel has developed a more advanced quantum computing chip than IBM. The second headline is talking about organic farming in Germany. The German government is planning to grow crops without farm chemicals on twice as much land. Finally, the third headline is referring to the growing number of robots being used in Japanese homes. In the story, an expert predicts that 50% of Japanese homes will have robots within 10 years.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 71)

Every day, we all see and hear a huge number of words. Let me share some examples from my own life.

Everyday, I read the newspaper in the morning. I'm pretty old-fashioned, so I read a paper version rather than online. I guess I read all the front page and then probably two or three other pages–so a total of four pages of the newspaper every day.

During the day, I also check my social media feeds to see if any new messages have come in. I also usually take a few minutes to look at some posts to see what my friends and family are doing. I usually get about 15 messages and read ten social media posts. Each message or post has an average length of 25 words.

At my coffee break about 11, I check up on the headlines and stock prices on an app on my phone. It's difficult to estimate, but let's assume that is a total of 1,000 words.

Many of my friends watch a lot of television, but I don’t watch much really. I guess I watch about 30 minutes every day. And the average television program has 90 words per minute.

Let's think about conversation. I'm a social person. I have a lot of friends and I enjoy chatting with them a lot. I guess that I talk for about 50 minutes every day.

Then, there's surfing the net, of course. It's such an important part of our lives now. It's hard to calculate but let’s assume that I look at maybe 10 webpages every day. And let's assume that each webpage has 500 words.

Although I use social media a lot for communication with friends and family, I usually use email for work. I send or receive about 8 emails every day.

Hmm, books ... I usually read a few pages of a book every day. Let’s say, an average of 25 pages of a book every evening. Each page has an average of 200 words.

And then radio. I sometimes listen to radio in my car or stream an online radio station while I am working. Let’s see. I listen to radio for about 20 minutes every day.

So can you use that information to work out how many words I see or hear every day?

Unit 10 — Going Green

Conversation (page 73)

Mr. SavethePlanet: You shouldn’t buy that stuff.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why, what’s wrong?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Well, that company is terrible.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why do you think so?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Don't you know that it dumps chemicals in the sea?

Mr. SavethePlanet: You shouldn’t throw that away.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why, what’s wrong?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Well, unsorted trash is terrible.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why do you think so?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Don't you know that it makes recycling difficult?

Mr. SavethePlanet: You shouldn’t leave your engine running.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why, what’s wrong?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Well, the carbon monoxide is terrible.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why do you think so?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Don't you know that it causes air pollution?

Mr. SavethePlanet: You shouldn’t play your stereo so loud.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why, what’s wrong?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Well, your taste in music is terrible.

Mrs. LiveforToday: Why do you think so?

Mr. SavethePlanet: Don't you know that it’s noise pollution?

Lecture (page 74)

Everyone can do something to stop pollution. Here are a few tips that will help you.

First, save energy. Burning fossil fuels to provide energy for offices, homes, and cars produces air pollution and global warming. There are several easy ways to save energy. Turn off lights and other machines when you leave a room. Set air conditioners and heating at a suitable temperature. Insulate the walls, windows, floors and attic of your building effectively. Heating and cooling your home uses at least 50% of the total energy consumed.

Second, choose recyclable products. If possible, also buy products with recyclable packaging. After use, recycle all your paper, bottles, plastics and metals. Sort your trash into burnable, unburnable and so on.

Third, always read product labels and buy the ones that are safe. In particular, you should be careful not to buy products which contain toxic chemicals such as benzene, mercury or lead. Some chemicals can be dangerous in the environment for hundreds of years. As much as possible, buy from companies that care about the environment.

Fourth, use public transportation rather than driving when possible. Every liter of gasoline that is manufactured, distributed, and then burned in a motor vehicle, emits 3 kilograms of carbon dioxide, the primary global warming gas, into the atmosphere. Motor vehicles are responsible for about 30% of smog and about 25% of global warming.

