HKDSE Geography Ch2 River and coastal (physical and human setting compare)

With reference to the physical and human setting on the Tai O, discuss the mangrove planting or rock armour is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion.

For the mangrove planting, it is a soft measurement, which planting mangrove along the shore, it helps to trapped sediments and blind the soil tightly in reducing the coastal erosion. It can protect the coastal by reducing the powerful wave and wind, also it favours deposition and causing the offshore gradient becomes more gentle.

For the rock armour, it is a hard measurement, which by putting large boulder piled up along the coastal and used to absorb the wave energy. Since then the coastal friction will become higher and wave energy is soaked up which means that less erosion along the coastal.

In terms of the physical setting, Tai O is located in the shelter bay and along the lower part of the river. Overall low-lying setting leading the coastal area will becomes more prone to the flooding especially during typhoon and heavy rainstorm. The rock armour will become more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion, as the rock borders structure can effective to absorb the waver energy which better than the mangrove. On the other hand, the mangrove structure os a fragile plants, it can be damage by the adverse weather and strong wave, it cannot apple for a long term condition as well as the fragile structure. In fact, the rock armour is long-lasting in stabilised the shoreline.

In terms of the human setting, Tai O country side and a tourism spot, the mangrove planting is more appropriate as the aesthetic value. The mangrove planting has a higher aesthetic value than the rock armour. On the other hand, rock armour looks unnatural and unattractive, it also may restrict to access to beach. In terms of the tourism-based setting, the mangrove planting is more appropriate than the rock armour.

Discuss the use of groynes or the beach nourishment may effective minimise the loss of sand during transportation process.

For the use of groynes, it is a hard measurement for the coastal environment, by setting up the wooden of rock structure building at the right angle of the shoreline, to trapped sediment which moving parallel to shore by the longshore drift, eliminating the removal of sand along the sandy beach.

On the other hand, for the beach nourishment, it is a soft measurement for the coastal environment, by adding sand to the exiting beach, sand filling process may maintain the beach and also it can also help the beach becomes better for wave energy and protecting the costal form erosion.

Firstly, in terms of the sustainability. Since the groynes is a hard measurement, the building can be long leasting for a long run, it is more functional than the beach nourishment to eliminating the loss of sand during the transportation process, which called longshore drift. Instead of the beach nourishment, it will be a short running measurement as it require periodic sand refiling to stabilize the sandy beach.

Also, beach nourishment cannot solve the root of problems to stop and trapped the sediment during longshore drift. Beside, the use of groynes can effective to solve the root of problems and minimise the loss during longshore drift.

Moreover, in terms of the function, beach nourishment can able to slow down the rate of onshore drift sediment are deposited on the uplift side, eliminate the loss of sand during transportation process. In fact, the beach nourishment cannot slow down the zig-zag movement of sand transportation, therefore groynes is more effective for eliminate the loss of sand during transportation process.

On the other hand, the groynes building may be visually unattractive, beach nourishment will be higher aesthetic vales than groynes. Still, the use of groynes may effective eliminate the loss of sand during transportation process than the beach nourishment in terms of the sustainability and function.

With reference to the physical and human setting go the landform A, discuss the marshland creation or lands zoning is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather.

To begin with, landform A is the mudflat, which formed by the sediments accumulation by the river load and constructive wave deposited sand along the shoreline in the shelter bay.

For the marshland creation, it is a soft measurement to protect the coastal, which allows the land be flooded by seawater and the land later becomes a marshland which help to build up a buffer area behind and away from the wave erosion and flooding during adverse weather.

For the land use zoning, it is a soft measurement as well, by relocated the building and development area to a safer place and restore the development along the coastal that vulnerable to the wave erosion and flooding during adverse weather.

Firstly, in terms of the human setting, the mudflat is located Tung Chung Bay, wheres the Yat Tung Estate is located nearby the mudflat. Since there are building and estate in the surroundings of the mudflat, therefore the landuse zoning is more appropriate instead of the marshland creation. Due to the landuse zoning can minimise the human development along the coastal, preventing the amount of damage cause by the flooding. Instead, the marshland creation is not appropriate as there are already located some of the important building and infrastructure in the coastal area as seen in the map extract, since the land has high value and important in prevent flooding, therefore the marshland creation may not fit the human setting in Tung Chung.

Secondly, in terms of the physical setting, land use zoning is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather. Since the land use zoning can force people to leave somewhere prone to flooding and wave erosion. Instead, the marshland are fragile and easily damage by the adverse weather by the strong wind like typhoon, it may not effect and appropriate to prevent flood during adverse weather. Nevertheless, the land use zoning can be apply in a short period, in fact the marshland creation require a long period of time and also not fits the physical setting as well, as a result the lands zoning is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather.

With reference to the physical and human setting go the landform A, discuss the marshland creation or lands zoning is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather.

To begin with, landform A is the mudflat, which formed by the sediments accumulation by the river load and constructive wave deposited sand along the shoreline in the shelter bay.

For the marshland creation, it is a soft measurement to protect the coastal, which allows the land be flooded by seawater and the land later becomes a marshland which help to build up a buffer area behind and away from the wave erosion and flooding during adverse weather.

For the land use zoning, it is a soft measurement as well, by relocated the building and development area to a safer place and restore the development along the coastal that vulnerable to the wave erosion and flooding during adverse weather.

Firstly, in terms of the human setting, the mudflat is located Tung Chung Bay, wheres the Yat Tung Estate is located nearby the mudflat. Since there are building and estate in the surroundings of the mudflat, therefore the landuse zoning is more appropriate instead of the marshland creation. Due to the landuse zoning can minimise the human development along the coastal, preventing the amount of damage cause by the flooding. Instead, the marshland creation is not appropriate as there are already located some of the important building and infrastructure in the coastal area as seen in the map extract, since the land has high value and important in prevent flooding, therefore the marshland creation may not fit the human setting in Tung Chung.

Secondly, in terms of the physical setting, land use zoning is more more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather. Since the land use zoning can force people to leave somewhere prone to flooding and wave erosion. Instead, the marshland are fragile and easily damage by the adverse weather by the strong wind like typhoon, it may not effect and appropriate to prevent flood during adverse weather. Nevertheless, the land use zoning can be apply in a short period, in fact the marshland creation require a long period of time and also not fits the physical setting as well, as a result the lands zoning is more appropriate to prevent flooding and wave erosion during adverse weather.

