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There is a variety of definitions for terms that describe hibernation in mammals, and different mammal clades hibernate differently. The following subsections discuss the terms obligate and facultative hibernation. The last two sections point out in particular primates, none of whom were thought to hibernate until recently, and bears, whose winter torpor had been contested as not being "true hibernation" during the late 20th century, since it is dissimilar from hibernation seen in rodents.

While hibernation has long been studied in rodents (namely ground squirrels) no primate or tropical mammal was known to hibernate until the discovery of hibernation in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur of Madagascar, which hibernates in tree holes for seven months of the year.[16] Malagasy winter temperatures sometimes rise to over 30 C (86 F), so hibernation is not exclusively an adaptation to low ambient temperatures.

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Ancient people believed that swallows hibernated, and ornithologist Gilbert White documented anecdotal evidence in his 1789 book The Natural History of Selborne that indicated the belief was still current in his time. It is now understood that the vast majority of bird species typically do not hibernate, instead utilizing torpor.[31] One known exception is the common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), for which hibernation was first documented by Edmund Jaeger.[32][33]

Because they cannot actively down-regulate their body temperature or metabolic rate, ectothermic animals (including fish, reptiles, and amphibians) cannot hibernate. They can experience decreased metabolic rates associated with colder environments or low oxygen availability (hypoxia) and exhibit dormancy (known as brumation). It was once thought that basking sharks settled to the floor of the North Sea and became dormant, but research by David Sims in 2003 dispelled this hypothesis,[34] showing that the sharks traveled long distances throughout the seasons, tracking the areas with the highest quantity of plankton. Epaulette sharks have been documented to be able to survive for three hours without oxygen and at temperatures of up to 26 C (79 F)[35] as a means to survive in their shoreline habitat, where water and oxygen levels vary with the tide. Other animals able to survive long periods with very little or no oxygen include goldfish, red-eared sliders, wood frogs, and bar-headed geese.[36] The ability to survive hypoxic or anoxic conditions is not closely related to endotherm hibernation.

Researchers have studied how to induce hibernation in humans.[41][42] The ability to hibernate would be useful for a number of reasons, such as saving the lives of seriously ill or injured people by temporarily putting them in a state of hibernation until treatment can be given. For space travel, human hibernation is also under consideration, such as for missions to Mars.[43]

In both cases, hibernation likely evolved simultaneously with endothermy, with the earliest suggested instance of hibernation being in Thrinaxodon, an ancestor of mammals that lived roughly 252 million years ago.[47] The evolution of endothermy allowed animals to have greater levels of activity and better incubation of embryos, among other benefits for animals in the Permian and Triassic periods. In order to conserve energy, the ancestors of birds and mammals would likely have experienced an early form of torpor or hibernation when they were not using their thermoregulatory abilities during the transition from ectothermy to endothermy. This is opposed to the previously dominant hypothesis that hibernation evolved after endothermy in response to the emergence of colder habitats.[47] Body size also had an effect on the evolution of hibernation, as endotherms which grow large enough tend to lose their ability to be selectively heterothermic, with bears being one of very few exceptions.[48] After torpor and hibernation diverged from a common proto-hibernating ancestor of birds and mammals, the ability to hibernate or go through torpor would have been lost in most larger mammals and birds. Hibernation would be less favored in larger animals because as animals increase in size, the surface area to volume ratio decreases, and it takes less energy to keep a high internal body temperature, and thus hibernation becomes unnecessary.

There is evidence that hibernation evolved separately in marsupials and placental mammals, though it is not settled. That evidence stems from development, where as soon as young marsupials from hibernating species are able to regulate their own heat, they have the capability to hibernate. In contrast, placental mammals that hibernate first develop homeothermy, only developing the ability to hibernate at a later point. This difference in development is evidence, though inconclusive, that they evolved by slightly different mechanisms and thus at different times.[49]

A thread-safe (and immutable) representation of the mapping of the application domain model to a database.Acts as a factory for org.hibernate.Session instances. The EntityManagerFactory is the Jakarta Persistence equivalent of a SessionFactory and basically, those two converge into the same SessionFactory implementation.

