ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades. Data is available from 1940 onwards

Climate Data Online (CDO) provides free access to NCDC's archive of global historical weather and climate data in addition to station history information

EarthExplorer is the United States Geological Survey's (USGS) online platform for searching and accessing geographic data.

NASA's Global Maps provide data and maps of the atmosphere, land surface, and natural events, helping to monitor the health of the environment.

The Climate Risk Center Infrared Precipitation with Station Data (CHIRPS) is a near-global precipitation dataset spanning over 30 years. CHIRPS combines 0.05° resolution satellite imagery with in situ station data to create gridded precipitation time series for trend analysis and seasonal drought monitoring.

The CFS version 2 was developed at the Environmental Modeling Center at NCEP. It is a fully coupled model representing the interaction between the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land and seance.

Global Hydro introduces three global hydrological data sources that are free for non-commercial use: HydroSHEDS, HYDRO1K, and GRDC's Large River Basins Handbook. These data sources provide detailed information on river networks, basin boundaries, and water flow patterns, supporting research, water resources management, and conservation planning

MERIT Hydro is a global hydrogeological dataset at 3 arc-second resolution (~90 m at the equator), containing flow direction, flow accumulation, hydrologically corrected elevation, and river channel width.

The HydroSHEDS project was initiated in 2006 by World Wildlife Fund US with the goal to create free digital data layers in support of large-scale hydro-ecological research and applications worldwide. HydroSHEDS provides seamless hydrographic data products including catchment boundaries, river networks, and lakes.

GloHydroRes is a global dataset combining information on 7,775 hydropower plants and reservoirs in 128 countries, helping to improve hydropower generation models and support global energy security.

The satellite-derived Surface Water Availability-Temperature Index (SWATI) has shown its high applicability for estimating agricultural drought conditions

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations' FAO GeoNetwork provides 247 spatial climate datasets, including satellite imagery, interactive maps, and related applications, covering topics such as biodiversity hotspots, carbon sequestration, cropland expansion, and the Koeppen climate classification.

EarthMap.org is an online platform that provides global geographic information and data. The site allows users to access interactive maps, satellite data, and environmental information.

NASA’s Earthdata Search provides online access to multiple collections of NASA’s EOSDIS data (Earth Observing System Data and Information System)

The USGS Global Land Cover Characterization is a project of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to create global land cover data. The project provides detailed information on land cover types such as forests, grasslands, agricultural lands, and urban areas.

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM, see Farr et al. 2007) digital elevation data is an international research effort that obtained digital elevation models on a near-global scale. This SRTM V3 product (SRTM Plus) is provided by NASA JPL at a resolution of 1 arc-second (approximately 30m).

FAO and Unesco decided in 1961 to prepare a Soil Map of the World at 1:5 000 000 scale. The project was completed over a span of twenty years

ICPAC provides a wide range of open data sources on climate, including forecasts, precipitation, and temperature. Datasets such as CHIRPS, PERSIANN, and RFE help monitor climate change and manage disaster risks.

Google Earth Engine combines a multi-petabyte catalog of satellite imagery and geospatial datasets with planetary-scale analysis capabilities

QGIS (Quantum GIS) is a powerful open source software for geographic information systems (GIS)

ArcGIS is a comprehensive geospatial platform for professionals and organizations. It is the leading geographic information system (GIS) technology.

ENVI supports all of the latest data collection platforms (satellites, airborne, drone, terrestrial), more than 200 different types of data, and different modalities including panchromatic, multi and hyperspectral, LiDAR, SAR and FMV. ENVI works with any size data set and has automated tools to quickly and easily prepare big and small imagery for viewing and further analysis.

GRASS, Geographic Resources Analysis Support System, is a powerful computational engine for raster, vector, and geospatial processing. It supports terrain and ecosystem modeling, hydrology, data management, and imagery processing

MATLAB provides a specialized toolbox for climate analysis and geospatial data visualization. MATLAB supports raw data processing, complex modeling, and professional 2D and 3D map output.

RStudio is the most popular integrated development environment (IDE) for R, launched in 2011 by Posit. RStudio provides a user-friendly interface that includes a code editor with syntax highlighting, an interactive console, a workspace browser for monitoring variables and functions, an integrated plotting window, and support for version control with Git.

Python is popular in data science thanks to powerful libraries such as NumPy for scientific computing, Pandas for data processing, Matplotlib for visualization, and Scikit-learn for machine learning.