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UN-SPIDER aims at improving actions to reduce disaster risk or support disaster response operations through knowledge sharing and the strengthening of institutions in the use of space technologies. UN-SPIDER also facilitates cooperation between satellite data and information providers and the different groups of users of such data, such as policymakers, disaster risk managers or emergency responders. The objective is a better flow of information on disaster risks or disaster impacts between all stakeholders and affected populations.

If you wish to establish predators in a heavily infested orchard or garden that has few predators, use a soap spray or selective miticide to bring pest mites to a lower level and then release predatory mites. A good guideline is that one predator is needed for every 10 spider mites to provide control. More than one application of predatory mites may be required if you want to reduce pest populations rapidly. Concentrate releases in hot spots where spider mite numbers are highest. Once established on perennials, predatory mites may reproduce and provide biological control indefinitely without further augmentation unless nonselective insecticides are applied that kill the predators.

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There are two species of widow spiders in California, the western black widow and the brown widow. Both are in the genus Latrodectus and are characterized by a similar body shape, reclusive habit, and irregular cobwebs.

The western black widow, a native species, is widespread, and is the spider posing the greatest potential envenomation threat to humans in the western United States. It is well known in many localities, and nonprofessionals can identify it easily.

In California, it is a common desert spider that can survive very hot, dry conditions. However, black widows also can be found in mountainous terrain above 5,000-foot elevation in Southern California, where snow covers the ground every winter. Outside California, western black widows are common in urban Colorado, in central and eastern Washington state, and in southern British Columbia.

Because the holes, cracks, crevices, trash, and clutter associated with human structures provide ideal habitat for the western black widow, these spiders are often very common around homes, barns, outbuildings, and rock walls. In such supportive habitats, mature females can be found every few feet and sometimes within inches of each other.

A mature female western black widow spider is about 1/2 inch (13 mm) in body length, and has a rounded abdomen and very characteristic coloration. She is shiny jet black all over her body and legs, except for a red pattern on the underside of the abdomen, which looks, in perfect specimens, like an hourglass. Some specimens have a brownish or plum-colored tinge, but usually these are females that are so well fed that the black-pigmented abdomen has been stretched until it looks brown instead of black.

As easy as it is to identify an adult female black widow, the immatures, looking nothing like the mother, can be difficult to recognize. When black widow spiderlings emerge from their egg sac, they have tan legs and a tan cephalothorax (the body part to which the legs attach), while the abdomen is mostly white with a few black spots.

As the spider grows, the background coloration of the abdomen becomes olive-gray or tan; and there is a longitudinal white stripe on the top of the abdomen and diagonal stripes on the flanks, with a small black dot at the uppermost portion of each diagonal stripe.

As the spiderlings continue to grow larger, they molt, like all spiders, in order to shed their restrictive exoskeletons. With successive molts in females, the white stripes become thinner, the olive-gray or tan coloration darkens toward black, and eventually the spider acquires its well-known black coloration. Some mature females retain one or two conspicuous, indented white lines on the front surface of the abdomen that look like a corporal's chevrons.

In the youngest spiders, the space where the hourglass develops starts off being a whitish shield. As the spider grows and molts several times, the color of this shield turns from white-yellow to orange-red and changes from a shield with a thick middle portion to an hourglass with a thin, tapered middle.

The egg sac of the western black widow is yellowish and teardrop-shaped, tapered at the top and bulbous at the bottom. The margins of the sac are well defined (as opposed to some spider egg sacs, which look like fluffy cotton balls, making it difficult to determine exactly where the egg sac starts). The egg sac covering is very tough and difficult to rip apart.

A female western black widow typically lays about 300 eggs per sac. Because females can store sperm from their only mating, they can produce more than 10 egg sacs without subsequent matings and without a decrease in the number of eggs or a reduction in the percentage of eggs that will successfully hatch into spiderlings.

