With over 50,000 distinct species in sub-Saharan Africa alone, the African continent is endowed with an enormous wealth of plant resources. While more than 25 percent of known species have been used for several centuries in traditional African medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases, Africa remains a minor player in the global natural products market largely due to lack of practical information. This updated and expanded second edition of the Handbook of African Medicinal Plants provides a comprehensive review of more than 2,000 species of plants employed in indigenous African medicine, with full-color photographs and references from over 1,100 publications.
The first part of the book contains a catalog of the plants used as ingredients for the preparation of traditional remedies, including their medicinal uses and the parts of the plant used. This is followed by a pharmacognostical profile of 170 of the major herbs, with a brief description of the diagnostic features of the leaves, flowers, and fruits and monographs with botanical names, common names, synonyms, African names, habitat and distribution, ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, and reported pharmacological activity.
The second part of the book provides an introduction to African traditional medicine, outlining African cosmology and beliefs as they relate to healing and the use of herbs, health foods, and medicinal plants. This book presents scientific documentation of the correlation between the observed folk use and demonstrable biological activity, as well as the characterized constituents of the plants.
The new African Phamacopoeia is a 288-page book, consisting of 51 plant monographs (even though the AAMPS original target was 50) with therapeutic indications that covered many diseases and over 30 widely distributed plant families among which Apocyanaceae appeared in five monographs followed by Asclepiadaceae offering four monographs. Each of the plants was subjected to literature search to provide relevant data under a set of monograph template which represented an assemblage of physical, chemical, botanical, ethnomedical, quality control, pharmacological, toxicological, therapeutic and other regulatory standards. The complete data for for each plant, using the above template, became the set of pharmacopoeial specifications, which when collected together constituted a monograph while all the monographs for the 51 plants were put together in a book to make the African Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Of notable significance, are the types of markers specified for herbal safety monitoring and quality assurance validation for both the raw materials and subsequent finished products. Safety is a major consumer concern while quality control is a regulatory apparatus. Professionally therefore, every plant contained in this book has henforth become an official drug raw material which can be formulated into an official herbal drug product, registrable by the Food and Drugs authorities provided the overall manufacture complies with the pharmacopoeial specifications therein. In due course, it is expected that a number of the monographs would become attracted to the world herbal producers and may compete as articles of global trade to the credit of the African region e.g. Acacia senegal gum, Aframommum melegueta fruit, Aloe ferox juice and gel, Catharanthus roseus leaf, Rauwolfia vomitoria root, Moringa oleifera leaf and fruit, as well as Strophanthus gratus seed and Sutherlandia fruitescens, etc. The African Herbal Pharmacopoeia (complementary to the AP, 1985; GHP, 1992, 2007; and NHP, 2008). as evidence of standardization of the medicinal plants is what the herbal industry has been waiting for before patronizing African medicinal plants. The same information would facilitate the support of all categories of healthcare works in supporting the integration of traditional medicine.
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Enslaved Africans and African Americans learned about local medicinal plants from Indigenous healers. Native Americans had and continue to have an intimate knowledge of local plants. Native Americans were sometimes enslaved alongside Africans, and some Native American towns sheltered people seeking freedom from slavery. Knowledge about medicinal plants was likely shared in these contexts.
Many enslaved African and African American women were sources of medicinal knowledge, and many served as midwives and healers. Using plant-based remedies and knowledge gained from experience, enslaved midwives delivered babies and did what they could to alleviate complications with pregnancy and childbirth. Enslaved women used different plants as contraceptives, abortifacients, and to regulate menstruation, induce labor, and ease labor pains.
Handbook of African Medicinal Plants provides a comprehensive review of over 1,000 species of plants employed in indigenous African medicine. It gives a concise description of the materia medica of an enormous and extensively varied continent, with well over 2,000 distinct tribes and several distinct floras. A detailed pharmacognostical profile of the major herbs is presented, including the common name, synonyms, African names, habitat and distribution, medicinal uses, chemical constituents, and published pharmacologic activity. This extensive catalog of plants is presented both in alphabetic order and according to family. References are cited from over 600 publications, and photographs and sketches illustrate many of the plants.Handbook of African Medicinal Plants also provides an introduction to African cosmology and beliefs as they relate to healing and the use of herbs. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants is an invaluable, practical desk reference that should be on Handbook of African Medicinal Plantsshelf of every pharmacognosist, ethnobiologist, botanist, ecologist, phytochemist, pharmacologist, and scientist interested in tropical plant utilization as a tool for the conservation of biodiversity and as a source of new drug leads.
