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Considering the importance of the environmentally sustainable development of the marine environment (United Nations, 2015a), this study sought to identify the scientific convergence between the dimensions of environmental sustainability and ocean cruise ships. To that end, this exploratory and descriptive study, with an inductive method and a qualitative approach, presents a bibliometric analysis of scientific production on ocean cruise ships environmental sustainability.

Sustainability management in organizations has brought benefits to society. This dimension has gained importance in the risk management of cruise tourism and the industry reports on the subject have become useful tools for improving corporate image, a complex topic for tourism destinations, according to Santos & Silva (2015Santos, G. E. de O., & Silva, V. de J. (2015). Mapa perceptual como ferramenta para a anlise da imagem de destinos tursticos. Revista de Turismo ContemporNeo, 3(2), 211-231.), in a highly competitive market (Bonilla-Priego, Font, & Pacheco-Olivares, 2014Bonilla-Priego, M. J., Font, X., & Pacheco-Olivares, M. del R. (2014). Corporate sustainability reporting index and baseline data for the cruise industry. Tourism Management, 44, 149-160. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.03.004

 ; Jones, Comfort, et al., 2016Jones, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2016). The two market leaders in ocean cruising and corporate sustainability. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 288-306. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0191

 -04-2016-01... ; Klein, 2011Klein, R. A. (2011). Responsible Cruise Tourism: Issues of Cruise Tourism and Sustainability. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18(1), 107-116. doi:10.1375/jhtm.18.1.107

 ; Walker & Moscardo, 2014Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2014). Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: ecotourism, interpretation and values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(8), 1175-1196. doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.918134

 ).

To meet the proposed objectives, this article included two analytical steps, since cruise companies do not prioritize environ-mental issues in their strategies (Friends of Earth, 2016; Hall et al., 2017Hall, C. M., Wood, H., & Wilson, S. (2017). Environmental reporting in the cruise industry. In R. Dowling & C. Weeden (Eds.), Cruise Ship Tourism (2nd ed., pp. 441-464). Boston: CABI. doi:10.1079/9781780646084.0441

 ; Jones, Comfort, et al., 2016Jones, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2016). The two market leaders in ocean cruising and corporate sustainability. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 288-306. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0191

 -04-2016-01... ; Jones, Hillier, & Comfort, 2016; Klein, 2009Klein, R. A. (2009). Getting a Grip on Cruise Ship Pollution. Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth.). Thus, the study assumes that knowing the requirements of environmental sustainability helps shipping companies to understand the environment where they operate and is an indispensable tool to take on economic, social, and environmental challenges and the relationships between them.

In this context, this exploratory and descriptive research, using the inductive method and a qualitative approach, presents a bibliometric analysis to meet the objective: to analyze scientific publications on environmental sustainability in the context of ocean cruise ships. Thus, the main objective is to identify publications focusing on environmental requirements.

Qualitative data were analyzed quantitatively, using descriptive statistics, seeking to draw conclusions from the qualitative research responses. The data were numerically evaluated by calculating frequencies, a technique commonly used in British leisure and tourism research (Veal, 2011Veal, A. J. (2011). Metodologia de pesquisa em lazer e turismo. So Paulo: Aleph.), to explain the theories (Creswell & Poth, 2016Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications.), allowing a flexible interpretation in the construction of the analysis (Sampieri, Collado, & Lucio, 2013Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, M. del P. B. (2013). Metodologia de pesquisa. Porto Alegre: Penso.).

According to Hall et al. (2017Hall, C. M., Wood, H., & Wilson, S. (2017). Environmental reporting in the cruise industry. In R. Dowling & C. Weeden (Eds.), Cruise Ship Tourism (2nd ed., pp. 441-464). Boston: CABI. doi:10.1079/9781780646084.0441

 ), despite the increasing involvement of the cruise industry in terms of sustainability, disclosing results is not a common practice among all companies, and there is no standard for the reports presented. In keeping with these findings, the study by Jones et al. (2016Jones, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2016). The two market leaders in ocean cruising and corporate sustainability. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 288-306. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0191

 -04-2016-01... a) on transparency disclosure of sustainability indicators showed that among the leading companies, only the Carnival Corporation group, which includes Costa Cruises, the Holland America Line and Princess Cruises, and Royal Caribbean Cruises, also the owner of Azamara Club Cruises, publish detailed reports on aspects related to sustainability, including social, economic, and environmental issues. Besides these companies, according to the authors (op. cit.), some other shipping companies such as Norwegian Cruise Lines, MSC Cruises, Disney Cruises, Thomson Cruises, Star Cruises, and Silversea, release limited information on the subject.