Behind the scenes, the Hibernate Session wraps a JDBC java.sql.Connection and acts as a factory for org.hibernate.Transaction instances.It maintains a generally "repeatable read" persistence context (first level cache) of the application domain model.

Hibernate understands both the Java and JDBC representations of application data.The ability to read/write this data from/to the database is the function of a Hibernate type.A type, in this usage, is an implementation of the org.hibernate.type.Type interface.This Hibernate type also describes various behavioral aspects of the Java type such as how to check for equality, how to clone values, etc.

Hibernate will only use the JSON type if explicitly configured through @JdbcTypeCode( SqlTypes.JSON ).The JSON library used for serialization/deserialization is detected automatically,but can be overridden by setting hibernate.type.json_format_mapperas can be read in the Configurations section.

Hibernate will only use the XML type if explicitly configured through @JdbcTypeCode( SqlTypes.SQLXML ).The XML library used for serialization/deserialization is detected automatically,but can be overridden by setting hibernate.type.xml_format_mapperas can be read in the Configurations section.

Basic arrays, other than byte[]/Byte[] and char[]/Character[], map to the type code SqlTypes.ARRAY by default,which maps to the SQL standard array type if possible,as determined via the new methods getArrayTypeName and supportsStandardArrays of org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect.If SQL standard array types are not available, data will be modeled as SqlTypes.JSON, SqlTypes.XML or SqlTypes.VARBINARY,depending on the database support as determined via the new method org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect.getPreferredSqlTypeCodeForArray.

Basic collections (only subtypes of Collection), which are not annotated with @ElementCollection,map to the type code SqlTypes.ARRAY by default, which maps to the SQL standard array type if possible,as determined via the new methods getArrayTypeName and supportsStandardArrays of org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect.If SQL standard array types are not available, data will be modeled as SqlTypes.JSON, SqlTypes.XML or SqlTypes.VARBINARY,depending on the database support as determined via the new method org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect.getPreferredSqlTypeCodeForArray.

Hibernate needs to understand certain aspects of the Java type to handle values properly and efficiently.Hibernate understands these capabilities through its org.hibernate.type.descriptor.java.JavaType contract.Hibernate provides built-in support for many JDK types (Integer, String, e.g.), but also supports the abilityfor the application to change the handling for any of the standard JavaType registrations as well asadd in handling for non-standard types. Hibernate provides multiple ways for the application to influencethe JavaType descriptor to use.

Hibernate also needs to understand aspects of the JDBC type it should use (how it should bind values,how it should extract values, etc.) which is the role of its org.hibernate.type.descriptor.jdbc.JdbcTypecontract. Hibernate provides multiple ways for the application to influence the JdbcType descriptor to use.

@Nationalized and hibernate.use_nationalized_character_data can be used regardlessof the specific database support for nationalized data and allows the application towork portably across databases with varying support.

However, as explained in this article, this is not always practical, especially for front-end nodes.For this reason, Hibernate offers the hibernate.jdbc.time_zone configuration property which can be configured:

With this configuration property in place, Hibernate is going to call the PreparedStatement.setTimestamp(int parameterIndex, java.sql.Timestamp, Calendar cal) orPreparedStatement.setTime(int parameterIndex, java.sql.Time x, Calendar cal), where the java.util.Calendar references the time zone provided via the hibernate.jdbc.time_zone property.

By default, Hibernate will convert and normalize OffsetDateTime and ZonedDateTime to java.sql.Timestamp in UTC.This behavior can be altered by configuring the hibernate.timezone.default_storage property

Hibernate supports defining the storage to use for time zone information for individual propertiesvia the @TimeZoneStorage and @TimeZoneColumn annotations.The storage type can be specified via the @TimeZoneStorage by specifying a org.hibernate.annotations.TimeZoneStorageType.The default storage type is AUTO which will ensure that the time zone information is retained.The @TimeZoneColumn annotation can be used in conjunction with AUTO or COLUMN and allows to definethe column details for the time zone information storage.

Hibernate allows the use of a custom instantiator for creating the embeddable instances through theorg.hibernate.metamodel.spi.EmbeddableInstantiator contract. For example, consider the followingembeddable: 2351a5e196