HKDSE 通識教育萬能Key

萬能Key

諗唔到🤔就硬塞落去

單元一：個人成長與人際關係

青少年面對時下趨勢的原因/因素：

個人層面：自尊感低、生活苦悶、好奇心

家庭層面：社經地位優秀、管教模式鬆散

朋輩層面：從中壓力（羊群心理）

社會層面：明星效應、傳媒因素、科技發展、物質主義

青少年對時下趨勢的影響：

正面：擴大社交圈子、有助掌握社會訊息

負面：物質主義（只崇上物質-> 過度消費）、阻礙掌握生活技能

青少年的關注點：

對社會流動的關注 （公民抗命）

對壓力來源的關注 （過度消費去減壓力）

對物質看法的關注 （過度消費）

對健康的關注 （整容）

建議：

個人層面：自我覺醒、向專業人士尋求協助

家庭層面：透過家庭教育

朋輩層面：共同建立和營造良好氣氛

政府層面：宣傳教育、立法規管、成立專責部門

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單元二：今日香港

立法或實施新政策的挑戰：

各持份者的意見不一

技術性細節爭議

科技水平限制

可動用資源不足

監察能力不足

政府公信力不足

⭐️⭐️持份者衝突：

整體社會需要與個人經濟利益的價值觀不同（政府與商企）

長期與即時性的期望落差（政府與市民）

訴求不同/利益衝突

⭐️⭐️⭐️政策衡量的指標：

整體社會需要

可動用資源

可逆轉性

時效性

迫切性

可替代性

根本性

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單元三：現代中國

改革開放下衍生出問題的原因/因素：

政治方面：優先發展經濟

經濟方面：優先發展經濟特區、小農經濟發展模式、經濟全球化的影響

社會方面：人口管制措施（計劃生育和戶籍制度）、保障措施不足

環境方面：先污染後治理

⭐️改革開放下衍生出問題的負面影響：

政治方面：引起不滿和差距促使社會不穩定

經濟方面：貧富差距大、太着重於經濟發展欠缺農業發展的話有機會造成糧食短缺

社會方面：家庭凝聚力下降、加劇人口老化、男女比例得平均、生活水平下降

環境方面：發展不可持續

處理問題的建議：

政治方面：廣納民意、成立專集部門、實踐基層民主

經濟方面：建設社會主義新農村、加快農業現代化、重新分配收入、增加資源調配和投放、推動城市化

社會方面：改革戶籍制度、設立完善法規保障勞工權益、環境污染和財產權、宣傳教育、加強監管和巡查

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文物保育議題的正面影響：

改善市民生活素質

建立身份認同

增加經濟收入

提升綜合國力和競爭力

傳承歷史文化

文化保育議題的挑戰和困難：

難以平衡持份者意見

政策限制

可動用的資源不足

民眾缺乏保育意識

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環境污染問題的因素/原因：

社會方面：能源組合與石化能源為主、城市化生活、工業化發展、農業發展、監管不善

地區方面：跨區污染

環境污染的影響：

損害人類生活素質、經濟損失、醫療開支上升、破壞生態環境、國家競爭力和形象

環境污染的建議解決方法：

政府方面：優化能源結構、調整經濟發展模式、建立完善法規監管、加強巡邏、宣傳教育、跨境合作

商企方面：轉變生產模式

個人方面：改變生活習慣

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中國責任論、中國威脅論與中國參與國際事務

⭐️中國應否參加世界事務：

應該：

推動中國發展

支援其他國家經濟（一帶一路發展）

推動多元文化

平衡各國利益

促進世界和平穩定（中國責任論）

不應該：

打擊國內經濟

為世界經濟帶來隱憂（中國威脅論）

損害大國形象

影響國際秩序（中國威脅論）

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家庭文化

中國家庭文化的因素和原因（核心家庭、空巢家庭、雙職家庭）：

家庭成員的流動性

人口政策和社會福利政策

社會結構的轉變

西方文化的感染

家庭文化和觀念的影響：

削弱倫理關係

家庭凝聚力下降

溺愛子女問題嚴重

宗軸繁衍淡化

家庭支援不足

降低社教化功能

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傳統節日和習俗出現的原因和因素：

重視個人主義

重視商業和市場價值

以文化和道德價值為先

政府政策主導

現代的社會生活模式

科技的發展

外來文化的衝擊

傳統節日和習俗的影響：

維持倫理和道德價值

加強家庭凝聚力

帶來社會凝聚力

文化資本的累積

文化的融合和改變

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全球化的不同體現

全球化的因素和原因：

媒體及資訊科技的發展

互聯網的出現

交通工具的發展

各國互相依賴共存

跨國企業的出現

全球化透過不同的方式：

透過跨國企業的經濟活動

透過國際分工

透過互聯網

透過社會和文化交流

⭐️⭐️經濟全球化的影響：

正面：提高物質生活、易於累積財富、資金流入推動經濟發展、提升全球生產力、推動社會更都會化和國際化

負面：帶來金融動盪風險、帶來通貨膨脹、造成環境破壞、帶來失業問題、加劇消費主義、形成貧富懸殊、降低非物質生活質素、衍生跨國犯罪

⭐️⭐️文化全球化的影響：

正面：文化擴張、帶動潛在經濟利益、文化多元化、文化在地化

負面：文化霸權、過度商品化、不良氣氛蔓延、文化單一化、消費主義盛行

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文化單一和多元：

⭐️同意文化單一化的立場：

西方被視為較高層次和時尚

西風國家及企業擁有較多資源 較先發達

西方壟斷文化及資訊的優勢

西方文化貼近現代社會模式

本土文化保育不足和不合時宜

⭐️同意文化多元化的立場：

增加東西文化交流

促進文化混合和在地化的出現

引發對本土文化的捍衛和保育

西方和其他文化也受尊重

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傳染性議題

傳染病流行的原因和因素：

個人意識不足

社會文化因素

環境衛生因素

跨地域因素

傳染病流行的影響：

提高防疫意識

引起市民恐慌

增加公共衛生風險

打擊經濟

傳染病的挑戰和困難：

教育程度低

傳統文化觀念

財政資源不足

管理不善

欠缺國際支援

知識產權制度（藥物專利權）

應該傳染病的建議：

維持個人衛生

加強公共地方衛生

實施隔離措

施改善醫療系統

宣傳教育

增強市民免疫力

發佈最新疫情資訊

建立平台跨境通報機制

通報並評估疫情

支援不同國家並提出不同意見

國際協作及支援

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醫療科技引發的爭議

醫療科技普及的原因：

醫療需要

人權與自由

國家政策的影響

文化價值及風氣

功利主義和消費主義盛行

⭐️持份者衝突：

人權與道德

醫療優先與道德優先

尊重生命與功利主義

功利主義與自然價值

個人主義與集體主義

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環境保育與可持續發展

政策實施的原因和因素：

現行的模式並不可持續

要找尋替代方案

因應國際社會潮流

⭐️⭐️政策實施和發展的價值觀：

政府：整體社會利益比個人重要、長遠比起即時重要

發展商：以利益發展為先

保育人士：以環境保護為先

市民：考慮即時的需要

⭐️⭐️⭐️政府可能遇到的挑戰和困難：

經濟誘因不足

不合乎經濟效益

持份者意見不一

可能用資源不足

配套和技術不足

時間限制

監察困難

難以確實定立措施

評估計劃：

可行性：社會接受程度、可動用資源、措施性質

成效：針對性、阻嚇程度、時效性、影響規模、監察程度、社會成本

HKDSE 通識教育引入外來醫生 【跨單元：今日香港及全球化】

引入外來醫生🔥🔥🔥 【跨單元：今日香港及全球化】

引入外來醫生的持份者爭議：

支持建議：

政府：引入海外醫生是雙贏的方案，即使增加培訓醫科生的名額亦難以短期有效地舒緩前線醫生的工作壓力，因此引入海外醫生能夠舒緩不斷擴張和公立醫院人手短缺的當前問題，同事單及撥款並未能解決人手不足的問題，要徵聘海外醫生並放寬海外醫生實習才能有效應對醫療人手短缺的迫切需要

