ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION is a building material and systems that are activated by a fire to mitigate adverse effects or to notify people to take some action mitigate adverse effects.

ADJUSTED BRACE STRENGTH is the strength of a brace in a buckling-restrained braced frame at deformations corresponding to 2.0 times the design story drift.

ALLOWABLE STRENGTH is the nominal strength divided by the safety factor, Rn/Ω.

ALLOWABLE STRESS is the allowable strength divided by the appropriate section property, such as section modulus or cross-section area.

AMPLIFICATION FACTOR is the multiplier of the results of first-order analysis to reflect second-order effects.

AMPLIFIED SEISMIC LOAD is the horizontal component of earthquake load E multiplied by Ωo , where E and the horizontal component of E are specified in the NSCP code.

APPLICABLE BUILDING CODE is a Building Code under which the structure is designed (i.e NSCP 6th Edition).

ASD (ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN) is a method of propo1iioning structural components such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the ASD load combinations.

ASD LOAD COMBINATION refers to load combination in the NSCP code intended for allowable strength design (allowable stress design).

AUTHORITY HAYING JURISDICTION (AHJ) is the organization, political subdivision, office or individual charged with the responsibility of administering and enforcing the provisions of this standard.

AVAILABLE STRENGTH is the design strength or allowable strength, as appropriate.

AVAILABLE STRESS is the design stress or allowable stress, as appropriate.

AVERAGE RIB WIDTH is the average width of the rib of a corrugation in a formed steel deck.

BATTEN PLATE is a plate rigidly connected to two parallel components of a built-up column or beam designed to transmit shear between the components.

BEAM is a structural member that has the primary function of resisting bending moments.

BEAM-COLUMN is a structural member that resists both axial force and bending moment.

BEARING is the connection, limit state of ultimate shear forces transmitted by the mechanical fastener to the connection elements.

BEARING refers to a bolted connection, limit state of shear forces transmitted by the bolt to the connection elements.

BEARING (LOCAL COMPRESSIVE YIELDING) refers to the limit state of local compressive yielding due to the action of a member bearing against another member or surface.

BEARING-TYPE CONNECTION is a bolted connection where shear forces are transmitted by the bolt bearing against the connection elements.

BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE refers to a connection, limit state of tension fracture along one path and shear yielding or shear fracture along another path.

BOUNDARY MEMBER is a portion along wall and diaphragm edge strengthened with structural steel sections and/or longitudinal steel reinforcement and transverse reinforcement.

BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system that provides resistance to lateral loads and provides stability for the structural system.

BRACING is a member or system that provides stiffness and strength to limit the out-of-plane movement of another member at a brace point.

BRACE TEST SPECIMEN is a single buckling-restrained brace element used for laboratory testing intended to model the brace in the Prototype.

BRANCH FACE is the wall of HSS branch member.

BRANCH MEMBER refers HSS connections, member that tem1inates at a chord member or main member.

BUCKLING is a limit state of sudden change in the geometry of a structure or any of its elements under a critical loading condition .

BUCKLING STRENGTH 1s a nominal strength for instability limits states.

BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACED FRAME (BRBF) is a diagonally braced frame satisfying the requirements Section 529 in which all members of the bracing system are subjected primarily to axial forces and in which the limit tale f compression buckling of braces is precluded at forces and deformations corresponding to 2.0 times the design story drift.

BUCKLING-RESTRAINING SYSTEM is the system of restraints that limits buckling of the steel core in BRBF. This system includes the casing on the steel core and structural elements adjoining its connections. The buckling-restraining system is intended to permit the transverse expansion and longitudinal contraction of the steel core for deformations corresponding to 2.0 times the design story drift.

BUILT-UP MEMBER, CROSS-SECTION, SECTION, SHAPE refers to the member, cross-section, section or shape fabricated from structural steel elements that are welded or bolted together.

CAMBER is a curvature fabricated into a beam or truss so as to compensate for deflection induced by loads.

CASING is an element that resists forces transverse to the axis of the brace thereby restraining buckling of the core. The casing requires a means of delivering this force to the remainder of the buckling-restraining system. The casing resists little or no force in the axis of the brace.

CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT TEST is a standard dynamic test measuring notch toughness of a specimen.

CHORD MEMBER refers to or HSS, primary member that extends through a truss connection.

CLADDING is the exterior covering of structure.

COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBER refers to the shape manufactured by press-braking blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming cold- or hot- rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room temperature, that is, without manifest addition of heat such as would be required for hot forming.

COLLECTOR ELEMENT refers to the member that serves to transfer loads between floor diaphragms and the members of the seismic load resisting system.

COLUMN is the structural member that has the primary function of resisting axial force.

COLUMN BASE is an assemblage of structural shapes, plates, connectors, bolts, and rods at the base of a column used to transmit forces between the steel superstructure and the foundation.

COMBINED SYSTEM refers to the structure comprised of two or more lateral load-resisting systems of different type.

COMPACT SECTION 1s a section capable of developing a fully plastic stress distribution and possessing a rotation capacity of approximately three before the onset of local buckling.

COMPARTMENTATION is the enclosure of a building space with elements that have specific fire endurance.

COMPLETE-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELD (CJP) is a groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness, except as permitted for HSS connections.

COMPOSITE is the condition in which steel and concrete elements and members work as a unit in the distribution of internal forces.

COMPOSITE BEAM refers to structural steel beam in contact with and acting compositely with reinforced concrete via bond or shear connectors.

COMPOSITE BRACE is a reinforced-concrete-encased structural steel section (rolled or built-up) or concrete filled steel section used as a brace.

COMPOSITE COLUMN is a reinforced-concrete encased structural steel section (rolled or built-up) or concrete-filled steel section used as a column.

COMPOSITE ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (C-EBF) is a composite braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 545.

COMPOSITE INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME (C-IMF) is a composite moment frame meeting the requirements of Section 541.

COMPOSITE ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (C-OBF) is a composite braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 544.

