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Anglo-Saxon texts make reference to the sea as S-s (South Sea), but this term fell out of favour, as later English authors followed the same conventions as their Latin and Norman contemporaries. One English name that did persist was the Narrow Seas, a collective term for the channel and North Sea. As England (followed by Great Britain and the United Kingdom) claimed sovereignty over the sea, a Royal Navy Admiral was appointed with maintaining duties in the two seas. The office was maintained until 1822, when several European nations (including the United Kingdom) adopted a three-mile (4.8 km) limit to territorial waters.[9]

The word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from the Old French word chanel (a variant form of chenel 'canal'). By the middle of the fifteenth century, an Italian map based on Ptolemy's description named the sea as Britanicus Oceanus nunc Canalites Anglie (British Ocean but now English Channel). The map is possibly the first recorded use of the term English Channel and the description suggests the name had recently been adopted.[10]

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The French name la Manche has been used since at least the 17th century.[4] The name is usually said to refer to the sleeve (French: la manche) shape of the Channel. Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning 'channel' that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland,[13] but this name is not attested before the 17th century, and French and British sources of that time are clear about its etymology.[14] The name in French has been directly adapted in other languages as either a calque, such as Canale della Manica in Italian, or a direct borrowing, such as Canal de la Mancha in Spanish.

The first flood of 450 thousand years ago would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second.[19][20] The flood started with large but localised waterfalls over the ridge, which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard. The flow eroded the retaining ridge, causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic. After multiple episodes of changing sea level, during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment, another catastrophic flood some 180,000 years ago carved a large bedrock-floored valley, the Lobourg Channel, some 500 m wide and 25 m deep, from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel.[20] It left streamlined islands, longitudinal erosional grooves, and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events, still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high-resolution sonar.[21][22][23] Through the scoured channel passed a river, the Channel River, which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic.

The English Channel, despite being a busy shipping lane, remains in part a haven for wildlife. Atlantic oceanic species are more common in the westernmost parts of the channel, particularly to the west of Start Point, Devon, but can sometimes be found further east towards Dorset and the Isle of Wight. Seal sightings are becoming more common along the English Channel, with both Grey Seal and Harbour Seal recorded frequently.

The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050, with some raids recorded along the channel coast of England, including at Wareham, Portland, near Weymouth and along the river Teign in Devon.[37]

Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision.[60] The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would.

On 10 June 1821, English-built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours.[79]

This guide covers various topics related to channels, an AMQP 0-9-1-specific abstraction.Channels cannot exist without a connection, so getting familiar with the Connections guide firstis highly recommended.

Some applications need multiple logical connections to thebroker. However, it is undesirable to keep many TCPconnections open at the same time because doing so consumessystem resources and makes it more difficult to configurefirewalls. AMQP 0-9-1 connections are multiplexed withchannels that can be thought of as "lightweightconnections that share a single TCP connection".

Every protocol operation performed by a client happens on a channel.Communication on a particular channel is completely separatefrom communication on another channel, therefore every protocolmethod also carries a channel ID (a.k.a. channel number), an integerthat both the broker and clients use to figure out which channel the method is for.

Much like connections, channels are meant to be long lived. That is, there is no need to opena channel per operation and doing so would be very inefficient, since opening a channel is anetwork roundtrip.

Certain scenarios are assumed to be recoverable ("soft") errors in the protocol. They renderthe channel closed but applications can open another one and try to recover or retry a number oftimes. Most common examples are:

Any attempted operation on a closed channel will fail with an exception. Note that when RabbitMQcloses a channel, it notifies the client of that using an asynchronous protocol method. In other words,an operation that caused a channel exception won't fail immediately but a channel closure eventhandler will fire shortly after.

Some client libraries may use blocking operations that wait fora response. In this case they may communicate channel exceptions differently, e.g. usingruntime exceptions, an error type, or other means appropriate for the language.

Each channel consumes a relatively small amount of memory on the client. Depending on client library'simplementation detail it can also use a dedicated thread pool (or similar) where consumeroperations are dispatched, and therefore one or more threads (or similar).

Each channel also consumes a relatively small amount of memory on the node the client is connected to,plus a few Erlang processes. Since a node usually serves multiple channel connections, the effectsof excessive channel usage or channel leaks will primarily be reflected in RabbitMQ nodes' metricsand not those of clients.

Given both of these factors, limiting the number of channels used per connection is highly recommended.As a guideline, most applications can use a single digit number of channels per connection.Those with particularly high concurrency rates (usually such applications are consumers)can start with one channel per thread/process/coroutine and switch to channel poolingwhen metrics suggest that the original model is no longer sustainable, e.g. because it consumestoo much memory.

The lower value of the two is used: the client cannotbe configured to allow for more channels than the server configured maximum.Clients that attempt that will run into an error that looks like this in the logs:

Because they affect node resource use,the number of currently open channels and channel opening/closure rates are important metricsof the system that should be monitored. Monitoring them will help detect a number ofcommon problems:

The number of channels is displayed in the management UI on the Overview tab,as is the number of connections.By dividing the number of channels by the number of connectionsthe operator can determine an average number of channels per connection.

Overview and individual node pages provide a chart of channel churn rate as of RabbitMQ 3.7.9.If the rate of channel open operations is consistently higher than that of channel close operations,this is evidence of a channel leak in one of the applications:

A system is said to have high channel churn when its rate of newly opened channels is consistently high andits rate of closed channels is consistently high. This usually means that an applicationuses short lived channels or channels are often closed due to channel-level exceptions.

Management UI provides a chart of channel churn rate.Below is a chart that demonstrates a fairly low channel churn with a virtually identical number of channel open and closedin the given period of time:

rabbitmqctl list_connections and rabbitmqctl list_channels are theprimary commands for inspecting per-connection channel count and channel details such as the number ofconsumers, unacknowledged messages, prefetch and so on.

Channels that publish messages can outpace other parts of the system, most likely busy queues and queuesthat perform replication. When that happens, flow control is applied topublishing channels and, in turn, connections. Channels and connections that only consume messagesare not affected.

Youcan use the Channels panel to view any combination of channels inthe document window. For example, you can view an alpha channeland the composite channel together to see how changes made in thealpha channel relate to the entire image. e24fc04721