This comprehensive manual in three volumes deals with the human body, ailments, and the medicinal properties of plants. The book was the first detailed handbook of modern medicine in Iran and was probably used for teaching purposes at the Polytechnical College (Dar al-Funun) in Tehran. The first volume contains numerous detailed images illustrating human anatomy, such as this one showing the lower half of the female body. The illustrations are most likely copied from a European book.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) belongs to the group of five leading important diseases causing death globally and remains a major health problem in Africa. A number of factors such as poverty, poor eating habit, and hormonal imbalance are responsible for the occurrence of the disease. It poses a major health challenge in Africa continent today and the prevalence continues to increase at an alarming rate. Various treatment options particularly the usage of herbs have been effective against diabetes because they have no adverse effects. Interestingly, South Africa, especially the Basotho tribe, is blessed with numerous medicinal plants whose usage in the treatment of DM has been effective since the conventional drugs are expensive and often unaffordable. The present study attempted to update the various scientific evidence on the twenty-three (23) plants originating from different parts of the world but widely used by the Sotho people in the management of DM. Asteraceae topped the list of sixteen (16) plant families and remained the most investigated according to this review. Although limited information was obtained on the antidiabetic activities of these plants, it is however anticipated that government parastatals and scientific communities will pay more attention to these plants in future research.
Titles selected for the CARLI grant are about medicinal plants, ethnobotanic medicine, and related areas, and include botanical details and/or medicinal purpose as described by indigenous peoples or noted from research. A majority of these books are from Africa, Central Asia, China, Eurasia, India, and South America in English and non-English languages.
On the other hand, Okem et al. [9] in their investigations on South African medicinal plants found that the levels of As and Hg were above the limits set by WHO in most of the investigated samples. High concentrations of the contaminants were probably caused by anthropogenic activity, especially because some medicinal plants have the ability to accumulate heavy metals from the polluted soils where the plants had grown. Another hazardous metallic element that is often analyzed in African plants is lead. Its elevated level was determined in plants growing in Nigeria and Senegal, and the reason for Pb poisoning in children was artisanal gold mining and from battery recycling [10].
Medicinal plants compiled in Table 1 were collected and identified by Dr Edmond Sylvestre Miabiangana in the area of Brazzaville, Congo. After drying the medicinal plant samples were transported to the Department of Analytical Chemistry at the Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, then ground using a sample preparation mill (Knifetec 1095, Foss Tecator, Sweden), and stored in plastic containers in a dry and dark place prior to analysis.
The ascorbic acid content in extracts of medicinal plants from Congo was assayed based on the analytical procedure described elsewhere [15]. Antioxidant activity was determined in the extracts of plants using FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS methods, also described previously [15].
PCA was performed in order to find factors responsible for the differentiation of the results of the chemical composition of Congo plants. To construct the experimental database, all results for metallic and non-metallic elements were taken into consideration. The same was done for the results of TPAC, TPC, TFC, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity assayed by FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS methods. In this way, the experimental database was obtained with the dimensions of 20 10. PCA calculations revealed that the first three principal components described together 77% of the variability among the investigated samples. The eigenvalues of PC1, PC2 and PC3 were 8.0, 4.8, and 2.7, respectively. Figure 1 shows the distribution of the studied African medicinal plants samples in three-dimensional plots PC1, PC2, and PC3. There are several characteristic plant samples in this plot. For example, in the right part of Figure 1, one can see sample No. 2 (A. cordifolia), and sample No. 6 (M. stipulosa), which is located in front of the plot in the left area. Their location is characteristic, since they are far away from the others, which is caused by specific values of elements and other parameters determined. On the other hand, sample No. 10 (G. huillensis) can be found in the central area of the plot, and it is characterized by a low value of PC3. To explain the loading values for particular principal components, it is necessary to study Figure 2. It is clear that PC1 is correlated with several element concentrations, such as Na (positively), Cu, Fe, and Al (negatively), as well as TPC, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity. On the other hand, PC2 is negatively correlated with the Mn level in the studied plant samples, and PC3 is negatively correlated with the TPACs. As it was found in the recent application of PCA in the interpretation of experimental data for Chinese medicinal plants [23], this statistical method is also well suited for complex evaluation of results of Congo medicinal plants and finding the factors responsible for the differentiation of investigated materials. 17dc91bb1f
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