Show jumping is an equestrian sport where horse and rider combinations navigate a course of knockdown obstacles within a set time. Winners are determined by the fewest penalties—incurred from knocking down rails, refusals, or exceeding the time limit—combined with the fastest time, often culminating in a "jump-off" against the clock 

Foot in Water (4 Faults): Incurred if a horse lands with one or more feet in the water jump 

Time Faults: For every second (or fraction of a second) over the Time Allowed, 1 fault is added. Note that in some international jump-offs, every commenced second over time is penalized.

First Refusal (4 Faults): Occurs if a horse stops before a jump or runs out to the side. The rider must re-attempt the jump

 Knockdown (4 Faults): Incurred if a horse hits an obstacle and dislodges any part that lowers its height or width. If multiple rails fall at one jump, it is still only 4 faults 

Second Disobedience: At most competitive levels (Preliminary, Intermediate, and Advanced), a second disobedience—such as a refusal, run-out, or circle—anywhere on the course results in elimination.

Off-Course: Jumping obstacles in the wrong order, jumping an obstacle not included in the course, or jumping a fence in the wrong direction.

Exceeding the Time Limit: Taking more than twice the "Time Allowed" to complete the course 

Failure to Re-attempt: Failing to attempt a jump again after a refusal or run-out