COMPOSITE ORDINARY MOMENT FRAME (C-OMF) is a composite moment frame meeting the requirements of Section 545 .

COMPOSITE PARTIALLY RESTRAINED MOMENT FRAME (C-PRMF) is a composite moment frame meeting the requirements of Section 539.

COMPOSITE SHEAR WALL is a reinforced concrete wall that has unencased or reinforced-concrete encased structural steel sections as boundary members.

COMPOSITE SLAB) is a concrete slab supported on and bonded to a formed steel deck that acts as a diaphragm to transfer load to and between elements of the seismic load resisting system.

COMPOSITE SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (C-CBF) is a composite braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 543.

COMPOSITE SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME (C-SMF) is a composite moment frame meeting the requirements of Section 540.

COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL (C-SPW) is a wall consisting of steel plate with reinforced concrete encasement on one or both sides that provides out-of-plane stiffening to prevent buckling of the steel plate and meeting the requirements of Section 548.

CONCRETE CRUSHING is the limit state of compressive failure in concrete having reached the ultimate strain.

CONCRETE HAUNCH is a section of solid concrete that results from stopping the deck on each side of the girder in a composite floor system constructed using a formed steel deck.

CONCRETE-ENCASED BEAM is a beam that totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab.

CONFIRMATORY TEST is a test made, when desired, on members, connections, and assemblies designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 551 through Section 557, Appendices 1 and 2, and Section C-3 of this Specification or its specific references, in order to compare actual to calculated performance.

CONNECTION is a combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between two or more members.

CONTINUITY PLATES is a column stiffeners at the top and bottom of the panel zone; also known as transverse stiffeners.

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS refers to the design drawings, specifications, shop drawings, and erection drawings.

CONTRACTOR is a fabricator or erector, as applicable.

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER is the transfer of thermal energy from a point of higher temperature to a point of lower temperature through the motion of an intervening medium.

COPE is a cut-out made in a structural member to remove a flange and confom1 to the shape of an intersecting member.

COUPLING BEAM is a structural steel or composite beam connecting adjacent reinforced concrete wall elements so that they act together to resist lateral loads.

COVER PLATE is a plate welded or bolted to the flange of a member to increase cross-sectional area, section modulus, or moment of inertia.

CROSS CONNECTION refers to HSS connection in which forces in branch members or connecting elements transverse to the main member are primarily equilibrated by forces in other branch members or connecting elements on the opposite side of the main member.

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA is an Effective area, Ae, calculated using the effective widths of component elements in accordance with Section 552. If the effective widths of all component elements, determined in accordance with Section 552, are equal to the actual flat widths, it equals the gross or net area, as applicable.

CURTAIN WALL STUD is a member in the steel framed exterior wall system that transfers transverse ( out-of-plane) loads and is limited to a superimposed axial load, exclusive of sheathing materials , of not more than 1460 N/m, or superimposed axial load of not more than 890 N per stud.

DEMAND CRITICAL WELD weld so designated by this chapter.

DESIGN-BASIS FIRE is a set of conditions that define the development of a fire and the spread of combustion products throughout a building or portion thereof.

DESIGN EARTHQUAKE refers to the earthquake represented by the design response spectrum as specified in the NSCP code.

DESIGN LOAD is the applied load determined in accordance with either LRFD load combinations or ASD load combinations, whichever is applicable.

DESIGN METHODOLOGY is a set of step-by-step procedures, based on calculation or experiment, used to determine sizes, lengths, and details in the design of buckling-restrained braces and their connections.

DESIGN STORY DRIFT is an amplified story drift (drift under the design earthquake, including the effects of inelastic action), determined as specified in the NSCP code.

DESIGN STRENGTH is the resistance factor multiplied by the nominal strength, φRn.

DESIGN STRESS RANGE refers to magnitude of change in stress due to the repeated application and removal of service live loads. For locations subject to stress reversal, it is the algebraic difference of the peak stresses.

DESIGN STRESS is the design strength divided by the appropriate section property, such as section modulus or cross section area.

DESIGN WALL THICKNESS is the HSS wall thickness assumed in the determination of section properties.

DIAGONAL BRACING is an inclined structural members carrying primarily axial load that are employed to enable a structural frame to act as a truss to resist lateral loads.

DIAGONAL STIFFENER is a web stiffener at column panel zone oriented diagonally to the flanges, on one or both sides of the web.

DIAPHRAGM is the roof, floor or other membrane or bracing system that transfers in-plane forces to the lateral force resisting system.

DIAPHRAGM PLATE is a plate possessing in-plane shear stiffness and strength, used to transfer forces to the supporting elements.

DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD is the design method for stability that captures the effects of residual stresses and initial out-of-plumbness of frames by reducing stiffness and applying notional loads in a second-order analysis.

DIRECT BOND INTERACTION is a mechanism by which force is transferred between steel and concrete in a composite section by bond stress.

DIRECT STRENGTH METHOD is an alternative design method detailed in Section C-1 that provides predictions of member strengths without the use of effective widths.

DISTORTIONAL BUCKLING is a mode of buckling involving change in cross-sectional shape, excluding local buckling.

DISTORTIONAL FAILURE is a limit state of an HSS truss connection based on distortion of a rectangular HSS chord member into a rhomboidal shape.

DISTORTIONAL STIFFNESS is an out-of-plane flexural stiffness of web. DOUBLE CURVATURE is a deformed shape of a beam with one or more inflection points within the span.

DOUBLE-CONCENTRATED FORCES is the two equal and opposite forces that form a couple on the same side of the loaded member.

DOUBLER is a plate added to, and parallel with, a beam or column web to increase resistance to concentrated forces.

DOUBLY-SYMMETRIC SECTION is a section symmetric about two orthogonal axes through its centroid.

DUAL SYSTEM is a structural system with the following features: (1) an essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads; (2) resistance to lateral load provided by moment frames (SMF, IMF or OMF) that are capable of resisting at least 25 percent of the base shear, and concrete or steel shear walls, or steel braced frames (EBF, SCBF or OCBF); and (3) each system designed to resist the total lateral load in proportion to its relative rigidity.

