By respecting cognitive science and the need to build up knowledge and GIS technical skills in small steps, this takes into account the limitations of the working memory, by using Rosenshine's Principles of Instruction to avoid overload. The aim is to help novices to build on existing knowledge and teach with GIS, by integrating it into the sequenced subject curriculum, to help make learning better. The concept cube is a useful tool for doing this - by identifying new knowledge and skills being acquired in the working memory, and linking this to both prior learning and future learning schema in the long term memory.