Finally, and most importantly, do not waste anything. Buy only what you need. This is true for food, clothes and anything else. People in developed countries, such as the United States or Japan, consume 50 times as much steel and 300 times as much plastic as someone in India. The Earth's resources are not unlimited. Our grandchildren will thank us if we start to use these resources more carefully today.

Talking Point (pages 74 & 107)

Frasier: You have to sort your trash, don’t you?

Julia: Yes. It started in my area three years ago, much later than most countries.

Frasier: It’s difficult, isn’t it?

Julia: At first, it was quite difficult and everyone complained, but now we’re all used to it. I put out burnable trash on Monday. On Tuesday morning, I put out my recyclable trash.

Frasier: Recyclable is divided into different types, right?

Julia: Yes, it’s divided into paper, plastics, glass, PET bottles, and cans.

Frasier: That’s good.

Julia: On Thursdays, I throw away unburnable trash. Then on Friday, I throw away burnable trash again.

Frasier: It’s noisy near your home, isn’t it?

Julia: Oh yes, I live near the highway, so I can always hear the sound of cars. At midnight, the motorcycle gangs go by.

Frasier: That’s too bad.

Julia: I’ve gotten used to the sound of the cars, but about twice a week, during the day, a man drives through our neighbourhood selling Asian food.

Frasier: Those guys are annoying, aren’t they?

Julia: Yes, he uses a really loud speaker and it drives me crazy. But actually, when I think about it, I probably create the most noise with my electric guitar.

Frasier: Probably.

Julia: I always play it late at night. My neighbours must hate me.

Frasier: Individuals can’t do much to reduce pollution, can they?

Julia: That depends on the type of pollution. An individual can help recycling by sorting their trash.

Frasier: That’s true.

Julia: But many things cannot be recycled easily because they are all different sizes. I think that it is more important for companies to take action.

Frasier: Packaging should be simplified, shouldn’t it?

Julia: Definitely, all bottles and packages should be produced in standard sizes so that they can be easily recycled. I think everyone should buy from companies who use simple packaging. What do you think?

Frasier: There haven’t been any serious pollution incidents in this country, have there?

Julia: Yes, a few years ago, there was an explosion at a chemical factory.

Frasier: Oh I remember. That was awful, wasn't it?

Julia: Yes, eighteen workers were killed and more than 40 went blind. At least two thousand people in the city have told a doctor that they find it more difficult to breathe.

Frasier: That company was closed down, wasn’t it?

Julia: No, it wasn’t. And then, last year, in another incident at the same company, two more people died.

Authentic Conversations (page 76)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: So Sarah, you have to sort out your trash don't you?

Speaker 2: Yeah, I've got to do it pretty much every day but we've got burnable garbage on Tuesdays and Fridays. So those are the red and white garbage bags that all the burnable stop and on the weekends we put out the recyclables.

Speaker 1: Okay, so in bottles and jars and things like that, I think it's a really good idea to sort it; it's gets good for the environment right? Sounds super ecological.

Speaker 1: Yeah

Speaker 1: You have in the city so it's noisy near your home isn't it?

Speaker 2: It can be but we're kind of lucky. We have a backyard so it kind of separates us from the main road which can be noisy. Heard sirens and things like that but yeah it's pretty quiet in the house usually.

Speaker 1: You've got the bushes.

Speaker 2: Yeah.

Speaker 1: Individuals can't do much to prevent pollution can they?

Speaker 2: Well, I think if we look at ourselves individually, yes we can. We think of ourselves as important so just by sorting our trash and taking care of the small things, we're making a difference but we have to believe it. If we don't believe it, well then you know those people who just throw the trash on the side of the highway or whatever, they don't believe that they make a difference when actually they do.

Speaker 1: Oceans are made of drops of water right?

Speaker 2: Exactly.

Speaker 1: There haven't been any serious pollution incidents in this country have there?