DUCTILE LIMIT STATE includes member and connection yielding, bearing deformation at bolt holes, as well as buckling of members that conform to the width-thickness limitations of Table 521-1. Fracture of a member or of a connection, or buckling of a connection element, is not a ductile limit state.

ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a diagonally braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 528 that has at least one end of each bracing member connected to a beam a short distance from another beam-to-brace connection or a beam-to-column connection.

EFFECTIVE DESIGN WIDTH (EFFECTIVE WIDTH) is a flat width of an element reduced for design purposes, also known simply as the effective width.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH is the length of an otherwise identical column with the same strength when analyzed with pinned end conditions.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR is the ratio between the effective length and the unbraced length of the member.

EFFECTIVE NET AREA 1s a net area modified to account for the effect of shear lag.

EFFECTIVE SECTION MODULUS 1s a section modulus reduced to account for buckling of slender compression elements.

EFFECTIVE WIDTH refers to reduced width of a plate or slab with an assumed uniform stress distribution which produces the same effect on the behavior of a structural member as the actual plate or slab width with its non-uniform stress distribution.

ELASTIC ANALYSIS is a structural analysis based on the assumption that the structure returns to its original geometry on removal of the load.

ELEVATED TEMPERA TURES refers to heating conditions experienced by building elements or structures as a result of fire, which are in excess of the anticipated ambient conditions.

ENCASED COMPOSITE BEAM is a composite beam completely enclosed in reinforced concrete.

ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMN is a structural steel column (rolled or built-up) completely encased in reinforced concrete.

ENCASED COMPOSITE COLUMN is a composite column consisting of a structural concrete column and one or more embedded steel shapes.

END PANEL is a web panel with an adjacent panel on one side only.

END RETURN is a length of fillet weld that continues around a corner in the same plane.

ENGINEER OF RECORD is a licensed professional responsible for sealing the design drawings and specifications.

EXEMPTED COLUMN refers to the column not meeting the requirements of Equation 522-3 for SMF.

EXPANSION ROCKER refers to support with curved surface on which a member bears that can tilt to accommodate expansion.

EXPANSI ON ROLLER is a round steel bar on which a member bears that can roll to accommodate expansion.

EXPECTED TENSILE STRENGTH is the tensile strength of a member, equal to the specified minimum tensile strength, Fu, multiplied by Rt.

EXPECTED YIELD STRENGTH is the yield strength in tension of a member, equal to the expected yield stress multiplied by Ag.

EXPECTED YIELD STRESS is the yield stress of the material, equal to the specified minimum yield stress, Fy, multiplied by Ry.

EYEBAR refers to pin-connected tension member of uniform thickness, with forged or thermally cut head of greater width than the body, proportioned to provide approximately equal strength in the head and body.

FACE BEARING PLATES refers to stiffeners attached to structural steel beams that are embedded in reinforced concrete walls or columns. The plates are located at the face of the reinforced concrete to provide confinement and to transfer loads to the concrete through direct bearing.

FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load factor and the nominal load.

FASTENER is a generic term for bolts, rivets, or other connecting devices.

FATIGUE is a limit state of crack initiation and growth resulting from repeated application of live loads.

FAYING SURFACE is a contact surface of connection elements transmitting a shear force.

FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMN is a round or rectangular structural steel section filled with concrete.

FILLED COMPOSITE COLUMN is a composite column consisting of a shell of HSS or steel pipe filled with structural concrete.

FILLER is a plate used to build up the thickness of one component.

FILLER MET AL is a metal or alloy to be added in making a welded joint.

FILLET WELD is a weld of generally triangular cross section made between intersecting surfaces of elements.

FILLET WELD REINFORCEMENT is a fillet welds added to groove welds.

FIRE refers to as destructive burning, as manifested by any or all of the following: light, flame, heat, or smoke.

FIRE BARRIER is an element of construction formed of fire-resisting materials and tested in accordance with ASTM Standard Ell9, or other approved standard fire resistance test, to demonstrate compliance with the Building Code.

FIRE ENDURANCE is a measure of the elapsed time during which a material or assembly continues to exhibit fire resistance.

FIRE RESISTANCE is the property of assemblies that prevents or retards the passage of excessive heat, hot gases or flames under conditions of use and enables them to continue to perform a stipulated function.

FIRE RESISTANCE RATING is the period of time a building element, component or assembly maintains the ability to contain a fire, continues to perform a given structural function, or both, as determined by test or methods based on tests.

FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS is a structural analysis in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the undeformed structure; second-order effects are neglected.

FITTED BEARING STIFFENER is a stiffener used at a support or concentrated load that fits tightly against one or both flanges of a beam so as to transmit load through bearing.

FLANGE OF A SECTION IN BENDING (FLANGE) is a flat width of flange including any intermediate stiffeners plus adjoining comers.

FLARE BEVEL GROOVE WELD is a weld in a groove formed by a member with a curved surface in contact with a planar member.

FLARE V-GROOVE WELD is a weld in a groove formed by two members with curved surfaces.

FLASHOVER is the rapid transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure.

FLAT WIDTH is a nominal width of rectangular HSS minus twice the outside comer radius. In absence of knowledge of the comer radius, the flat width may be taken as the total section width minus three times the thickness.

FLAT WIDTH is the Nominal width of an element exclusive of comers measured along its plane.

FLAT-WIDTH-TO THICKNESS RATIO (FLAT WIDTH RATIO) refers to flat width of an element measured along its plane, divided by its thickness.

FLEXURAL BUCKLING is a buckling mode in which a compression member deflects laterally without twist or change in cross-sectional shape.

FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING is a buckling mode in which a compression member bends and twists simultaneously without change in cross-sectional

shape.

FORCE is a resultant of distribution of stress over a prescribed area.

FORMED SECTION see cold-formed steel structural member.

FORMED STEEL DECK refers to composite construction, steel cold formed into a decking profile used as a permanent concrete form.

FULL, UNREDUCED AREA, A, is calculated without considering local buckling in the component elements, which equals either the gross area or net area, as

applicable.

