Moncef, C.; Said, M.; Olfa, N. & Dagbaji, G. Influence of morphological characteristics on physical and physiological performances of tunisian elite male handball players. Asian J. Sports Med., 3(2):74-80, 2012.
Handball Association Script
Moncef, C.; Said, M.; Olfa, N. & Dagbaji, G. Influence of morphological characteristics on physical and physiological performances of tunisian elite male handball players. Asian J. Sports Med., 3(2):74-80, 2012.
Handball Association Script
The proximity of the player whose hand or arm makes contact with the ball to where the ball was struck from will still be an important consideration for officials when making a decision to award handball or not.
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He picked a job - seventh-grade teacher at Vail Middle School - that allowed him to retreat to a handball court every day at 4 p.m. He started attending Tucson Racquet & Fitness Club every day for at least 2 1/2 hours.
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A player in an offside position receiving the ball from an opponent who deliberately plays the ball, including by deliberate handball, is not considered to have gained an advantage, unless it was a deliberate save by any opponent.
The stricter rules have generated fierce debate after a weekend of controversy, and the Premier League would like to see a more subjective approach to refereeing handball for the remainder of this season.
However, the handball law (Law 12) cannot be removed or changed in the middle of a campaign and with IFAB scheduled to hold their next AGM in March, any amendments to the laws of the game would not come into effect until June 1.
The law states that handball should be awarded if the player has made their body unnaturally bigger, but leaves it open to a referee, league or competition to apply its own interpretation of what constitutes "unnatural".
In Norway, researchers have begun to explore how athlete development systems and specialization pathways in sports such as handball affect the prevalence of injuries, and how overuse impacts youth athletes (Ãsheim et al., 2018; Moseid et al., 2018). Athlete development in Norwegian handball emerges from an interplay between club-based practice and competition, sport academy secondary school programs, and the regional and national athlete development initiatives provided by the Norwegian Handball Federation. The model is loosely connected and decentralized, and is one in which emphasis is placed on providing practice opportunities for as many children and youth as possible. Regulations prohibit sport-specific specialization toward elite-oriented development before the age of 13, and financial sanctions can be imposed at the individual and club-level if the regulations are violated. The athlete development model is therefore structured in a way that facilitates later-age engagement without specialization (BjÃrndal and Ronglan, 2020).
Efforts to promote athlete and talent development in Norway have focused mostly on increasing opportunities for play and practice, often by adding more activities across the spectrum of activities offered by clubs, schools, and associations. These include, but are not limited to, the introduction of sport school programs at the lower secondary school level, as well as activities at the youth international team level, and age-based national club championship level (BjÃrndal and Ronglan, 2020). Sport school programs can provide important opportunities for individually-focused and complementary training (BjÃrndal and Ronglan, 2018; BjÃrndal and Gjesdal, 2020). However, young athletes attending sport school programs may also experience many stressors, such as less sleep time, and significant increases in training volumes which may result in severe and long-lasting injuries (Kristiansen and Stensrud, 2016). Too much training and competition across clubs, schools, and federation settings can lead to injuries and burnout, and compromise the success of an athlete's transition to the adult elite level (BjÃrndal et al., 2017; Kristiansen and Stensrud, 2020).
While the number of studies examining associations between training load and injuries in adult elite sport has increased in recent years (Griffin et al., 2020), no studies, to date, have simultaneously and prospectively reported on both injuries and training load, and match exposure among youth handball players, either in Norway or elsewhere. This is surprising given that training load and match exposure have been shown to be associated with overuse injuries (Soligard et al., 2016) and can impact adversely on athlete development in general (Myer et al., 2015). In the current research literature on training load quantification in handball, most studies have focused on load variables in match play or specific training drills (Buchheit et al., 2009; Michalsik and Aagaard, 2015; Luteberget and Spencer, 2017; Luteberget et al., 2018), and there is still little research on longitudinal training and competition load (Bresciani et al., 2010; Clemente et al., 2019). As such, the present findings present novel data on the training load of young handball players throughout a competitive season.
The percentage of the 205 handball players participating in different levels of (A) competition and practice play, and (B) experience from association-level player development activities. Players participating in more than one level could be counted in multiple categories (a player, for example, could be a member of both the Youth International Team and a Regional Team at the same time).
The weekly injury percentage compared to the match percentage across the season from week 37 in 2018 to week 17 in 2019. Based on 17 293 responses about player activity, and 17 379 responses about player injury from 205 handball players.
Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), 95% Confidence Intervals, Robust Standard Error and P-value from four Poisson regression models to ascertain the association between different levels of play (Level 1 = Premier League + Division 1; Level 2 = Division 2 + Division 3; Level 3 = Other Levels) and weekly health problem frequency, and participating in the international team and weekly health problem frequency.
Other studies of youth athletes have reported higher volumes of training than those noted in ours: 9.3 (3.5) h per week of cross-country skiing (Landgraff and HallÃn, 2020), for example, and 11.5 (4.2) weekly training hours in handball (Kristiansen and Stensrud, 2020). However, differences between the types of sports and in the methodologies used to analyze them (retrospective rather than prospective) could potentially explain such variations and highlight the potential importance of examining each sport separately and in consistent, comparative ways. In Spain, the number of training sessions per week during the competitive season in handball has previously been reported as between 4.0 and 5.3 for male handball players (Bresciani et al., 2010). One reason for the higher reported number of sessions in our study may have been due to the participants being enrolled in sport school programs. In contrast, the participants in the study by Bresciani et al. (2010) were above school age (20.1 [2.5] years) and therefore probably only training in club and/or association settings.
The mean of the sum session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) value per player per week, with 95% confidence intervals, showing the change in the sRPE values across the season from week 37 in 2018 to week 17 in 2019. A total of 14,704 activity responses from 176 handball players were included.
However, sport school participation cannot be disregarded as a key factor affecting the weekly load of youth handball players. As BjÃrndal and Gjesdal (2020) have observed, sport school programs can help to bridge gaps in the training load between adult elite level players and/or youth international team players and others. In their study of the developmental paths of Norwegian female handball players, BjÃrndal et al. (2016) found that the differences in the number of weekly training hours reported by athletes could be explained by whether the athletes were enrolled in a sport school program or not.
Female players were found to have significantly more injuries and substantial health problems. Sickness levels among female players, too, were higher compared to male players (11 vs. 6%). Previous research on youth elite athletes across different sports also reported that girls were at a higher risk of injury (Myklebust et al., 1997; Moseid et al., 2018). However, these variations may be due to differences in the way male and female players interpret symptoms, and may not necessarily indicate more serious underlying problems specific to female athletes in handball. It would be appropriate, therefore, to investigate how sport development programs should be structured to protect female athletes during their developmental years.
Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results.
PetrÃczi, Aidman, and Nepusz expected, for example, that athletes who are regularly involved in competitions would exhibit a stronger dislike for doping [22]. Rather unexpectedly, they could not find this difference. A study by Lotz and Hagemann, by contrast, suggested a group difference between more (bodybuilding and track-and-field) or less (handball and table tennis) doping prone sports [35]. However, in their study, the indirectly measured attitude scores correlated with a random factor.
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