Speaker 2: Well, you know, pollution comes in many forms and you know we did have the disaster that happened up in Hoguo. So when the nuclear thing happened of course it was pollution that was released into the ocean, into the environment. On a big level yes and on a small level too. When you walk down the street sometimes you see a little bit of garbage on the side, plastic forks, straws; those tiny things, you know where they end up? In the ocean.

Speaker 1: In the ocean.

Speaker 2: So everyone makes a difference. There's pollution in all forms but we can help, we can make a difference right?

Speaker 1: I agree.

Research and Presentation (page 77)

Good afternoon. Today, I would like to talk about PCB, a very dangerous pollutant.

In the past, PCB was widely used as an industrial chemical. After being used in factories, it was released into rivers and lakes. Today, there is still a very high level of PCB in many lakes. This increases through the food chain, and fish have the highest levels of PCB.

PCB causes many health problems. For example, in an important early study in 2016, Jones discovered that fish from Lake Algone can make it more difficult for women to become pregnant. Another study by Stallone in 2018 shows the effect on children. Even very low levels of PCB increases childhood diseases such as infections, allergies, and asthma. PCB is also a carcinogen and has been shown to cause liver cancer.

Fortunately, PCB is no longer produced in most countries, but its continued presence in the environment should be a warning to us. We must be careful about the long-term effects of the chemicals which we use.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 78)

Today, I would like to talk about a very simple model for calculating the effect of exposure to a pollution source. There are three important assumptions made in this model.

Assumption number one: The damage to health is proportional to the length of time that a person is exposed to the pollution source.

Assumption number two: The damage is proportional to the dose or the amount of pollution.

And assumption number three: Damage is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.

So, overall, we can say that damage is proportional to time multiplied by dose divided by distance squared.

OK, let’s compare the exposure and the damage caused to two people who are living near a pollution source, for example, a nuclear plant that is leaking radiation.

Now, first — Mr. Badland. Mr. Badland lives one kilometer or one thousand meters from the pollution source. Let’s say — his dose is 100. And the time — he has been living there for one year.

Now, the second person — Mrs. Pristine. She lives further away. She lives two kilometers or 2,000 meters from the source. Her dose is the same because it is the same pollution source, so it’s 100. But she has lived there for longer. She has lived there for 5 years.

So, can you compare the risk to Mr. Badland and Mrs. Pristine?

Unit 11 — Health

Conversation (page 80)

Ms. Carealot: How often do you do exercise?

Mr. Overbusy: About once a week.

Ms. Carealot: Really, that doesn't seem enough. I think you should join a gym.

Mr. Overbusy: Thanks, but I'm too busy studying.

Ms. Carealot: How often do you get a checkup?

Mr. Overbusy: About every three years.

Ms. Carealot: Really, that doesn't seem enough. I think you should go to a doctor.

Mr. Overbusy: Thanks, but I'm too busy at work.

Ms. Carealot: How often do you sleep 8 hours?

Mr. Overbusy: About once a month.

Ms. Carealot: Really, that doesn't seem enough. I think you should go to bed earlier.

Mr. Overbusy: Thanks, but I'm too busy playing video games.

Ms. Carealot: How often do you cook at home?

Mr. Overbusy: About twice a week.

Ms. Carealot: Really, that doesn't seem enough. I think you should try to eat better.

Mr. Overbusy: Thanks, but I'm too busy having fun.

Lecture (page 82)

Population increase may be the greatest threat to the health of the people of the world. The population of the world today is about 8 billion people and it is expected to reach 10 billion by the year 2050. There are several areas that I would like to talk about today.

First, let's think about water and food, two of the most essential ingredients of good health.

Water is becoming very scarce all around the world. According to the International Water Management Institute, one third of the world's people will not have enough water by 2040. The problem of water shortages will be the most serious in poor countries. Water is, of course, also needed for growing food. Already, worldwide, 800 million people do not have enough food, and this number could grow. In addition, the growing population means that farmland is suffering from over-use and misuse. This could eventually limit our ability to use it to grow food.