醫學界：海外醫生可以有效短時間減輕香港當前面對的人手不足問題，海外申請者經過醫學會嚴格的評審標準後並不會減低醫生質素

反對建議：

醫生團體：質疑引入外來醫生的成效，指出有不少海外醫生因難以承受公立醫院的工作環境而離開，再者有不少外來醫生視公立醫院為「跳板」約滿即走向私營醫院並無作持續增加公立醫院的醫療人手

病人團體：憂慮降低香港醫生質素，有不少市民認為海外醫生的質素參差，有不少海外醫生在言語溝通上亦有問題（廣東話和英語能力參差不齊） ，難以與病人溝通

在引入海外醫生時可能遇到的兩難情景：（即係情侶嗌交）

1）病人權益 與 應對人手短缺的必要性

病人團體認為：引入海外醫生並放寬執業試會促使醫療人手質素參差不齊 有損病人權益

政府認為：引入海外醫生並放寬執業試是應對醫療人手短缺具必要性 可以有助舒緩現時人口老化以及香港公營醫療系統短缺醫生的問題

2）醫生權益 與 整體社會需要

醫生團體認為：引入海外醫生並放寬執業試是對本港現時的醫生有不公平之嫌 由於現時大部份香港醫生都是在本地通過執業試才持牌的 現時放寬執業試並引入海外醫生損害醫生的權益

政府認為：引入海外醫生並放寬執業試是整體社會的需要 由於現時香港面臨人口老化和醫療人手短缺的問題 社會現時有需要去增加醫療人手以應付日漸飽和的公營醫療系統

3）可持續性 與 根本性

醫生團體認為：引入海外醫生並不具可持續性 由於有不少海外醫生視公營醫院為跳板 約滿之後就會走到私營醫院服務 並不能可持續地增加公營醫療人手

政府認為：引入海外醫生是具根本性 由於香港大學提供的醫生學位有限 引入海外醫生執業是唯一的辦法和根本性地增加醫療人手的方法

HKDSE 通識教育中國社會遲婚現象, 華人社會的不婚趨勢和影響

通識熱門議題:

中國社會遲婚現象

華人社會的不婚趨勢和影響

港人不生/少生原因:

追求個人發展

不論男女普遍擁有較佳的教育及工作機會，對於結婚和生育享有更大自主權。

經濟負擔沉重 -> 育兒負擔

工時長難負家庭責任

忙碌的工作和生活節奏令部分港人難以親自履行育兒責任，雙職父母難免需要家中長者或家庭傭工分擔育兒工作。有調查顯示，過半選擇不生育的夫婦均表示養育孩子的責任太大、逾兩成認為現今的社會環境不適合養育孩子。

解釋香港青年人婚育觀轉變的因素:

社會觀念改變降婚姻需求

傳統觀念認為成家立室是人生大事，鼓勵年輕人儘早結婚。

近年個人主義思潮流行，令更多年輕人崇尚單身生活，不再視婚姻為必須。

另外，社會對婚姻規範有所鬆動，令同居、未婚生子等不同於傳統婚姻的生活方式流行，降低年輕人對婚姻的需求。

經濟負擔影響婚育決定

年輕人一般希望有穩定的經濟基礎才成家立室，但香港生活成本高昂，同時面對租置物業的壓力，令年輕人擔心缺乏經濟能力應付家庭生活；加上社會崇尚優生優養，育嬰開支甚大。在經濟負擔下年輕人或考慮遲婚遲育，以積存更好經濟實力。

思想開放令離婚趨普遍

傳統觀念對離婚人士有負面觀感，令夫婦不敢輕言離婚。但隨着社會思想開放，對離婚及再婚的接受程度有所提升，離婚人士面對的社會壓力也較以往少。這令年輕人在面對婚姻矛盾時，更容易作出離婚的決定。

女性地位提升增婚育話語權

現代女性教育程度較以往提高，有能力投身社會發展事業，縮窄男女之間社經地位的差距，令女性對婚姻的依存度降低。年輕女性在婚育問題上有更大自主權，不必急於成婚或繁育後代。

低生育率對社會的影響

窒礙經濟發展：

生育率低會引致新增人口數目持續下降，如勞動力人口在逐漸萎縮，潛在勞動力供應會持續減少。如中國過往的經濟高速增長受惠於人口紅利，當勞動力供應減少，各行業可能面對工作人手短缺，導致生產力下降，拖慢經濟發展；

撫養比率上升︰

生育率低加上死亡率維持在低水平，將令人口老化的速度加快。人口老化提高撫養比率，將加重年輕一代市民的經濟負擔，削弱其購買力及生活水平；

增加社福開支負擔：

老齡化社會下，長者護理及退休保障方面的需要及開支持續增加，但勞動人口減少，導致老人撫養比率上升，意味加重將來庫房的財政負擔，甚至可能迫使政府調整福利政策，降低對長者的保障，影響其福祉。

HKDSE Geography LDC vs MDC - Low incomes, big danger ? Why LDCs suffer more ?

Low incomes, big danger ? Why LDCs suffer more ?

Explain how does the South-Asian and African countries have more negative impact in-related to the climate change than the East-Asian and European countries.

most of the South-Asia and African counties are the Less Developed countries (such as the Nigeria, Congo and Indonesia

there counties may not able to combat the climate change regarding to the develop level, they lack capital and technologies, to minimising the greenhouse gases emission

South-Asian counties are located in the low-lying and costal area, since the climate change, air temperature becomes higher leading the melting of glacier and ice cap, rising sea level will flood the low-lying, coastal cities, such as the Vietnam and Philippine Manila.

South-Asian and African counties are mainly located in the tropical and equatorial counties (which is low latitude), as the climate change the extreme weather event such as the typhoon in the Philippines , drought in the Nigeria (Sahel region) and flooding in the Indonesia cause easily among the equatorial regions. These extreme weather event will becomes more frequent as the hotter and higher air temperature influences. Moreover, the heat related diseases will become more popular as the hotter weather and climate. As a result, the negative impacts of the global warming will becomes more serious in the South-Asian and African countries.

Does the international cooperation like Paris Agreement can help the South-Asian and African countries to combat climate change and reducing the negative impacts ?

Effective

• MDCs may able to fund for the LDCs to help them to develop the renewable energy and improve their energy efficiency -> LDCs can get the international financial and technologies resources to combat the climate change (Green Climate Fund)

• Able carbon trading mechanism for the LDCs to trade their credit and
  emission right to the counties who need more credit (increase the LDCs
  incomes for development their countries) Ineffective:

Ineffective

• MDCs may refuse to fund for the LDCs (Green Climate Fund) such as the United State withdraw the Paris Agreement in the 2017

• cutting emission will slow down the LDCs development and hidden their economic development
  

HKDSE Geography Climate change is a threat- Why the US still withdraw the Paris Agreement? - Failure of international cooperation?

Climate change is a threat- Why the US still withdraw the Paris Agreement? - Failure of international cooperation?