FULLY COMPOSITE BEAM is a composite beam that has a sufficient number of shear connectors to develop the nominal plastic flexural strength of the composite section.

FULLY RESTRAINED MOMENT CONNECTION is a connection capable of transferring moment with negligible rotation between connected members

GAGE is a transverse center-to-center spacing of fasteners.

GAP CONNECTION refers to HSS truss connection with a gap or space on the chord face between intersecting branch members.

GENERAL COLLAPSE. is a limit state of chord plastification of opposing sides of a round HSS chord member at a cross-connection.

GEOMETRIC AXIS is the axis parallel to web, flange or angle leg.

GIRDER see Beam.

GIRDER FILLER is a narrow piece of sheet steel used as a fill between the edge of a deck sheet and the flange of a girder in a composite floor system constructed using a formed steel deck.

GIRT is a horizontal structural member that supports wall panels and is primarily subjected to bending under horizontal loads, such as wind load.

GOUGE refers to relatively smooth surface groove or cavity resulting from plastic deformation or removal of material.

GRAVITY AXIS is the axis through the center of gravity of a member along its length.

GRAVITY FRAME is a portion of the framing system not included in the lateral load resisting system.

GRAVITY LOAD is a load, such as that produced by dead and live loads, acting in the downward direction.

GRIP (OF BOLT) is the thickness of material through which a bolt passes.

GROSS AREA, Ag, without deductions for holes, openings and cutouts.

GROOVE WELD is a weld in a groove between connection elements. See also A WS D 1.1.

GUSSET PLATE is a plate element connecting truss members or a strut or brace to a beam or column.

HEAT FLUX is the radiant energy per unit surface area.

HEAT RELEASE RATE is the rate at which thermal energy is generated by a burning material.

HORIZONTAL SHEAR is a Force at the interface between steel and concrete surfaces in a composite beam.

HSS is a square, rectangular or round hollow structural steel section produced in accordance with a pipe or tubing product specification.

User Note: A pipe can be designed using the same design rules for round HSS sections as long as it conforms to ASTM A53 Class B and the appropriate parameters are used in the design.

INELASTIC ANALYSIS refers to structural analysis that takes into account inelastic material behavior, including plastic analysis.

INELASTIC DEFORMATION is the permanent or plastic portion oj the axial displacement in a buckling-restrained brace.

IN-PLANE INSTABILITY. refers to limit state of a beam-column bent about its major axis while lateral buckling or lateral-torsional buckling is prevented by lateral bracing.

IN-PLANE INSTABILITY refers to buckling involving in the plane of the frame or the member.

INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAME (IMF) is the moment frame · system that meets the requirements of Section 523.

INTERMEDIATE SEISMIC SYSTEMS is seismic systems designed assuming moderate inelastic action occurs in some members under the design earthquake.

INTERSTORY DRIFT ANGLE. refers to interstory displacement divided by story height, radians.

INSTABILITY refers to limit state reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure in which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry produces large displacements.

INVERTED-V-BRACED FRAME. refers to V-braced frame.

JOINT is an area where two or more ends, surfaces, or edges are attached. Categorized by type of fastener or weld used and the method of force transfer.

JOINT ECCENTRICITY refers to HSS truss connection, perpendicular distance from chord member center of gravity to intersection of branch member work points.

K-AREA is the region of the web that extends from the tangent point of the web and the flange-web fillet (AISC "k" dimension) a distance of 38 mm into the web beyond the "k" dimension.

K-BRACED FRAME is a bracing configuration in which braces connect to a column at a location with no diaphragm or other out-of-plane support.

K-CONNECTION -refers to HSS connection m which forces in branch members or connecting elements transverse to the main member are primarily equilibrated by forces in other branch members or connecting elements on the same side of the main member.

LACING is a plate, angle or other steel shape, in a lattice configuration, that connects two steel shapes together.

LAP JOINT is a joint between two overlapping connection elements in parallel planes.

LATERAL BRACING is a diagonal bracing, shear walls or equivalent means for providing in-plane lateral stability.

LATERAL BRACING MEMBER refers to a member that is designed to inhibit lateral buckling or lateral-torsional buckling of primary framing members.

LATERAL LOAD refers to load, such as that produced by wind or earthquake effects, acting m a lateral direction.

LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM refers to structural system designed to resist lateral loads and provide stability for the structure as a whole.

LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING is a buckling mode of a flexural member involving deflection normal to the plane of bending occurring simultaneously with twist about the shear center of the cross-section.

LEANING COLUMN is a column designed to carry gravity loads only, with connections that are not intended to provide resistance to lateral loads.

LENGTH EFFECTS is the consideration of the reduction in strength of a member based on its unbraced length.

LIMIT ST A TE is the condition in which a structure or component becomes unfit for service and is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to have reached its ultimate load-carrying capacity (strength limit state).

LINK in EBF, the segment of a beam that is located between the ends of two diagonal braces or between the end of a diagonal brace and a column. The length of the link is defined as the clear distance between the ends of two diagonal braces or between the diagonal brace and the column face.

LINK INTERMEDIATE WEB STIFFENERS is the vertical web stiffeners placed within the link in EBF.

LINK ROT A TION ANGLE is an inelastic angle between the link and the beam outside of the link when the total story drift is equal to the design story drift.

LINK SHEAR DESIGN STRENGTH refers to lesser of the available shear strength of the link developed from the moment or shear strength of the link.

LOAD refers to force or other action that results from the weight of building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, or restrained dimensional changes.

LOAD-CARRYING REINFORCEMENT is a reinforcement in composite members designed and detailed to resist the required loads.

LOAD is a force· or other action that results from the weight of building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, or restrained dimensional changes.

LOAD EFFECT refers to forces, stresses and deformations produced in a structural component by the applied loads.

LOAD FACTOR is a factor that accounts for deviations of the nominal load from the actual load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect and for the probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously.

LOCAL BENDING is the ultimate state of large deformation of a flange under a concentrated transverse force.

