Goji, goji berry, or wolfberry (Chinese: ; pinyin: guq) is the sweet fruit of either Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense, two closely related species of boxthorn in the nightshade family, Solanaceae.[1] L. barbarum and L. chinense fruits are similar but can be distinguished by differences in taste and sugar content.[2]

In the English-speaking world, the name goji berry has been used since around 2000.[6][15][16] The word goji is an approximation of the pronunciation of guq (pinyin for ), the name for the berry-producing plant L. chinense in several Chinese dialects.[14]


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Since the early 21st century, the dried fruit, occasionally compared to raisins, has been marketed as a health food, with unsupported health claims about its benefits.[6][14][15] In the wake of those claims, dried and fresh goji berries were included in many snack foods and food supplements, such as granola bars.[21] There are products of whole and ground wolfberry seeds and seed oil.[citation needed]

In January 2007, marketing statements for a goji juice product were the subject of an investigative report by consumer advocacy program Marketplace produced by the Canadian television network, CBC.[7] In the interview, Earl Mindell (then working for direct-marketing company FreeLife International, Inc.) falsely claimed the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York had completed clinical studies showing that use of wolfberry juice would prevent 75% of human breast cancer cases.[7]

On 29 May 2009, a class action lawsuit was filed against FreeLife in the United States District Court of Arizona. This lawsuit alleged false claims, misrepresentations, false and deceptive advertising and other issues regarding FreeLife's Himalayan Goji Juice, GoChi, and TaiSlim products. This lawsuit sought remedies for consumers who had purchased the products over years.[8][26] A settlement agreement was reached on 28 April 2010, where FreeLife took steps to ensure that its goji products were not marketed as "unheated" or "raw", and made a contribution to an educational organization.[citation needed]

As with many other novel "health" foods and supplements, the lack of clinical evidence and poor quality control in the manufacture of consumer products prevent goji from being clinically recommended or applied.[27]

In vitro testing suggests that unidentified wolfberry phytochemicals in goji tea may inhibit metabolism of medications, such as those processed by the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes.[6] Such drugs include warfarin and drugs for diabetes, tachycardia or hypertension.[6]

Ningxia goji has been cultivated along the fertile floodplains of the Yellow River for more than 700 years. They are sometimes described commercially as "red diamonds".[33][better source needed] The region has developed an industrial association of growers, processors, marketers, and scholars of wolfberry cultivation to promote the berry's commercial and export potential.[34] Ningxia goji is the variety used by practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine.[34]

The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) had initially placed goji berry in the Novel Foods list.[37] That classification would have required authorisation from the European Council and Parliament for marketing.[citation needed] However, on 18 June 2007, the FSA concluded that there was a significant history of consumption of the fruit before 1997, indicating its safety, and thus removed it from the list.[16]

In the first decade of the 21st century, farmers in Canada and the United States began cultivating goji on a commercial scale to meet potential markets for fresh berries, juice, and processed products.[38][39]

Australia imports the majority of its goji berries from China, due to how expensive the Australian labour force is in comparison with the countries that have the largest share of the current market.[40]

The protective characteristics of goji berry extracts on retina cells have been shown in the early stage of the retina degeneration in both human and animal studies [1]. Consumption of dietary L. barbarum has been shown to be retinoprotective. A study by Yu et al. in 2013 showed that 1% (kcal) wolfberry upregulated carotenoid metabolic genes of zeaxanthin and luteolin and also improved the biogenesis of mitochondria in the retina of db/db diabetic mice [36]. It has been suggested that inhibited expression of these zeaxanthin and luteolin-metabolizing genes can cause hyperglycaemia, which increases the risk of retinopathy [1].

Patients who experienced interactions between goji berries and warfarin have been described in three published case reports. Warfarin is prescribed as a common anticoagulation therapy. The international normalized ratio (INR) was observed to elevate in patients after drinking goji tea [83]. Increased bleeding from the rectum and nose was observed in another patient who drank goji berry juice [84]. Most recently, a study by Zhang et al. reported that an elderly man taking a prolonged maintenance dose of warfarin after drinking goji berry wine experienced an increased international normalized ratio (INR) with associated bleeding [85]. Other possible interactions between goji berries and prescription medications are still unknown. It is important to take into consideration the possible risks of taking goji berries in individuals taking medications with a narrow therapeutic index.