Reason for the US withdraw the Paris Agreement

Socio-economic side:

1. Unfair since the US bears the most responsibility (agreement provides essentially an open-end agreement to pour money into underdeveloped nations)

2. Unfairness among differences definition about the LDC (Since China and India are regarded as the LDCs -> High fossil fuel using countries are to give funds to nations that are considered underdeveloped)

3. Agreement requires the US to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, it could cost some Americans their jobs saved shortly by not reducing dependency on fossil fuel consumption)

4. bad for US local business and the economy -> can’t protect the environment and still grow the economy

Environmental side:

1. the agreement recognizes the need for developed countries to support the efforts of countries that lack funds and economic incentives to establish climate change policies

2. pay to participate third world countries so that they could have resources available to them to be able to participate in the lessening of global warming

Effectiveness :

Paris Agreement Has Almost Global Support

Ineffectiveness :

Paris Agreement no way to ensure that they are implemented

Paris Agreement Has Different Rules for Different Countries

HKDSE Geography Effectiveness of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by recycling bins and scheme

Discuss the effectiveness of the measure above in reducing greenhouse gas emissions for recycling bins and scheme. (5 marks)

Effective:

- reduce the amount of waste

- less waste is disposed of in landfills

- this reduces the emission of methane/carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide

- using recycled materials in manufacturing goods reduces the consumption of

energy and fossil fuels. This reduces the emission of carbon dioxide

- recycling of paper and wooden products can slow down deforestation. Keeping more trees helps absorb more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

- raise public awareness on environmental conservation, including combating global warming

Ineffective/Limitations:

- waste recycling requires careful waste separation, people may not be willing/lack of knowledge to do so

- inappropriate waste separation increases the business costs of the recycling industries, e.g. spending extra time on separating the recyclable waste/cleaning the waste

- not all the waste is suitable/valuable for recycling, e.g. the profits of recycling plastic is too low that many recycling companies are not willing to recycle. In contrast, they are more willing to recycle metals and papers, which have higher profitability

- inadequate government support and facilities on recycling, e.g. the number of recycling bins and land for the recycling industries

- limited development/high business costs of the recycling industries, e.g. high land rents and costs on transportation

- the Mainland’s policy of stricter control on imported recycled waste from other places, including Hong Kong. Recycling companies in Hong Kong find it more difficult to export and sell their recycled waste

- require a long period of education to change people’s habits/behavior

(Max. 5)

HKDSE Geography Weather and climate (rainfall characteristics between northern and southern China)

Compare the rainfall characteristics between northern and southern China. (6 marks)

Firstly, for the difference, southern part of China has a higher annual rainfall (around 1500-2000mm), as the Southern part of china (like the Guangzhou and Halkou) is located in the subtropical and tropical monsoon climate, which is hot and humid all year around. Beside, northern part of China has a lower annual mean rainfall (only around 300-600mm), as the northern part of China (like the Beijing) is located in the warm temperature climate.

Secondly, Southern part of China is mainly located in along the coastal and near the sea, which allowing the onshore wind during summer blow the moisture into the southern part of China. Beside, the northern part of China is far away from the sea, the distance form the sea and relief barriers affect the the rainfall received int he norther part of China, using the Northeastern part of China as sample, the moisture cannot blow into the Urimqi, as the long distance from sea and the moisture loss during the wet monsoon flowing inland, which leading the scanty rainfall in the northern part of China.

Thirdly, the southern part of China easily affected by the convection rain as the tropical and subtropical monsoon climate which is hot and wet, high evaporation rate allowing the warm air rise, forming the cumulonimbus store cloud and leading convection rain, instead in the northern part of China is located in the high latitude, the temperature is lower than the southern part, therefore convection rain is not common in the northern part, as the result the northern part has a lower annual mean rainfall.

Moreover, the southern part of China is easily affect by the low pressure system and monsoon as well, instead the northern part has less disturb to the low pressure system and monsoon. Since the low pressure trough during spring in southern china leading a humid foggy weather in the southern part, beside the there are less disturbance in the northern part of china as the moisture loss during the wet monsoon flowing inland and northern side. Nevertheless, some fontal rain may occur in the southern part of china during winter as well, due to the cold air and warm air meet together, the warm air mass is forces to rise along the front. Lastly, for the southern part of China is located in the low latitude, which is easily affected by the typhoon, which the typhoon brings intensive rainfall in the souther part, instead the northern part has less disturbance by the typhoon.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (How's lithological and biological factors control the rate of infiltration of water into the soil)

2007 A-Level Essay modified :) (related to the dynamic earth)

(1) How does the lithological and biological factors control the rate of infiltration of water into the soil.

Lithological (permeability of rock) :

-> depends on the texture of rock (resistance)

1) coarse-grained -> granite (coarse texture provide wide passage for water to seep and get pass through -> joints enlarge by the solution -> chemical weathering)

2) fine-grained -> tuff, rhyolite, siltstone, sandstone and mudstone

3) porous -> sandstone (fine-grained and low porosity)

-> depends on the rock structure

columnar and prismatic structure encourage infiltration

1) perpendicular joints (granite)

2) hexagonal columnar joints (tuff)

3) bedding planes (siltstone)

-> depends on the rock size and arrangement if the mineral particles

granite -> contains different types of the crystal (including: quartz, mica and feldspar interlocking together) -> feldspar are less resistance to the chemical weathering

Biological factors (soil profile and natural environment) :

-> density of vegetation

dense vegetation intercepts rainwater reaching the ground surface -> reduce the speed if overland flow -> more time for the overland flow

-> soil organisms

burrowing animals increase the space inside the soil -> making more room for water to infiltrate

(2) To what extent is infiltration an important physical factors affecting the slope stability.

slope stability -> increasing the shear stress and reducing the shear strength

water is an important physical factors pf slope stability

as a long term factors, soil water is an important agent for the weathering and erosion which is responsible for creating the lessened soil mantle (regolith), under the humid climate and geological conditions

water add weight to the slope and leading overloading in the slope (during prolonged and intensive rain) -> increasing the shear stress

the saturate soil, water exerts pore pressure and reduce the internal cohesion of the soil -> leading to rapid mass movement (landslide and mudflow)

Still, the soil water may support surface vegetation cover which helps to maintain the slope stability

On the other hard, gradient is another important physical factors -> which a steeper gradient induce greater shear stress

Also -> rock resistant to weathering can skip down the rate of soil foramen and produce less lessened materials on the slope

HKDSE Geography Combating Famine (Organic farming)

Organic farming -> sustainable agriculture

strike a balance between the social, environmental, economic sustainability

Organic farming is a farming practice that compatible with natural eco-system

Pros

• by using nature decomposed fertilisers (like the manure, compost and residues) to improve agricultural productivity

• less chemicals used in farming, less rise of chemical remaining in the food

• use natural ways to control pests and weeds -> reducing the water and soil pollution

• farming has less controls over the mineral content they are putting into the soil

• maintain biodiversity, soil structure, moisture and nutrient

• less detrimental effects on the environment than the convectional farming

• labour intensive-> provide more job opportunities

• using natural farming strategies to improve the soil fertility

Cons

• lower yield as more price is damaged by pests and chemical fertiliser cannot been use

• cannot solve and combating famine in the LDC (Sahel region)

• more land input as the organic farming

• organic produce require 80% more land than the convectional farm

• organic food is luxury and there poor cannot afford (LDC point)

• organic farming require a large pool of labour (Southern California is not available as people are not willing to farm -> cannot adopt the organic farming -> using machinery)

• organic farm require more water tan than the non-organic alternative -> leading drought become more regular and water more scarce

• high operation cost but low agriculture

• cannot cope with the adverse climate and weather

organic strategies :

crop rotation

using legume family (peas and beans fix the nitrogen in the air and increase the nitrogen in the soil -> leading the soil becomes more fertile

using the natural predators like ladybug and grow vegetation with strong odours like chilli to prevent pest

multi-cropping

Video introducing the organic farming :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhOrIUlrnPo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpkKW45cHaA

HKDSE Geography Ch.1 Opportunities and risk (effectiveness of the land use zoning)

Discuss whether land use zoning is more effective in reducing from volcanic eruption than the of earthquake.