LOCAL BUCKLING refers to buckling of a compression element where the line junctions between elements remain straight and angles between elements do not change.

LOCAL CRIPPLING refers to limit state of local failure of web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction.

LOCAL YIELDING refers to yielding that occurs in a local area of an element.

LOWEST ANTICIPATED SERVICE TEMPERATURE (LAST) is the lowest I-hour average temperature with a 100-year mean recurrence interval.

LRFD (LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN) is the method of proportioning structural components such that the design strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations.

LRFD LOAD COMBINATION is the load combination in the NSCP code intended for strength design (load and resistance factor design).

MAIN MEMBER refers to HSS connections, chord member, column or other HSS member to which branch members or other connecting elements are attached.

MASTER COIL refers to one continuous, weld-free coil as produced by a hot mill, cold mill, metallic coating line or paint line and identifiable by a unique coil number. In some cases, this coil is cut into smaller coils or slit into narrower coils; however, all of these smaller and /or narrower finished coils are said to have come from the same master coil if they are traceable to the original master coil number.

MEASURED FLEXURAL RESISTANCE is a bending moment measured in a beam at the face of the column, for a beam-to-column test specimen tested in accordance with Appendix B-4.

MECHANISM is a structural system that includes a sufficient number of real hinges, plastic hinges or both, so as to be able to articulate in one or more rigid body modes.

MILL SCALE is an oxide surface coating on steel formed by the hot rolling process.

MILLED SURFACE is a surface that has been machined flat by a mechanically guided tool to a flat, smooth condition.

MOMENT CONNECTION is a connection that transmits bending moment between connected members.

MOMENT FRAME refers to framing system that provides resistance to lateral loads and provides stability to the structural system, primarily by shear and flexure of the framing members and their connections.

MULTIPLE-STIFFENED ELEMENT is an element stiffened between webs, or between a web and a stiffened edge, by means of inte1mediate stiffeners parallel to the direction of stress.

NET AREA, An, is equal to gross area less the area of holes, openings, and cutouts.

NODAL BRACE is a brace that prevents lateral movement or twist independently of other braces at adjacent brace points (sec relative brace).

NOMINAL DIMENSION refers to the designated or theoretical dimension, as in the tables of section properties.

NOMINAL LOAD is the magnitude of the load specified by the NSCP code.

NOMINAL RIB HEIGHT refers to height of formed steel deck measured from the underside of the lowest point to the top of the highest point.

NOMINAL STRENGTH is a strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor or safety factor applied) to resist load effects, as determined in accordance with this Specification.

NONCOMPACT SECTION is a section that can develop the yield stress in its compression elements before local buckling occurs, but cannot develop a rotation capacity of three.

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING refers to inspection procedure wherein no material is destroyed and integrity of the material or component is not affected.

NOTCH TOUGHNESS refers to energy absorbed at a specified temperature as measured in the Charpy V-Notch test.

NOTIONAL LOAD refers to Virtual load applied in a structural analysis to account for destabilizing effects that are not otherwise accounted for in the design provisions.

NSCP CODE refers to the building code under which the structure is designed. NSCP 6th Edition.

ORDINARY CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (OCBF) refers to a diagonally braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 527 in which all members of the bracing system are subjected primarily to axial forces.

ORDINARY MOMENT FRAME (OMF) refers to moment frame system that meets the requirements of Section 524.

ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS (C-ORCW) is a composite shear walls meeting the requirements of Section 546.

ORDINARY SEISMIC SYSTEMS is a seismic systems designed assuming limited inelastic action occurs in some members under the design earthquake.

OUT-OF-PLANE BUCKLING refers to limit state of a beam-column bent about its major axis while lateral buckling or lateral-torsional buckling is not prevented by lateral bracing.

OVERLAP CONNECTION refers HSS truss connection in which · intersecting branch members overlap.

OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR, !10 refers to the factor specified by the NSCP code in order to determine the amplified seismic load, where required by these Provisions.

PANEL ZONE is a web area of beam-to-column connection delineated by the extension of beam and column flanges through the connection, transmitting moment through a shear panel.

PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM is an unencased composite beam with a nominal flexural strength controlled by the strength of the shear stud connectors.

PARTIALLY RESTRAINED COMPOSITE CONNECTION is a partially restrained (PR) connections as defined in the Specification that connect partially or fully composite beams to steel columns with flexural resistance provided by a force couple achieved with steel reinforcement in the slab and a steel seat angle or similar connection at the bottom flange.

PARTIAL-JOINT-PENETRATION GROOVE WELD (PJP) is a Groove weld in which the penetration is intentionally less than the complete thickness of the connected element.

PARTIALLY RESTRAINED MOMENT CONNECTION is a connection capable of transferring moment with rotation between connected members that is not negligible.

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION refers to Building materials and systems whose ability to resist the effects of fire does not rely on any outside activating condition or mechanism.

PERCENT ELONGATION is a measure of ductility, determined in a tensile test as the maximum elongation of the gage length divided by the original gage length.

PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN is an engineering approach to structural design that is based on a1:,rrced-up n performance goals and objectives, engineering analysis and quantitative assessment of alternative. against those design goals and objectives using accepted engineering tools, methodologies and performance criteria.

PERFORMANCE TEST is a test made on structural members, connections, and assemblies whose performance cannot be determined in accordance with Section 551 to Section 557 of this specification or its specific references.

PERMANENT LOAD refers to load m which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.

PIPE see HSS.

PITCH is the longitudinal center-to-center spacing of fasteners. Center-to-center spacing of bolt threads along axis of bolt.

PLASTIC ANALYSIS refers to structural analysis based on the assumption of rigid-plastic behavior, in other words, that equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure and the stress is at or below the yield stress.

PLASTIC HINGE refers to yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained. The member is assumed to rotate further as if hinged, except that such rotation is restrained by the plastic moment.

PLASTIC MOMENT refers to the theoretical resisting moment developed within a fully yielded cross section.