Second, let's spend a few moments thinking about how cities can spread disease. By 2050, 70% of the people of the world will live in cities. So naturally, cities everywhere are growing very fast. The land area is limited, so population density in cities is continuing to rise. As a result people live and work very close to one another, and this overcrowding helps to spread disease. When people are living so close to each other and gathering in large groups like schools and workplaces, diseases like influenza and SARS can quickly infect hundreds of thousands of people. An older disease, tuberculosis, is also making a big comeback, and unfortunately drugs are becoming less effective in fighting it. The reason for this is that farmers have been using too many antibiotics to raise animals. This has led to some of these antibiotics becoming ineffective for humans.

Third, let's think about another health problem caused by cities… pollution. Many cities, especially those in the developing world, have serious pollution problems. In many cities in Asia, people wear masks when they are outside because the air pollution is so bad. Air pollution in many cities is now the number one killer of young children. Other kinds of low- level pollution such as low water quality and noise can also be serious. Over a long period of time, these can increase stress on our bodies and minds and negatively affect health.

Finally, increase in population may increase the rate of global warming. The natural environment, atmosphere, and climate of the Earth are being completely changed. Floods, storms, and droughts are becoming more common and threaten the lives and health of billions of people.

Talking Point (pages 82 & 108)

１．

David: How many hours do you usually sleep?

Sarah: Well recently I have had a lot of reports to write for my classes, so I've been staying up until about 2am. Then I have to get up at 6am.

David: Wow, does it really take you that long to do your homework?

Sarah: I guess not. I normally finish the reports about 11:30 and then I watch online videos.

David: Then it's your own fault! You can't blame your teachers. Anyway, I think you should try to get more sleep. I always get at least 7 hours and I try to get eight.

David: How long would you like to live?

Sarah: I’d like to live until I’m 101. I’d love to have a big birthday party. All my children and grandchildren, and even my great grandchildren will be there. How about you?

David: I used to think that I would like to die young. At that time, I thought that it would be best to die when I was still in good health, say about 25. But, when I reached the age of 24, I decided to move it up to 40.

Sarah: You’re almost 40 now, aren’t you?

David: No way, I’m only 37. But now I feel that living until 80 would be good. I definitely wouldn’t like to live forever. I think that would get quite boring.

Sarah: I see.

David: How can you live a longer life?

Sarah: Stress causes most early deaths. Everyone should have a hobby that helps them to relax. For example, I really enjoy playing the guitar.

David: Yeah.

Sarah: And my brother enjoys reading. Any hobby that helps you to relax is going to make you live longer.

David: Well, relaxing is important, but I think that a healthy diet is even more important. We should eat lots of fruits and vegetables.

David: What do you do that is bad for your health?

Sarah: I eat a lot of junk food.

David: Oh yeah, I know what you mean. I eat at fast food restaurants all the time.

Sarah: Actually, I rarely go to those restaurants. My junk food is mainly chocolate and snacks from convenience stores.

David: You should be careful. Those things are full of sugar. You will put on weight.

Sarah: I know, I already gained three kilograms this year. But when I'm tired, I eat them without thinking.

Authentic Conversations (page 84)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: How many hours you usually sleep?

Speaker 2: You know it really depends. My optimum what I really, really, want is 8 hours. That's what doctors say right? 8 hours a night?

Speaker 1: That's right.

Speaker 2: To get 8 hours, it doesn't always happen that way you know.

Speaker 1: Yeah life gets in the way of sleep right?

Speaker 2: And work and things like that and so I'd say on average, I probably get 6 ½ - 7 hours but I do love to get 8.

Speaker 1: Make sense.

Speaker 2: Hey Larry how long would you like to live?

Speaker 1: I would like to live until I've had enough experience in my life. I'm not aiming for 100 years or 80 years or even 60 years; I want to live a good life.

Speaker 2: Okay.

Speaker 1: How about you?

