Enhancing women’s land rights is crucial for improving their intrahousehold bar-

gaining power. We utilized panel data covering three rounds of the Living Standards

Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) in Ethiopia. Our

investigation focuses on assessing bargaining power through intra-household resource-

sharing dynamics. Our findings reveal that female-headed households tend to allocate

more resources towards clothing and education expenditures. Key determinants influ-

encing the bargaining process include the wife’s education ratio, which positively af-

fects women’s bargaining power, whereas the wife’s age ratio exerts a negative influence.

Through fixed effect and instrumental estimation, we analyzed the estimated sharing

rule. Our results underscore the significant positive impact of joint land certification on

women’s bargaining power within intrahousehold resource allocation. However, we did

not observe a significant impact on women’s bargaining power improvement with sole

land certification.


The early-life period of a child is a critical time when the blueprint for adult develop-

ment is established. Weather shocks during this crucial period significantly influence

long-term health and educational attainment in adulthood. We utilized the Young

Lives data from Ethiopia to evaluate the impact of early-life drought shocks on child

health and schooling. The drought shocks around the time of childbirth were identi-

fied using the Standardized Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) derived from precipitation

and temperature data. The results indicated that in utero drought shocks have a neg-

ative and persistent impact on child height. Furthermore, drought shocks during the

preconception year and postnatal years negatively affect child growth, as measured by

standardised height (HAZ). Exposure to drought shocks in early life leads to fewer

years of schooling, greater delays in school entry, and a higher probability of long-term

chronic health problems. Household participation in the Productive Safety Net Program

(PSNP) shows a positive effect on child health and educational attainment. However,

the interaction between early-life drought exposure and PSNP benefits suggests that

later-life support mechanisms are incapable to fully mitigate the impacts of early-life

drought exposure.