Compare -> the effectiveness of the land use zoning -> 1) volcanic eruption 2) earthquake

To introduce, land use zoning is means to design and restrict the land use in a place, where the tectonic activities is active in that particular places, like the places located in between the fault to prevent the damage and causalities during earthquake, also prevent the urban development in the active volcanos. The land use zoning is effective in reducing loss and damage during volcanic eruption than the earthquake.

Firstly, is about the affected areas, the volcanic eruption is mainly occurs in the active volcano, the active volcano is located in the particular place; beside for the earthquake can occurs in any places (when the street accumulate and energy exceeds).

Using the case in Japan as sample, Japan lies in between four different plants (philippine, eurasian, pacific and okhotsk plate), which the land use zoning is not effective instead a the whole Japanese island arch is around the different plates. Nevertheless, the land use zoning will disturb the socio-economic activities in the cities (like Tokyo), therefore the land use zoning cannot apply wisely and minimise the damage in the Japan.

On the other hand, volcanic eruption mainly occur in the a particular fixed place, the active volcano. Therefore, the land use zoning affect areas will be smaller than the earthquake. Therefore, many countries like the Philippine set up the tourism spot and park to restrict the development along the volcanos, the land use zoning apply in the volcanic eruption is effective than the earthquake, as the earthquake can occur in anywhere are unpredictable.

Secondly, for the hazard occurrence time, the earthquake mainly occur suddenly; instead the volcanic eruption erupt the lava and volcanic ash in a longer period of time. The land use zoning is not effective during earthquakes as there are no time lag and offset to prepare for hazard; beside as the volcanic eruption ca

HKDSE Geography Combating Famine (precision farming)

Evaluate the effectiveness of precision farming in tackling the climatic constraints. (may be occur in the 2021 DSE essay)

To introduce, precision farming means adopting farming technologies in the agricultural process, such as GPS and GIS tools, remote sensing to collect and analyse the data during the farming activities. It is effective in tackling the climatic constraints in Southern California.

Firstly, precision farming can tackle the high temperature and high evaporation rate constrains, GPS and GIS senses in the field may able to collect and analyse the soil moisture, which can have an accuracy calculation about the suitable amount of irrigation water, to prevent the over-irrigation and prevent the occurrence of the soil salinisation.

Secondly, precision farming may able to tackle the water shortage (unreliable rainfall) problems, since the intelligent programme can able to analysis and store the irrigation water, there will be no more water wastage after the computerised system.

Likewise, the monitoring and sensing technologies can able to forecast the weather, store and collect the water to combat the seasonal drought during dry summer days in Southern California. Besides, weather forecasting can help to understand the frost period during the cold winter.

Still, the weather forecasting may not able to change and solve the climate constraints for the seasonal drought and the winter frost-free period in Southern California it helps to minimise the damage bought by the extreme weather event a lot.

Moreover, the climate constraints cannot be changed by using precision farming, as it only an adaptation. Nevertheless, with the high annual mean temperature, low annual rainfall and also the high evaporation rate, these conditions will remain unchanged.

Lastly, precision farming is effective in tackling the climate constraints, some of the root problems remain, instead precision farming is the best way to tackling climate constraints.

HKDSE 通識教育- 綠色政策（link with 今日香港）【能源科技與環境】

Paper 1 香港綠色政策（link with 今日香港）【能源科技與環境】

考試有機會出的議題：走塑文化、回收計劃、垃圾徵費、電動車、生產者責任制

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走塑文化（綠色生活）🔥🔥⭐️【跨課題：今日香港】

走塑文化的困難和障礙：

1）走塑着重於個人環保意識

自攜餐盒和飲筒需要自律性、不少市民依賴即棄餐具形成慣性

2）環保成本高 需要付出時間成本

自攜器皿比起即棄的器皿成本高、市民需要付出時間成本去清潔器皿

3）欠缺政策規管 約束力有限

現時政府政策並沒有規管塑膠飲管徵費等措施、因此成效不彰

減少走塑文化困難的建議：

1）增加教育和宣傳 作加強市民意識和習慣

透過教育提倡自攜餐盒和飲管 可以潛移默化形成走塑習慣

2）透過徵費計劃杜絕大量使用塑膠的習慣

透過具阻嚇力徵費計劃 可以減少和戒掉市民使用塑膠的習慣

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生產者責任制（四電一腦）🔥🔥⭐️ 【跨課題：今日香港】

四電一腦是指 冷氣機、雪櫃、洗衣機、電視機及電腦產品

供應商需要為供應的產品向政府支付循環再造費用（每件45至165元）

銷售商須向購買產品的消費者提供免費除垢服務和回收舊產品

從事回收處理及出口電子廢物的從業者要得到牌照

生產者責任制即香港實行的「四電一腦」的好處和壞處：

好處1）供應商或將成本轉嫁至銷售商-> 銷售商因而加價 -> 製造經濟誘因減低消費者不必要地更換產品的意欲 -> 減少電子廢物

好處2）強制銷售商提供合資格的回收服務及規管電子廢物處理 -> 有助於減少棄置和非法售賣電子廢物的問題 -> 減低對環境的破壞

壞處1）銷售若果提升產品價格 會增加消費者的負擔

壞處2）現時政府只資助或一的回收箱負責上門除舊-> 服務供不應求 ->消費者收取新產品仍要等數天甚至幾星期才有服務 -> 期間或只好張大型舊產品如洗衣機擺放在公共位置 -> 造成通道阻塞和風險