PLASTIC STRESS DISTRIBUTION METHOD is a method for determining the stresses in a composite member assuming that the steel section and the concrete in the cross section are fully plastic.

PLASTIFICATION refers to HSS connection, limit state based on an out-of-plane flexural yield line mechanism in the chord at a branch member connection.

PLATE GIRDER is a built-up beam.

PLUG WELD is a weld made in a circular hole in one element of a joint fusing that element to another element.

POINT-SYMMETRIC SECTION is a section symmetrical about a point ( centroid) such as a Z-section having equal flanges.

PONDING is retention of water due solely to the deflection of flat roof framing.

POSITIVE FLEXURAL STRENGTH is the load or force that can be carried by an element, member, or frame after initial buckling has occuned.

POST-BUCKLING STRENGTH. is the load or force that can be carried by an element, member, or frame after initial buckling has occurred.

PREQUALIFIED CONNECTION refers to the connection that complies with the requirements of Appendix B-1.

PRESCRIPTIVE DESIGN is a design method that documents compliance with general criteria established in a building code.

PRETENSIONED JOINT is a Jotnt with high-strength bolts tightened to the specified minimum pretension.

PROPERLY DEVELOPED is a reinforcing bars detailed to yield in a ductile manner before crushing of the concrete occurs. Bars meeting the provisions of ACI 318 in so far as development length, spacing and cover shall be deemed to be properly developed.

PROTECTED ZONE is an area of members in which limitations apply to fabrication and attachments. See Section 520.4.

PROTOTYPE refers to the brace, connections, members, steel prope1ties, and other design, detailing, and construction features to be used in the actual building frame.

PROTOTYPE is the connection or brace design that is to be used in the building (SMF, IMF, EBF, and BRBF).

PROVISIONS refers to this document, and in reference to the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/ATSC 341).

PRYING ACTION is an amplification of the tension force in a bolt caused by leverage between the point of applied load, the bolt and the reaction of the connected elements.

PUBLISHED SPECIFICATION are requirements for a steel listed by a manufacturer, processor, producer, purchaser, or other body, which (1) are generally available in the public domain or are available to the public upon request, (2) are established before the steel is ordered, and (3) as a minimum, specify minimum mechanical properties, chemical composition limits, and, if coated sheet, coating properties.

PUNCHING LOAD is a component of branch member force perpendicular to a chord.

PURLIN. is a horizontal structural member that supports roof deck and is primarily subjected to bending under vertical loads such as snow, wind or dead loads.

P-δ EFFECT is the effect of loads acting on the deflected shape of a member between joints or nodes.

P-Δ EFFECT is the effect of loads acting on the displaced location of joints or nodes in a structure. In tiered building structures, this is the effect of loads acting on the laterally displaced location of floors and roofs.

QUALITY ASSURANCE is system of shop and field activities and controls implemented by the owner or his/her designated representative to provide confidence to the owner and the building authority that quality requirements are implemented.

QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN is a written description of qualifications, procedures, quality inspections, resources, and records to be used to provide assurance that the structure complies with the engineer's quality requirements, specifications and contract documents.

QUALITY CONTROL is a system of shop and field controls implemented by the fabricator and erector to ensure that contract and company fabrication and erection requirements are met.

RATIONAL ENGINEERING ANALYSIS is an analysis based on theory that is appropriate for the situation, relevant test data if available, and sound engineering judgment.

REDUCED BEAM SECTION refers to reduction in cross section over a discrete length that promotes a zone of inelasticity in the member.

REENTRANT refers to a cope or weld access hole, a cut ,at an abrupt change in direction in which the exposed surface is concave.

REINFORCED-CONCRETE-ENCASED SHAPES is a structural steel sections encased in reinforced concrete.

RELATIVE BRACE is a brace that controls the relative movement of two adjacent brace points along the length of a beam or column or the relative lateral displacement of two stories in a frame (see nodal brace).

REQUIRED STRENGTH is the forces, stresses and deformations acting on the structural component, determined by either structural analysis, for the LRFD or ASD load combinations, as appropriate, or as specified by this Specification or Standard.

RESISTANCE. See the definition of Nominal Strength.

RESISTANCE FACTOR, q, is a factor that accounts for unavoidable deviations of the nominal strength from the actual strength and for the manner and consequences of failure.

RESTRAINED CONSTRUCTION refers to floor and roof assemblies and individual beams in buildings where the surrounding or supporting structure is capable of resisting substantial thermal expansion throughout the range of anticipated elevated temperatures.

RESTRAINING BARS is a steel reinforcement in composite members that is not designed to carry required loads, but is provided to facilitate the erection of other steel reinforcement and to provide anchorage for stirrups or ties. Generally, such reinforcement is not spliced to be continuous.

REVERSE CURVATURE see double curvature ROOT OF JOINT is a portion of a joint to be welded where the members are closest to each other.

ROTATION CAPACITY is the incremental angular rotation that a given shape can accept prior to excessive load shedding, defined as the ratio of the inelastic rotation attained to the idealized elastic rotation at first yield.

RUPTURE STRENGTH is a strength limited by breaking or tearing of members or connecting elements.

RUPTURE STRENGTH refers to a connection, strength limited by tension or shear rupture.

SAFETY FACTOR, 0 is the factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the nominal strength, deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, unce1tainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect and for the manner and consequences of failure .

SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS refers to the structural analysis in which equilibrium conditions are formulated on the deformed structure; second-order effects (both P - {j and P- Ll, unless specified otherwise) are included.

SECOND-ORDER EFFECT is an effect of loads acting on the deformed configuration of a structure; includes P-δ effect and P-Δ effect.

SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY refers to the classification assigned to a building by the NSCP code based upon its seismic use group and the design spectral response acceleration coefficients.

SEISMIC LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM (SLRS) is an assembly of structural elements in the building that resists seismic loads, including struts, collectors, chords, diaphragms and trusses. Seismic response modification coefficient, R. Factor that reduces seismic load effects to strength level as specified by the NSCP code.

SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIFICATION COEFFICIENT is a factor that reduces seismic load effects to strength level.

