Sometimes people have both manic and depressive symptoms in the same episode, and this is called an episode with mixed features. During an episode with mixed features, people may feel very sad, empty, or hopeless while at the same time feeling extremely energized.

A person may have bipolar disorder even if their symptoms are less extreme. For example, some people with bipolar II disorder experience hypomania, a less severe form of mania. During a hypomanic episode, a person may feel very good, be able to get things done, and keep up with day-to-day life. The person may not feel that anything is wrong, but family and friends may recognize changes in mood or activity levels as possible symptoms of bipolar disorder. Without proper treatment, people with hypomania can develop severe mania or depression.


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Bipolar disorder is a lifelong illness. Episodes of mania and depression typically come back over time. Between episodes, many people with bipolar disorder are free of mood changes, but some people may have lingering symptoms. Long-term, continuous treatment can help people manage these symptoms.

The most common types of medications that health care providers prescribe include mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics. Mood stabilizers such as lithium or valproate can help prevent mood episodes or reduce their severity. Lithium also can decrease the risk of suicide. Health care providers may include medications that target sleep or anxiety as part of the treatment plan.

Launched in 2008, the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode (RAISE) was a large-scale research initiative testing coordinated specialty care treatments. RAISE aimed to determine the best ways to help people recover from a psychotic episode and to reduce the likelihood of future episodes and long-term disability.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment make it possible to recover from psychosis. Some people who receive early treatment never have another psychotic episode. For other people, recovery means the ability to live a fulfilling and productive life, even if psychotic symptoms sometimes return.

An episode is also a narrative unit within a continuous larger dramatic work. It is frequently used to describe units of television or radio series that are broadcast separately in order to form one longer series.[2] An episode is to a sequence as a chapter is to a book. Modern series episodes typically last 20 to 50 minutes in length.[3]

The definition of a depressive episode is a period of depression that persists for at least two weeks. 1 During a depressive episode, a person will typically experience low or depressed mood and/or loss of interest in most activities, as well as a number of other symptoms of depression, such as tiredness, changes in appetite, feelings of worthlessness and recurrent thoughts of death. The length of a depressive episode varies, but the average duration is thought to be six to eight months. 2

Depression is a common illness, and many people will experience one or more episodes of depression in their lifetime. While people of all races and ages can experience depressive episodes, they tend to be more common among women than men. 3 4 People who have a history of depression, other mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder or anxiety, or chronic physical conditions such as diabetes, chronic pain or multiple sclerosis 5, also have a higher risk of experiencing a depressive episode. 2

The severity of a depressive episode varies; it may be classified as major or minor, depending on the number of symptoms and degree of impairment (social, domestic and work) experienced. 6 Regardless of the severity, all depressive episodes should be taken seriously and treated promptly by a professional healthcare provider. 7 Effective treatment, which typically involves medication and/or therapy, for depression is available. 4

Without appropriate treatment, the risk of experiencing further episodes of depression is thought to be higher. The risk of another depressive episode occurring seems to increase with every new episode, with each one likely to last longer and be more severe than the previous one. Timely treatment can alleviate the symptoms of depression and help shorten the duration of any future episodes. 8

The symptoms of a depressive episode typically include a depressed mood, i.e. feeling sad, empty or hopeless, and/or loss of interest or enjoyment in most activities, together with any number of the following: 1 9

If only two to four of the above symptoms are present, instead of major depressive episode, a diagnosis of minor depressive episode may be made. At least one of the symptoms needs to be depressed mood or loss of interest in most activities. 14 This may occur as part of a minor depressive disorder.

It may take a few weeks for an antidepressant to take effect and alleviate the symptoms of a depressive episode. A doctor will advise on how long the medication should be taken and what to do if a person wishes to stop taking it. While antidepressants are not considered to be addictive, stopping them suddenly may cause discontinuation symptoms, so the process needs to be managed by a medical practitioner. 15

Acupuncture, spiritual practice and nutritional changes may also be suggested as complementary therapies to help in the treatment of depressive episodes, though there is insufficient scientific evidence to support their efficacy. 3

If the depressive episode is mild, a doctor may suggest waiting for two weeks to see if it clears on its own. In addition, they may recommend self-help resources, relaxation therapies and a small number of psychotherapy sessions. Antidepressants are not usually prescribed for mild depression unless it persists or is causing complications. 2 13

Q: How long does a depressive episode last?

A: The duration of a depressive episode varies and is influenced by its severity, as well as treatment and individual factors. However, the average length of a depressive episode is thought to be six to eight months. 2

Q: If a loved one is experiencing a depressive episode, what is the best thing to do?

A: If a friend or partner shows signs of being depressed, the following behaviors may be helpful: 12

Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz (1980) observe that World War II ushered in a period of inflation comparable to the inflationary episodes that occurred during the Civil War and World War I.[1] Prices also surged after World War II ended. In 1947, inflation jumped to over 20 percent, as shown in Figure 1. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the rapid post-war inflationary episode was caused by the elimination of price controls, supply shortages, and pent-up demand.

This inflationary episode was caused by a booming economy, which increased prices. From 1965 through 1969, for instance, real quarterly GDP growth averaged 4.8 percent at an annual rate. Inflation fell after President Nixon instituted a freeze on wages and prices.

This fifth inflationary episode occurred when Iraq invaded Kuwait, leading to the first Gulf War. The price of crude oil increased significantly due to heightened uncertainty, leading to a short bout of high inflation.

The period right after World War II potentially provides the most relevant case study, as the rapid post-war inflationary episode was caused by the elimination of price controls, supply shortages, and pent-up demand. Figure 2 shows the change in prices in the five years following World War II.

According to Benjamin Caplan (1956), the inflationary episode after World War II ended after two years as domestic and foreign supply chains normalized and consumer demand began to level off. (Caplan also observes that private fixed investment started to decline, which contributed to the decline in prices and caused the economy to fall into a mild recession, with real GDP declining by 1.5 percent).

No single historical episode is a perfect template for current events. But when looking for historical parallels, it is useful to concentrate on inflationary episodes that contained supply chain disruptions and a spike in consumer demand after a period of temporary suppression. The inflationary period after World War II is likely a better comparison for the current economic situation than the 1970s and suggests that inflation could quickly decline once supply chains are fully online and pent-up demand levels off. The CEA will continue to carefully gauge the trajectory of inflation.

This episode comes with a 29-page companion workbook. This workbook is designed using the latest research to help you get clear about what you want and empower you to take the next step forward in your life. And the cool part? It takes less than a minute for you to get your hands on it.

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Identifying the onset of a depressive episode can be unnerving. Feeling panicked or anxious is an understandable reaction to the initial symptoms of depression. However, these reactions may contribute to low mood and worsen other symptoms, such as loss of appetite and disrupted sleep.

Anyone who has experienced depressive episodes before may wish to remind themselves that they can overcome these feelings again. They should focus on their strengths and on what they have learned from previous depressive episodes.

Accepting that a depressive episode may occur from time to time may help people deal with it when it does. It is important to remember that it is possible to manage symptoms with treatments, such as lifestyle changes, medication, and therapy. e24fc04721

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