Speaker 2: Well you know, what you're saying has a lot of value because we can prolong life; they're doing that so people can live to be 100. I think its quality right?

Speaker 1: Quality of life.

Speaker 2: We want a good quality life so when the end comes, I hope it’s swift and I hope I'm happy.

Speaker 1: I agree.

Speaker 2: Hey Larry, I got a question for you.

Speaker 1: Sure.

Speaker 2: How can you live a longer life?

Speaker 1: Everything that the doctor says; sleep 8 hours a night, eat good food, lower your stress level, learn more English.

Speaker 2: That’s a good one.

Speaker 1: I don’t know if that’s going to help us or not.

Speaker 2: It makes life easier sometimes because it is the lingua franca.

Speaker 1: It is. What do you do that is bad for your health?

Speaker 2: Well, when I think about it, I know I do a lot that's good for my health; I eat healthily and I try to get enough sleep. When I think about what might be bad it might be sweets, especially chocolate, I love chocolate.

Speaker 1: Oh yes, goodness yes, but you know I've heard recently that chocolate is not so bad for you especially dark chocolate.

Speaker 2: Okay, those ones like 80% cut calories?

Speaker 1: That's right you have to like that; 60, 70, 80% [Inaudible: 02:07] is a good thing for you.

Speaker 2: Okay, I think I'm going to go get some right now.

Research and Presentation (page 85)

Good afternoon. Today I would like to talk about driving technology for the elderly.

Around the world, the number of elderly people is growing very quickly. One of the greatest problems that these people face is transportation. Old people have poor eyesight and reactions. So if they drive, it may be dangerous for themselves and other people. However, if an elderly person must give up driving, he or she may face a big loss of independence and convenience. Older people may not be able to have a good social life. This can lead to depression and other health problems.

Driving could be made much easier for elderly people by using eisting technology. First, infrared could be used to design night vision screens. This would help people with poor eyesight. Second, collision-avoidance systems could help to reduce the number of crashes. We should not say that a person is too old to drive. Instead, we should be improving cars to help people.

Public transportation can also use technology to improve services. Instead of using large buses which carry fifty people, we could use smaller, more flexible vehicles which go door-to-door. Another use of technology is to help elderly person to access services to order a ride by cell phone wherever they are.

The technology needed to allow elderly people to have better transportation is already available today. We just need to think about the use of this technology.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work It Out (page 86)

Good health is a person's greatest treasure. There are four simple things that we need to do to try to ensure that we stay healthy.

The first is getting enough exercise. You can walk or run or swim or play a sport.

The second is good nutrition. In other words, you need to make sure that you eat healthy food. Third, getting enough sleep is vital. Most people need at least 7 hours sleep per night.

Finally, everyone has some stress in life because of study, work, or other things. You need to find a way to deal with stress.

Here is some information about four people. Each person is pretty healthy, but has a problem in one of these four areas.

Jack goes to the gym every morning at 6am. He finds that running on the treadmill and lifting weights helps him to deal with the stress of his work. He is also careful to eat healthy meals. His main problem is that he doesn't get enough sleep.

Jill has more stress than Jack, but she is not the most stressed of the four people. She just doesn't get enough exercise.

Tom loves sleeping. He sleeps 8 hours every night. He has an easy job and doesn't have any stress. However, he doesn't eat properly. He often just grabs a snack instead of eating properly.

Jerry eats big portions at every meal. However she does a lot of walking, so she doesn't put on weight. She also makes sure that she gets enough sleep because that is important for both good health and controlling weight. Her main problem is stress.

Unit 12 — The Future

Conversation (page 87)

Mr. Believer: What will be an interesting area of technology in the next 100 years?

Mrs. Nostro: I think that biotechnology is one of the most exciting areas.

Mr. Believer: I see. What do you think it will bring us?

Mrs. Nostro: It will allow us to prevent many diseases.

Mr. Believer: That sounds fascinating. Anything else?

Mrs. Nostro: Oh yes, many other things. For example, we will be able to clone ourselves.