SEISMIC USE GROUP refers to the classification assigned to a structure based on its use as specified by the NSCP code.

SERVICE LOAD is a load under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

SERVICE LOAD COMBINATION is a load combination under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE is a limiting condition affecting the ability of a structure to preserve its appearance, maintainability, durability or the comfort of its occupants or function of machinery, under normal usage.

SHEAR BUCKLING is a buckling mode in which a plate element, such as the web of a beam, deforms under pure shear applied in the plane of the plate.

SHEAR CONNECTOR refers to headed stud, channel, plate or other shape welded to a steel member and embedded in concrete of a composite member to transmit shear forces at the interface between the two materials.

SHEAR CONNECTOR STRENGTH refers to limit state of reaching the strength of a shear connector, as governed by the connector bearing against the concrete in the slab or by the tensile strength of the connector.

SHEAR RUPTURE refers to limit state of rupture (fracture) due to shear.

SHEAR WALL is a wall that provides resistance to lateral loads in the plane of the wall and provides stability for the structural system.

SHEAR YIELDING 1s a yielding that occurs due to shear.

SHEAR YIELDING (PUNCHING) refers to HSS connection, limit state based on out-of-plane shear strength of the chord wall to which branch members are attached.

SHEET STEEL refers to a composite floor system, steel used for closure plates or miscellaneous trimming in a formed steel deck.

SHIM is a thin layer of material used to fill a space between faying or bearing surfaces.

SIDESWA Y BUCKLING is a limit state of lateral buckling of the tension flange opposite the location of a concentrated compression force.

SIDEWALL CRIPPLING (FRAME) is a limit state of web crippling of the sidewalls of a chord member at a HSS truss connection.

SIDEWALL CRUSHING is a limit state based on bearing strength of chord member sidewall in HSS truss connection.

SIMPLE CONNECTION is a connection that transmits negligible bending moment between connected members.

SINGLE-CONCENTRATED FORCE is a tensile or compressive force applied normal to the flange of a member.

SINGLE CURVATURE is a deformed shape of a beam with no inflection point within the span.

SINGLY-SYMMETRIC SECTION is a section symmetric about only one axis through its centroid.

SLENDER-ELEMENT SECTION is a cross section possessing plate components of sufficient slenderness such that local buckling in the elastic range will occur.

SLIP refers to in a bolted connection, limit state of relative motion of connected parts prior to the attainment of the available strength of the connection.

SLIP-CRITICAL CONNECTION refers to bolted connection designed to resist movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the bolts.

SLOT WELD refers to weld made in an elongated hole fusing an element to another element.

SNUG-TIGHTENED JOINT is a joint with the connected plies in firm contact as specified in Section 510.

SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a diagonally braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 526 in which all members of the bracing system are subjected primarily to axial forces.

SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME (SMF) refers to moment frame system that meets the requirements of Section 522.

SPECIAL PLATE SHEAR WALL (SPSW) refers to plate shear wall system that meets the requirements of Section 530. ·

SPECIAL WALLS REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR COMPOSITE WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS (C-SRCW) is a composite shear walls meeting the requirements of Section 547.

SPECIAL SEISMIC SYSTEMS is seismic systems designed assuming significant inelastic action occurs in some members under the design earthquake.

SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF). refers to truss moment frame system that meets the requirements of Section 525.

SPECIFICATION refers to the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360).

SPECIFIED MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH is the lower limit of tensile strength specified for a material as defined by ASTM.

SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRESS is the lower limit of yield stress specified for a material as defined by ASTM.

SPLICE is a connection between two structural elements joined at their ends to form a single, longer element.

SS (STRUCTURAL STEEL) . is an ASTM designation for certain steels intended for structural applications.

ST ABILITY is a condition reached in the loading of a structural component, frame or structure in which a slight disturbance in the loads or geometry does not produce large displacements.

STATIC YIELD STRENGTH is the strength of a structural member or connection determined on the basis of testing conducted under slow monotonic loading until failure.

STEEL CORE is an axial-force-resisting element of braces in BRBF. The steel core contains a yielding segment and connections to transfer its axial force to adjoining elements; it may also contain projections beyond the casing and transition segments between the projections and yielding segment.

STIFFENED ELEMENT refers to flat compression element with adjoining out-of-plane elements along both edges parallel to the direction of loading.

STIFFENED OR PARTIALLY STIFFENED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS. is a flat compression elements (i.e., a plane compression flange of a flexural member or a plane web or flange of compression member) of which both edges parallel to the direction of stresses are stiffened either by a web, flange, stiffening lip, intermediate stiffener, or the like.

STIFFENER is a structural element, usually an angle or plate, attached to a member to distribute load, transfer shear or prevent buckling.

STIFFNESS is a resistance to deformation of a member or structure, measured by the ratio of the applied force ( or moment) to the corresponding displacement (or rotation).

STRAIN COMPATIBILITY METHOD is a method for determining the stresses in a composite member considering the stress-strain relationships of each material and its location with respect to the neutral axis of the cross section.

STRENGTH LIMIT STATE refers to limiting condition affecting the safety of the structure, in which the ultimate load-carrying capacity is reached.

STRESS refers to stress as used m this Specification means force per unit area.

STRESS is a force per unit area caused by axial force, moment, shear or torsion.

STRESS CONCENTRATION is a localized stress considerably higher than average (even in uniformly loaded cross sections of uniform thickness) due to abrupt changes in geometry or localized loading.

STRONG AXIS is a major principal centroidal axis of a cross section.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS is a determination of load effects on members and connections based on principles of structural mechanics.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENT refers to member, connector, connecting element or assemblage.

STRUCTURAL MEMBERS See the definition of Cold Formed Structural Steel Structural Members

STRUCTURAL STEEL are steel elements as defined in Section 2.1 of the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM is an assemblage of load-carrying components that are joined together to provide interaction or interdependence.

SUB-ASSEMBLAGE TEST SPECIMEN is the combination of the ·brace, the connections and testing apparatus that replicate as closely as practical the axial and flexural deformations of the brace in the prototype.