壞處3）市民過往常用的小型回收者（俗稱：收買佬）難以獲得牌照 -> 銷售商有提供免費除舊服務 -> 促使他們生意大減

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回收計劃🔥🔥 【跨課題：今日香港】

政府如何處理都是固體廢物問題：

1）透過回收計劃

2）識食香港運動 源頭減廢

3）徵費計劃

回收計劃的一個支持和反對論點：

優點1）達致資源回收再利用既可以減少消耗各種資源也可以減少垃圾量

優點2）處於可作循環再造轉化為肥料和生物氣體作發電之用

優點3）節省處理垃圾所需要的成本

缺點1）現時香港的回收途徑不足難以達致成效

缺點2）市民會因環保意識低和不了解回收途徑而未有參與回收計劃

識食香港運動源頭減廢的一個支持和反對論點：

優點1）提高市民和企業的環保意識並推動他們參與源頭減廢工作

缺點1）依靠各方的自願合作約束力有限難以有效推行減廢

徵費計劃的一個支持和反對論點：

優點1）利用經濟誘因推動市民減廢的習慣 據阻嚇力和約束力

優點2）從源頭減廢解決廢物過多的問題 整治根本的方法

優點3）徵費帶來經濟效益有助政府推行較長遠的可持續發展政策

缺點1）徵費計劃需要市民付出金錢 加重市民的經濟負擔和引起反對聲音

缺點2）成功與否視乎執法力度

💥文憑試卷參考：2013 卷二 固體垃圾

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垃圾徵費🔥🔥 【跨課題：今日香港】

在落實垃圾徵費時，不同持份者之間可能出現什麼矛盾？解釋你的答案。

環保團體及中小企就收費存在矛盾：

環保團體認為政府設定的收費標準合理，能有效增加市民減廢的動力，如收費太低會影響計劃成效；中小企則認為垃圾徵費增加了營運成本，影響其盈利，期望政府下調價格。

政府及環保團體就減廢成效的評估存在矛盾：

政府認為計劃透過經濟誘因推動市民源頭減廢，減少全港垃圾量；環保團體則認為計劃缺乏回收配套，難以鼓勵市民回收，導致大量可重用資源棄置堆填區，減低計劃成效。

環保團體及基層市民就生活素質的理解存在矛盾：環保團體認為計劃可減少垃圾量，藉減少污染營造理想生活環境，有利生活素質；基層市民物資匱乏，較重視物質生活，認為垃圾徵費加重財政負擔，攤薄其他生活開支，不利生活素質。

物業管理公司及政府就實際操作存在矛盾：物業管理公司認為逐一追查違規住客非常困難，市民容易忽視法例，難以推動他們減廢，削弱計劃成效；政府則認為操作問題不重要，立法已可提高市民棄置垃圾的警惕性，達致全民減廢。

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電動車🔥🔥 【跨課題：今日香港】

電動車的優點和缺點：

優點1）毋需燃燒汽油，不會產生路邊廢氣，紓緩空氣污染。

優點2）碳排放(包括電廠發電)比汽油車減少6成。

優點3）以香港私家車每日行駛40至60公里為例，駕駛電動車每日的電費低過$10，比使用汽油作為燃料節省超過85%。

優點4）可把逾8成能源轉化為電力，相比汽車只得15-20%的效率，大幅減少燃料費用。

優點5）馬達毋需經過化學燃料推動，其產生的噪音及震盪比傳統汽車小。

優點6）可省卻汽油或柴油車輛的一般定期維修工序如更換火嘴及空氣過濾元件等。

壞處

缺點1）電池壽命短，只能反覆使用300-500次，大約3年左右便會用完。

缺點2）電池成本高，售價貴，估計約為電動車價格的3至5成。

缺點3）因循環再造的成本高過重新製造，舊電池大多被棄置於堆填區，最終污染土地環境；而且香港目前主要依靠煤、天然氣、核電等模式發電，對減少總碳排放量並無太大幫助。

缺點4）使用最先進的快速充電系統為電動車充入80%電量需至少15分鐘；入油只需約1分鐘。

缺點5）充電站數目偏少，充電不方便。

缺點6）現時大多數電動車在一次完全充電後只可行駛約100公里。

💥文憑試卷參考：2018卷二 電動車 「分析購買電動車的決定因素」

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當然呢條題目係今次Mock係卷一嘅題目

「在推動香港環境保育方面，政府的角色最為重要。」你是否同意這看法?解釋你的答案。

例題：https://iknow.hkej.com/php/article.detail.php?aid=48330

HKDSE 通識教育- 中國政策議題（link with 改革開放）【現代中國】

Paper 1 Tips 中國政策議題（link with 改革開放）【現代中國】

考試有機會出的議題：中國製造2025、一帶一路、電子商法、全面脫貧建立小康社會、西部大開發、開放二孩、西氣東輸南水北調

無論幾憎中國都要做呢條（因為係卷一必答題）

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💩前半部份的內容較為歷史性和促進了解並唔會考（但係要認知）

談及中國議題需要理解到三個方面就係

歷史-> 改變情況-> 引致的影響

因果關係 因為改革開放，所以導致問題出現。（現代中國成科書都係咁）

以1）三農問題、2）空巢老人和留守兒童、3）民企為例：

改革開放後*

1）集中於經濟發展 （農業發展的份額減少 從事農業的人亦減少 農業的土地亦欣污染和城市競爭發展而減少）

2）城市化發展和集中發展經濟特區（促使不少農民工留下留守兒童和空巢老人到不同城市打工 並且衍生城鄉戶籍問題—戶籍制度本意希望分配好不同地方的人口 但是因為改革開放過於集中發展經濟特區因而未能做到）

3）社會主義市場經濟開放私人公司市場（促使民企的成立）

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改革開放的理念：

中國特色的社會主義（調整社會主義採納市場經濟和財產私有權）

摸住石頭過河（循序漸進地進行改革和開放）

先讓部份人富起來（先發展東部沿海海地區在推動西部內陸地區發展）

🤫靜雞雞話俾你聽：其實根本問題係社會主義思想上 因為社會主義根本唔可以實踐嘅（如同烏托邦的理論）

改革開放是指對內改革，對外開放

對內改革：國企民企 （國企改革發展民營企業）

對外開放：成立經濟特區、深化改革、三資企業和金融改革

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改革開放帶來的影響：

1）人民生活水平上升（城市化）

2）消費模式改變（炫耀性消費）

3）城市發展不平均（地域差距、城鄉差距、貧富差距）

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改革開放帶來的社會問題和中國政府處理的方法

1）貧富收入差距

中國堅尼係數達到0.4的警戒線 表示中國社會正面臨嚴重的貧富懸殊

政府處理貧富收入差距採取的措施：

👍🏻保障勞工待遇和權益，頒布最低工資規定、勞工合同法和就業促進法。

2）城鄉差距

對外開放的政策主要令城市受惠 進一步拉闊城鄉差距

政府處理城鄉差異採取的措施：

👍🏻發展區域以收窄地區差異（西部大開發）推動西部城鎮化

3）「新三座大山」上學難、看病難、住房難。

上學難：政府投入不足、教育經費不均、教育產業花學費上漲

看病難：醫療資源分配不均、醫療費用高

住房難：房價高、供應不足土地競爭

政府減少操控貨品價格 自由市場促使 通貨膨脹的問題

富裕階層的炫耀性消費模式 （炫富與仇富）

中國政府處理新三座大山採取的措施：

👍🏻擴大社會福利保障

👍🏻「五險一金」制度

👍🏻增加醫療開支和教育開支

👍🏻加快興建廉租房

4）農民工問題（促使留守兒童、空巢老人和留守婦女）

政府應對三農問題採取的措施：

👍🏻補貼農業生產 發放補貼金津貼農民

👍🏻發展產業 發展農業的食物加工 農業旅遊等

👍🏻賦予土地使用權 容許依法轉讓土地承包權30年

👍🏻取消農業稅

👍🏻增加教育資助 免除農村義務教育學生的雜費並免費提供教科書補貼生活費

👍🏻改善鄉鎮的社會保障

👍🏻改革戶籍制度

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中國國有企業和民營企業的簡介：

國有企業則屬於中國國家擁有的企業，反之民營企業是屬於私人擁有的企業

國有企業在改革開放後，中央政府「放限讓利」容許國企自主生產可保留利潤及裁減員工，並推行「企業承包制」即是企業家可包辦國企營運取代營運不善不關心盈利的官員經營國企（俗語話開放左市場比商家渣莊），最後在1994年開始「抓大放小、股份制」。 加上國營企業是有「企業辦社會」的職能，需要負責協助中國的經濟和基建發展，無論大與小的項目亦要支持。