Mr. Believer: What will be an interesting area of technology in the next 100 years?

Mrs. Nostro: I think that nanotechnology is one of the most exciting areas.

Mr. Believer: I see. What do you think it will bring us?

Mrs. Nostro: It will allow us to build tiny robots.

Mr. Believer: That sounds fascinating. Anything else?

Mrs. Nostro: Oh yes, many other things. For example, we will be able to clean up a lot of toxic waste.

Mr. Believer: What will be an interesting area of technology in the next 100 years?

Mrs. Nostro: I think that artificial intelligence is one of the most exciting areas.

Mr. Believer: I see. What do you think it will bring us?

Mrs. Nostro: It will allow us to have more leisure time.

Mr. Believer: That sounds fascinating. Anything else?

Mrs. Nostro: Oh yes, many other things. For example, we will be able to improve health care.

Mr. Believer: What will be an interesting area of technology in the next 100 years?

Mrs. Nostro: I think that fusion power is one of the most exciting areas.

Mr. Believer: I see. What do you think it will bring us?

Mrs. Nostro: It will allow us to have cheaper energy.

Mr. Believer: That sounds fascinating. Anything else?

Mrs. Nostro: Oh yes, many other things. For example, we will be able to reduce pollution.

Lecture (page 88)

Someone once said "The future is very difficult to predict because it hasn't happened yet." Very true, but today, let's look at six people's predictions about the future.

Bill Gates started Microsoft and is now one of the richest people in the world. He is worth at least ninety billion dollars. He has given most of his wealth to charity to help poor people in developed countries. He predicts that mobile banking will help the poor transform their lives. 2 billion people who today lack bank accounts will be storing money and making payments using their mobiles. He also predicts that online education will help to reduce the gap between rich and poor.

John Davis researches family relationships. He believes that people will be alone but not lonely. Many more people will stay single. He predicts that marriage will be replaced by groups of adults living together and raising children together.

Roger Gosden is the author of the book "Designing Babies". He says that women will be able to reset their body clocks, and have babies up to the age of 70. This would allow women to develop better careers without worrying about not being able to have children.

Peter Hudson, who studies the biology of the brain, believes that gene therapy may one day improve people's learning abilities. In addition, older people may be able to lead a much better life as gene therapy is used to fight the memory loss of old age.

Peter G. Peterson, a former politician, believes that the average age of people will rise in most countries. These aging societies could mean fewer wars in the future. If there are fewer young people, many countries may not be willing to risk losing them in war.

Finally, James Simonson, a leading expert on nanotechnology predicts that nanotechnology robots will build our cars one molecule at a time and increase our life expectancy by entering our bloodstream to clean and repair the body's organs.

Talking Point (pages 89 & 109)

Frasier: What will you do in the next 10 years?

Julia: The next 10 years? Hmm, let me think a moment. I guess that I will graduate from university in three years.

Frasier: Did you say three years?

Julia: Yes, and after that, I want to go to work in another country for about four years. Hopefully, I can work for a company like Sony or Siemens.

Frasier: Do you mean a big electronics company?

Julia: Yes, that would be a good experience. Then, I’d like to set up my own company. I will work there for five years and then I will retire and live in Hawaii.

Frasier: Sounds great. Good luck.

Frasier: Would you like to visit Mars?

Julia: Yes, I guess so. Everyone would love to go out into space, wouldn’t they? But actually, no, when I think about it, probably not. I was looking at the photographs of Mars the other day.

Frasier: Do you mean the NASA photographs?

Julia: Yes. They’re great photos, but I’d be bored. The place seems pretty empty. I usually like to go on trips where I can enjoy shopping and going to nice restaurants.

Frasier: I see.

Frasier: How will technology make your life better in the future?

Julia: In many ways. Gadgets and devices that access the Internet are becoming smaller and cheaper, and that is wonderful. For example, my smart watch can play music and it can monitor my heart rate and sleep patterns.