The western black widow is found in populated areas almost everywhere in California. Although they can be found in homes, black widows typically nest outside, around the home in holes and crevices, and within clutter. In garages, they usually make webs by doors, near vents, and in other places where insects may pass by. Because most people don't tolerate large numbers of insects in their living spaces, widow spiders usually won't find sufficient prey to survive inside homes.

Black widows are shy spiders that seek retreats, such as holes between bricks or spaces around pipe penetrations in walls, where they can hide during the day and then come out at night. In natural settings, you can often find them in rodent burrows and crevices in rock faces. The spider makes a web of tangled silk extending from this retreat hole.

The web doesn't have a very recognizable pattern, although it does have vertical support threads above and below the central areas where the spider sits while it waits for prey at night. The lower support threads also alert the widow to the presence of a prey item blundering into the web.

In most cases, a widow spider will seek a retreat near the ground as the home base for her web, which connects to the retreat, allowing the spider to emerge to catch both flying and crawling prey at night, usually within three feet of the ground. However, some spiders will make a retreat well above ground level, such as in the eave of a house, and then drop down 10 or more feet before building their web.

Widow spiders come out at dusk. After making improvements to their existing web, they take up a position in the middle, their underside facing upward, to wait for prey. Any large disturbance of the web that indicates something larger than a prey item causes the spider to quickly move toward the safety of its retreat.

The silk of a mature black widow is very strong. If you run your finger through the web of a large spider, the result is an audible ripping sound. Black widow silk is so strong that during World War II, it was used to make crosshairs for gun sights.

Bites from black widow spiders are quite rare, even where these spiders are very common. In the unlikely event of an actual bite from a black widow, the bite itself is painless or may feel like a little pinprick. Almost all medically important black widow bites are from the adult female, which is much larger than the male. The female also has stronger biting muscles and a larger venom reserve. At the site of the bite, there may be a little red mark or red streaking away from the bite. Within an hour, other symptoms may start to appear.

In North America, the brown widow was found only in Florida for many decades, where it remains rather common. However, in the first decade of the 21st century, the spider began appearing elsewhere, from Texas throughout the Gulf Coast states and up the Atlantic coast into South Carolina.

While they were expanding in the southeastern United States, brown widows started being discovered in great numbers in Southern California, where they have caused great concern within the general public. Initial news reports exaggerated the impact of the brown widow. However, unlike that of the black widow, the bite of this spider is not much more toxic to humans than that of other common spiders.

Mature female brown widows are smaller than mature female western black widows, being about 3/8" in body length (10 mm). The normal brown widow spider coloration is a mottled collection of tan, brown, and gray. It has a lengthwise stripe halfway up the back side of the abdomen with two isolated dots in front of it and diagonal stripes on the side, somewhat similar to immature western black widow spiders (see Table 1). However, the usual background coloration of the brown widow is more of a tan, as compared to the western black widow, in which background coloration is more olive-gray. Male brown widows are much smaller [body length: 3/16 inch (4 to 5 mm)] than other widow spiders and therefore might be overlooked or misidentified.

The egg sac of the brown widow spider has protuberances of silk all over its surface, resembling a very large pollen grain. The sac is so characteristic that it can be used to verify the presence of brown widows even if the spiders themselves are not seen.

The habitat of the brown widow is similar in many respects to that of the black widow. They generally reside in cluttered areas outside, such as woodpiles, but you will also find them in more exposed areas, such as on chain-link fences where black widows normally would not be found. They are also extremely common in the nooks and crannies on the undersides of inexpensive plastic patio furniture. Brown widow spiders make irregular webs of strong silk, similar to those of western black widows.

Although unsubstantiated reports of brown widows occurring north of the Los Angeles - Santa Barbara region (such as in the San Francisco Bay area) have been made for years, submitted spiders have been immature black widows, Steatoda (false black widow) spiders of several species, or orbweavers. However, it is possible that the brown widow is continuing to expand its range in California. ff782bc1db