A 90-day study in 150 older adults found that supplementing with goji berries increased blood antioxidant levels, prevented hypopigmentation of the macula (the central area of the retina), and helped soften fatty protein deposits under the retina (14).

Similarly, a study in 114 people with early macular degeneration showed that daily goji berry supplements improved the density of macular pigment, which may protect against the progression of macular degeneration (15).

Goji berries are also known as Lycium barbarum. The goji berry is native to Asia, and people in Asia have been using this brightly colored fruit for more than 2,000 years as a medicinal herb and food supplement. Goji berries are widely available for purchase in health food stores and online.

More recently, supporters have introduced goji berries to the rest of the world with claims of many potential health benefits. Modern science is investigating these claims, and researchers have backed many of them.

A second study reported in the journal Drug Design, Development and Therapy shows goji berries protect the retina from the ganglion cells responsible for glaucoma, a condition that can lead to vision loss.

Goji berries are often called a superfood because they contain chemical compounds called phytochemicals that are produced by plants. Phytochemicals in goji berries include polysaccharides, beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin.

Polysaccharides are a primary characteristic of the goji berry. These are an essential source of dietary fiber. A study using aging mice found that polysaccharides in goji berries helped with improving immune function and increasing total antioxidant activity in the body.

Beta-carotene is responsible for the orange-red color pigment in goji berries. Beta-carotene is vital for eye health, bone health, skin health, and cell development. The amount of beta-carotene in goji berries is among the highest of all edible plants.

The goji berry, also called the wolfberry, is a bright orange-red berry that comes from a shrub that's native to China. In Asia, goji berries have been eaten for generations in the hope of living longer.

Navitas Organics Cacao Goji Power Snacks bring together two classic superfoods: cacao and goji berries. These flavorful bite-sized snacks are made of dates, superfoods, and seeds to give you convenient energy whenever you need it.

Regularly eating a small serving of dried goji berries may help prevent or delay the development of age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, in healthy middle-aged people, according to a small, randomized trial conducted at the University of California, Davis.

The researchers found that 13 healthy participants aged 45 to 65 who consumed 28 grams (about one ounce, or a handful) of goji berries five times a week for 90 days increased the density of protective pigments in their eyes. In contrast, 14 study participants who consumed a commercial supplement for eye health over the same period did not show an increase.

She researched the bioactive compounds in goji berries and found they contain high quantities of lutein and zeaxanthin, which are known to reduce the risk of eye diseases related to AMD. The form of zeaxanthin in goji berries is also a highly bioavailable form, according to Li, meaning it is readily absorbed in the digestive system so the body can use it.

Fruit stem cell complex and resveratrol CoQ10, super antioxidants, help support dermal vitality as goji glycopeptides uplift tone and texture for velvety soft skin with the appearance of fewer fine lines and wrinkles and a rejuvenated complexion.

The mango/goji berry combo is one that I had personally never tried before, but am pretty excited to use again. Normally I am not super crazy about goji berries, just because I actually do not find their flavor all that amazing, but when mixed with other fruits, those pretty, healthy packed berries are darn good and pack in some awesome flavor.

What does the research tell us are the benefits of goji berries? Low in calories, fat-free, a good source of fiber and a high-antioxidant food, goji berry benefits include the ability to help fight free radicals that lead to disease, effectively manage your weight and experience better digestion.

Like most other superfoods, goji berries are an excellent source of antioxidants that help boost the immune system and protect the body from high levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, since they fight free radical damage.

One of the surprising goji berry benefits you might not know about is that each serving has about four grams of protein and 18 different amino acids, plus over 20 other trace minerals, including zinc, iron, phosphorus and riboflavin (vitamin B2). Ounce for ounce, goji berries offer more beta-carotene than carrots and more iron than soybeans and spinach, which makes them a great source to help stave off iron deficiency. 006ab0faaa

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