Frasier: Cool. I'm hoping to get one of those fitness bracelets to monitor my progress when I go running.

Julia: Yes. In the future, I think that most objects are going to be connected to the Internet.

Frasier: Wow.

Julia: I’m also looking forward to better health care. In the next twenty or thirty years, I think that medical science will really improve.

Frasier: What do you mean by ‘improve’?

Julia: Scientists will find a cure for cancer, AIDS and other diseases.

Frasier: Would you like to be cloned?

Julia: No, definitely not. There is one of me and that is enough. If there were two or more of me, the world would become a terrible place!

Frasier: Right.

Julia: But seriously, I don’t agree with human cloning. Frasier: Not at all?

Julia: No, every person is unique. We are all different and we should respect that. Cloning other animals seems to be OK because I don’t believe that other animals have a soul. But humans have a soul and you can’t clone that.

Frasier: What do you mean by ‘a soul’? Julia: That’s difficult to explain.…

Authentic Conversations (page 91)

Note These conversations were all ad-libbed. See note on page 2.

Speaker 1: Paul, what will you do in the next 12 years?

Speaker 2: Well, next 10 years, I may even be living back in England but one of the things I’ve got planned is to travel from Japan to Europe by car.

Speaker 1: Wow, that’s amazing.

Speaker 2: Yeah.

Speaker 1: How long would that take?

Speaker 2: Well, I’m planning it is going to take about a month.

Speaker 1: And you’re going to drive all the way?

Speaker 2: All the way on those Russian roads but avoiding Mongolia because Mongolia doesn’t have good roads.

Speaker 1: Is it safe?

Speaker 2: Oh yeah, the Russians very, very nice people out there in the country.

Speaker 1: And how about crazy travel, would you like to visit Mars?

Speaker 2: No, absolutely no! Don't put me up in a rocket or airplane or anything like that, I like my feet on the ground or driving a car.

Speaker 1: Right, I understand. How will technology make your life better in the future?

Speaker 2: Well that is a really loaded question because I think we're actually going to be flying around, because when we take the air and we all start moving around through the air on mini little personal kind of Hubble crafts and things like that; I mean, we're already there actually, so we're going to be flying.

Speaker 1: I'm looking forward to that.

Speaker 2: Yeah.

Speaker 1: Would you like to be cloned?

Speaker 2: Actually, I am a clone.

Speaker 1: Oh really? I think I met your clone.

Speaker 2: No, I definitely would not like to be cloned.

Speaker 1: Okay, well I don't think you should be cloned.

Speaker 2: There's more than enough clowns around like me without cloning us.

Research and Presentation (page 93)

Good evening. Tonight, I would like to talk about one of my favourite topics, nanotechnology. Nanotechnology refers to the ability to create and change matter by precisely moving atoms and molecules.

In nanotechnology, scientists aim to create molecular-sized nanomachines. These machines would be programmed to reproduce themselves in the millions and then place atoms precisely to build molecules. These molecules could then be assembled together into whatever hard compounds we need or can imagine.

Many researchers around the world are working on nanotechnology, and we may see the results in the near future. Some of the first practical applications of nanotechnology might be in material design and waste processing. Ultimately, we will be able to manufacture anything with single atoms. This change in manufacturing is revolutionary and will affect all aspects of existence.

Thank you. Are there any questions?

Work it Out (page 94)

Population increase is a very important issue and it may cause serious problems in the areas of health, energy, food and water supply and much more. Let's see - the current world population is about eight billion people. To work out the population in the future, we can use the following formula: Population future equals population today multiplied by one plus i divided by 100 to the power of n; where i is the population growth rate and n is the number of years in the future.

Well, currently, the world's population is growing at a rate of 1% per year. In other words, i equals one percent. So, one plus i plus divided by 100 equals 1.01.

So, the population in five years is eight billion multiplied by 1.01 by 1.01 by 1.01 by 1.01 and by 1.01. So what will the world's population be in five years?