SUB-ELEMENT OF A MULTIPLE STIFFENED ELEMENT is a portion of a multiple stiffened element between adjacent intermediate stiffeners, between web and intermediate stiffener, or between edge and intermediate stiffener.

T-CONNECTION refers to HSS connection in which the branch member or connecting element is perpendicular to the main member and in which forces transverse to the main member are primarily equilibrated by shear in the main member.

TENSILE RUPTURE refers to limit state of rupture (fracture) due to tension .

TENSILE STRENGTH (OF MATERIAL) is the maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of sustaining as defined by ASTM.

TENSILE STRENGTH (OF MEMBER) is the maximum tension force that a member is capable of sustaining.

TENSILE YIELDING is the yielding that occurs due to tension.

TENSION AND SHEAR RUPTURE refers to bolt, limit state of rupture (fracture) due to simultaneous tension and shear force.

TENSION FIELD ACTION is the behavior of a panel under shear in which diagonal tensile forces develop in the web and compressive forces develop in the transverse stiffeners in a manner similar to a Pratt truss.

TESTED CONNECTION refers to connection that complies with the requirements of Appendix B-4.

TEST SPECIMEN is a brace test specimen or sub-assemblage test specimen.

THERMALLY CUT is a cut with gas, plasma or laser.

THICKNESS refers to thickness of any element or section is the base steel thickness, exclusive of coatings.

TIE PLATE is a plate element used to join two parallel components of a built-up column, girder or strut rigidly connected to the parallel components and designed to transmit shear between them.

TOE OF FILLET refers to junction of a fillet weld face and base metal. Tangent point of a rolled section fillet.

TORSIONAL BRACING is a bracing resisting twist of a beam or column.

TORSIONAL BUCKLING is a buckling mode in which a compression member twists about its shear center axis.

TORSIONAL YIELDING is the yielding that occurs due to torsion.

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT refers to a steel reinforcement in the form of closed ties or welded wire fabric providing confinement for the concrete surrounding the steel shape core in an encased concrete composite column.

TRANSVERSE STIFFENER is a web stiffener oriented perpendicular to the flanges, attached to the web.

TUBING see HSS.

TURN-OF-NUT METHOD refers to procedure whereby the specified pretension in high-strength bolts is controlled by rotating the fastener component a predetermined amount after the bolt has been snug tightened.

UNBRACED LENGTH is a distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members.

UNENCASED COMPOSITE BEAM is a composite beam wherein the steel section is not completely enclosed in reinforced concrete and relies on mechanical connectors for composite action with a reinforced slab or slab on metal deck.

UNEVEN LOAD DISTRIBUTION refers to HSS connection, condition in which the load is not distributed through the cross section of connected elements in a manner that can be readily determined.

UNFRAMED END is the end of a member not restrained against rotation by stiffeners or connection elements.

UNRESTRAINED CONSTRUCTION refers to the floor and roof assemblies and individual beams in buildings that are assumed to be free to rotate and expand throughout the range of anticipated elevated temperatures.

UNSTIFFENED COMPRESSION ELEMENTS is a flat compression element stiffened at only one edge parallel to the direction of stress.

UNSTIFFENED ELEMENT refers to flat compression element with an adjoining out-of-plane element along one edge parallel to the direction of loading.

UNSYMMETRIC SECTION is a section not symmetric either about an axis or a point.

V-BRACED FRAME is a concentrically braced frame (SCBF, OCBF or BRBF) in which a pair of diagonal braces located either above or below a beam is connected to a single point within the clear beam span. Where the diagonal braces are below the beam, the system is also referred to as an inverted-V-braced frame.

VARIABLE LOAD is a load not classified as permanent load.

VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM is a system of shear walls, braced frames or both, extending through one or more floors of a building.

VIRGIN STEEL is steel as received from the steel producer or warehouse before being cold worked as a result of fabricating operations.

VIRGIN STEEL PROPERTIES is a mechanical property of virgin steel such as yield stress, tensile strength, and elongation.

WEAK AXIS is a minor principal centroidal axis of a cross section.

WEATHERING STEEL refers to high-strength, low-alloy steel that, with suitable precautions, can be used in normal atmospheric exposures (not marine) without protective paint coating.

WEB is the portion of the section that is joined to two flanges, or that is joined to only one flange provided it crosses the neutral axis.

WEB BUCKLING. refers to limit state of lateral instability of a web.

WEB COMPRESSION BUCKLING refers to limit state of out-of-plane compression buckling of the web due to a concentrated compression force.

WEB CRIPPLING is a limit state of local failure of web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction.

WEB SIDESW A Y BUCKLING refers to limit state of lateral buckling of the tension flange opposite the location of a concentrated compression force .

WELD MET AL is a portion of a fusion weld that has been completely melted during welding. Weld metal has elements of filler metal and base metal melted in the weld thermal cycle.

WELD ROOT See root of joint.

X-BRACED FRAME is a concentrically braced frame (OCBF or SCBF) in which a pair of diagonal braces crosses near the mid-length of the braces.

Y-BRACED FRAME is an eccentrically braced frame (EBF) in which the stem of the Y is the link of the EBF system.

Y-CONNECTION refers to HSS connection in which the branch member or connecting element is not perpendicular to the main member and in which forces transverse to the main member are primarily equilibrated by shear in the main member.

YIELD MOMENT refers to in a member subjected to bending, the moment at which the extreme outer fiber first attains the yield stress.

YIELD POINT refers to first stress in a material at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress as defined by ASTM.

YIELD STRENGTH refers to stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain as defined by ASTM.

YIELD STRESS is a generic term to denote either yield point or yield strength, as appropriate for the material.

YIELDING is a limit state of inelastic deformation that occurs after the yield stress is reached.

YIELDING (PLASTIC MOMENT) is a yielding throughout the cross section of a member as the bending moment reaches the plastic moment.

YIELDING (YIELD MOMENT) is a yielding at the extreme fiber on the cross section of a member when the bending moment reaches the yield moment