The organization Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU, 2017) states that ships are generally responsible for much of the air pollution in Europe, causing the premature death of about 50,000 people each year because of the black carbon, nitrogen oxide, and sulphur emissions of international shipping in European waters. The negative impacts can inspire environmentally sustainable initiatives of shipping companies, although two companies already release performance indicators for environmental aspects (Jones, Comfort, et al., 2016Jones, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2016). The two market leaders in ocean cruising and corporate sustainability. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 288-306. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-04-2016-0191

 -04-2016-01... ), Royal Caribbean (Royal Caribbean, 2017) and Costa Cruises (Costa Cruises, 2015).

In this sense, it is imperative that shipbuilding companies adopt the best environmental practices as guiding principles (Fodness, 2016Fodness, D. (2016). The problematic nature of sustainable tourism: some implications for planners and managers. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-13. doi:10.1080/13683500.2016.1209162

 ; United Nations, 2015b) regarding sustainable development of the marine environment, by integrating cleaner operations and monitoring the main requirements and environmental variables of this system, highlighting the following requirements and variables that were identified by Author (in press) in a survey that identifies the environmental factors that should be primarily managed in ocean cruise ships. This study adds to the requirements identified by Friends of the Earth (2016) environmental factors included in the International Maritime Association (IMO) and International Standard Association (ISO) guidelines, with the contribution of the analysis of the Scopus articles presented here, which confirm these requirements:

Therefore, from the establishment of requirements and variables, cruise companies, in order to integrate cleaner operations on their ships with the marine environment, should adopt indicators and respective parameters for sustainable practices; not only because of environmental awareness or strategic value, but also because of transparency with stakeholders regarding initiatives related to environmental responsibility, in particular to the communities along the way and in the destinations that suffer from direct impacts of cruise ships. In this way, the institutions and the market will know what is being done regarding the protection of the oceans, which could increase public awareness of marine environment.

The importance of the cruise industry for tourism is recognized (Coggins Jr, 2014Coggins Jr, A. O. (2014). The globalization of the cruise industry: a tale of ships. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(2), 138-151. doi:10.1108/WHATT-12-2013-0048

 -12-2013-00... ; Hwang & Han, 2014Hwang, J., & Han, H. (2014). Examining strategies for maximizing and utilizing brand prestige in the luxury cruise industry. Tourism Management, 40, 244-259. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.007

 ; Kerswill & Mair, 2015Kerswill, M., & Mair, H. (2015). Big Ships, Small Towns: Understanding Cruise Port Development in Falmouth, Jamaica. Tourism in Marine Environments, 10(3), 189-199. doi:10.3727/154427315X14181438892766

 ; Klein, 2011Klein, R. A. (2011). Responsible Cruise Tourism: Issues of Cruise Tourism and Sustainability. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18(1), 107-116. doi:10.1375/jhtm.18.1.107

 ; Panosso-Netto & Trigo, 2009Panosso-Netto, A., & Trigo, L. G. G. (2009). Cenrios do turismo brasileiro. So Paulo: Aleph.; Pavli, 2013Pavli, I. (2013). Cruise tourism demand forecasting - the case of Dubrovnik. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 19.(1.), 125-142.; C. E. de A. Ramoa & Flores, 2015Ramoa, C. E. de A., & Flores, L. C. da S. (2015). Cruzeiros martimos: tendncia da demanda no mercado brasileiro e internacional para os prximos 5 anos, a partir de 2014. Observatrio de La Economia Latinoamericana, 206.; Weeden, Lester, & Thyne, 2011Weeden, C., Lester, J.-A., & Thyne, M. (2011). Cruise Tourism: Emerging Issues and Implications for a Maturing Industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18(1), 26-29. doi:10.1375/jhtm.18.1.26

 ), however, this is not reflected in the number of scientific papers found in this research, which identified 925 journals indexed in the Scopus database mentioning this subject, which corresponds to only 0.5% of the number of publications related to the dimension of tourism. e24fc04721

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