民營企業是自改革開放之後，政府容許私人企業家建立自己的民營企業，由於民營企業不受社會和政府監管因此發展速度通常比國企快，今年政府實行「走出去戰略」，鼓勵民營企業進軍內地市場並收購外地大型企業。

由於國企是屬於國家的國家會保護國企，並容許國企在戰略性的工業進行壟斷，因此近年中國國企和民企鬥爭激烈有「國進民退」的跡象。

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生育政策

中國由於要控制人口增長因此在80年代起推行一孩政策「計劃生育」，計劃生育可以防止人口過度膨脹並避免出現就業機會和糧食資源不足的問題，加上可以減少生態足印有利於國家達致可持續發展；相反計劃生育是侵犯女性的生育權利並因中國重男輕女的觀念促使棄女嬰問題，一孩政策亦促使獨生子女、人口老化和性別失衡等現象造成更多社會和經濟的問題。

在2016年起中國政府全面推行二孩政策，應對人口老化的問題，不過其生育率的成效低於預期是因為現時養育子女的成本急升很多夫妻並不願意生多一個孩子，加上現時流行和推崇個人主義享樂主義，傾向持分和組織丁克家庭。

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議題（戲肉啦！！！）

深化改革的一系列政策：

🔵 中國製造2025（科技和經濟發展的政策）⭐️

🔵 一帶一路（外交政策）⭐️

🔴 電子商貿法（維穩政策）

🔴 全面脫貧建立小康社會（改革開放最後一步）⭐️

🔴 西部大開發（改革開放第二步）⭐️

🔴 開放二孩政策（不屬於改革開放，但是因改革開放而造成的問題）⭐️

🟢 西氣東輸（能源平衡政策）～不需多解釋啦

🟢 南水北調（天然資源平衡政策）～不需多解釋啦

🤫靜雞雞話俾你聽：可以將唔同政策分做：社會🔴經濟🔵環境🟢不同層面

以下我會逐一介紹：

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🔵 中國製造2025（科技和經濟發展的政策）

中國政府在2015年提出「中國製造2025」計劃，以補貼科技產業發展，例如機械人航天設備等十大重點領域，令中國成為高科技的領導者，推動中國由世界工廠發展成製造強國。

爭議：

1）中國竊取知識產權並抄襲別人設計（小米手機懷疑抄襲蘋果電話）

2）中國威脅論 中國成為世界領先強國有機會 威脅世界主權穩定和局勢

3）中國仍然是世界工廠 擁有平價勞工 -> 如果轉型為高科技的產業 工業的從業員例如工人會被下崗 -> 失業率上升

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🔵 一帶一路（外交政策）

中國致力進軍新興市場以保持經濟增長，由於環球經濟畢竟傳統市場對中國身份的需求減少，一帶一路可以為中國加強與中亞非洲歐洲等60個國家一齊合作經濟發展。

爭議：

1）一帶一路消耗國家大量財政資源，引起潛在的社會不滿

2）新興市場的經濟能力有限，中國企業能否在當地謀取利潤成疑

3）不少國家因一帶一路的基建發展而增加負債，加上中國企業在當地擴張，促使當地居民對中國產生反感（以巴基斯坦為例由於欠中國的負債過多要向國際基金組織求援）

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🔴 電子商貿法（維穩政策）

電子商貿發展加強規管透過微信、網絡直播平台等銷售商品和服務的經營者。

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🔴 全面脫貧建立小康社會（改革開放最後一步）⭐️

2017年10月，中共總書記習近平在中共十九大做題為《決勝全面建成小康社會，奪取新時代中國特色社會主義偉大勝利》的報告。報告指出「從現在（即2017年）到2020年，是全面建成小康社會決勝期」，並提出從2020年到本世紀中葉分兩個階段實現社會主義現代化強國的目標。

第一個階段：從2020年到2035年，在全面建成小康社會的基礎上，再奮鬥十五年，基本實現社會主義現代化。

第二個階段：從2035年到本世紀中葉，在基本實現現代化的基礎上，再奮鬥十五年，把中國建成富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現代化強國。

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🔴 西部大開發（改革開放第二步）⭐️

西部大開發的局限及障礙：

👎🏻西部地區企業實力不強，發展主要是國企主導。

👎🏻經濟活動主要依賴開發天然資源的第一產業，產業結構相對單一。此外，開採天然資源對環境生態帶來嚴重的破壞，污染問題仍然嚴竣。

👎🏻西部地區城鄉居民的收入雖有上升，但與東部居民相比仍有一段距離，例如2016年，西部地區及東部地區居民年收入為29,045元及39,651元。

👎🏻相對東部沿海地區而言，西部的教育及科技水平仍然較落後，即使多個省份及城市推出吸納人才的政策及優惠，仍未能補足人才不足的缺口，窒礙西部地區各省的發展。例如，現今西部農業科技難以提供發展高效農業所需的技術和品種，農業科技人員匱乏，科技中介組織和技術人才市場發展遲緩

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🔴 開放二孩政策（不屬於改革開放，但是因改革開放而造成的問題）⭐️

促使中央政府推行全面二孩政策的因素：

⭐️生育率低，勞動力不足︰年輕人口增加會形成大量勞動力，為國家提供發展動力；而內地因上世紀八十年代以來推行一孩政策，造成生育率降低的後果，令國家逐漸失去充裕勞動力的優勢。

⭐️獨生子女負擔沉重︰獨生子女在「四二一」的家庭結構下，需負擔父母及祖父母輩六人經濟及生活上的各樣需求，帶來沉重的經濟及精神壓力。

⭐️男女比例失衡︰基於傳統重男輕女的觀念，性別偏好、生育數量限制和孩兒性別鑑定等原因，令內地男女比例嚴重失衡，造成大量「剩男」的社會現象，進一步影響生育率，形成惡性循環。

⭐️人口老化致銀髮危機︰生育率低令老年撫養比率相應提高，直接增加政府在社會保障方面的投放。此外，一旦獨生子女意外死亡，失獨老人的撫恤、養老、心理創傷和醫療保險等問題將加重社會支援服務的負擔，即變相將撫養長者的責任轉嫁在國民身上。

HKDSE 通識教育- 青少年的議題 【個人成長與人際關係】

Paper 1 Tips 青少年的議題 【個人成長與人際關係】

考試有機會出的議題：電子競技、過度消費、網購、電子學習。

祝大家旗開得成～ 青少年嘅議題應該係得咁多

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電子競技🔥🔥🔥 【跨單元：今日香港和全球化】

電子競技普及的因素：

1）網絡速度寬頻和流動網絡覆蓋率增加 促使更多人能參與網絡遊戲競技（資訊科技進步）

2）影片和社交網站興起 大量網絡紅人和廣告推廣遊戲吸引更多人參加（傳媒影響 從眾效應）

3）玩家可以透過直播遊戲過程賺取廣告收益及觀眾的支持和贊助 令人更有動力參與（經濟利益）

「電競產業普及化有助於促進香港青少年的個人成長。」

你大多程度上同意這說法/一個支持和一個反對電子競技的聲稱

同意/支持聲稱：

1）參與電競能訓練青少年的思維能力和意志力，增強其自尊感

2）電競比賽以團隊形式參與，可擴闊青少年的社交圈子

3）電子競技再講普及能提供更多發展機會，擴闊青少年的職業路向

不同意/反對聲稱：

1）電競訓練需要長時間坐着和專注屏幕，不利於青少年的身體健康

2）電子競技的遊戲內容當中包含血腥和暴力元素，不利於青少年的心靈健康

3）青少年容易沉溺於其中，都知電玩成癮，影響精神健康

4）因電競的生涯規劃與家人的期望有落差有損親子關係

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過度消費🔥🔥🔥【跨單元：能源科技與環境】

時下的青少年基於：

1）從眾壓力（朋輩影響）

2）社會風氣（消費主義盛行和宣傳和銷售渠道增加）

3）炫耀性消費模式（追逐名牌）

吸引青少年消費，而且青少年具有喜愛追逐潮流的特質，因此青少年會唔會經常消費，加上有時候青少年消費是為了附和朋友，甚至有些青少年會胡亂揮霍營造出炫耀性消費模式。 （例子：追逐蘋果手機，在內地有不少青少年為追逐蘋果手機因而賣肝。）

過度消費產生的問題：

1）產生大量不必要的垃圾（產物）

2）加重香港堆填區和固體廢物處理的負擔

💥曾經在文憑試考過 2017卷二快速時裝、2019卷一塑膠垃圾處理

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網購🔥🔥🔥【跨單元：今日香港和能源科技與環境】

促成網購熱潮的原因

1）網購便利增加客源

現今資訊科技產品普及，人們可透過手機和網絡隨時隨地網購，極為方便。網購可輕易作跨境消費，豐富消費者的購物選擇，便利特性容易吸引人者使用，漸成熱潮。

2）節日包裝促進消費

商家將特定日子包裝成「購物節」，如「雙11」購物節、美國「黑色星期五」等，加強商品宣傳並提供各式各樣促銷折扣和優惠，藉節日氣氛提升人們的消費意欲，助長網購熱潮。

3）網絡技術改善購物體驗

網絡技術發展有助商家營銷，商家透過社交媒體收集消費數據，掌握消費者需求，社交媒體亦能為商家推送廣告至目標受眾，提升宣傳效率。加上網絡直播、人工智能客戶服務等嶄新功能，也能提升消費體驗，吸引更多人使用。

網購對消費者的隱憂

1）商品質素參差

設立網店的門檻較低，即使產品出現問題，部分網店經營者也可另設新店，較難作有效監管，商品質素難有保證。由於選購過程中消費者沒有見過實體商品，「貨不對辦」的情況時有發生。特別是一些安全要求較高的商品，如食品、醫藥用品等，有問題的商品或會為消費者帶來健康風險

2）個人資料易洩漏

網購的消費流程通常結合電子支付技術，網絡安全成為一大隱憂。網購過程中消費者須提供不少個人資料，如聯絡方法、地址等，更須綁定銀行賬戶或信用卡等支付工具，惟這些個人資料的保存和使用方式如欠保障，會被不良商戶盜用或被網絡黑客入侵而洩露。

解釋網購熱潮對香港人生活素質的影響。

1）網購方便省時省力（正面影響）

網購盛行下網店及商品種類日漸增多，消費者足不出戶便能採購各種生活用品，如食品、衣物、生活雜貨等，節省出行、購物、運送的時間和人力，便捷的購物體驗有助提升港人的生活便捷度。

2）跨境消費豐富選擇（正面影響）

傳統實體消費或因地域因素限制產品選擇，網購配合貨運物流，能打破地域界限讓港人購買來自各地網店商品，增加購物選擇；加上網絡資訊發達，方便比較不同商品的價格和資訊，提升購買力之餘亦較易尋找心儀商品，有助豐富物質生活。

1）私隱風險易招損失（負面影響）

網絡消費通常結合電子付款技術，網絡安全或成隱憂，如曾有調查發現不少美國人思疑網絡行為被監控；港人經常使用網購服務，住址、聯絡方法、信用卡號碼和密碼等個人資料或被不良商戶或黑客盜用，增加私隱洩露風險，更可能招致財物損失。

2）易陷過度消費危機（負面影響）

網購便捷度高，讓港人可機不離手隨時隨地購物，加上網店商家常推出促銷活動，如節日限定優惠、透過社交媒體推送針對性廣告等，或令部分港人陷入衝動和過度消費的情緒，造成衣物浪費問題，甚至有機會帶來財務及欠債危機。

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電子學習🔥🔥🔥【跨單元：今日香港】

推行電子學習對青少年個人發展帶來的影響：

正面影響：提升個人競爭力、促進身心健康、方便於學習

負面影響：損害身心健康、影響人際關係 、影響學業進度

解釋全面推行電子教學可能遇到的困難：

1）青少年缺乏物力和資源（資源局限）

2）社會風氣阻礙 （經驗和文化阻礙）

3）學生學習動機低（自主學習成效不足）

4）部份課程不適合於電子教學（可行性不足）

5）數碼鴻溝、貧富懸殊（可行性不足）

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有關青少年的概念

青少年的特質：

1）追求自主獨立

2）自我中心傾向

3）情緒波動 -> 精神健康

4）容易受社會氣氛影響 -> 過度消費、網購和電競

5）重視自我形象 -> 外科整容

6）開始意識到社會的權利與責任 -> 青少年的政治參與

因素影響着青少年的自尊：

個人方面：身型外貌和個人技能

家庭方面：管教模式

朋輩方面：從中和朋友接納

學校方面：學習成績和老師評價

社會方面：性別定型、傳媒訊息和種族文化

自尊五感：

方向感（認為自己能夠掌握生命的意義和目標，作出決定及承擔後果）

能力感（認為自己有能力學習新事物及應付挑戰）

安全感（感到被重視和保護、能信賴別人）

獨特感（接納自己、認定自己在群體中是獨特的）

聯繫感（感到與別人有聯繫、得到接納和認同）

HKDSE Geography [Cross-topic: More about typhoon]

Typhoon usually occur between May to November in Hong Kong, they are more frequent in the August and September.

句*-> typhoon is an intensive low pressure system

-> air in the centre is descending, there are no clouds and it is clam in the eye

句*-> surrounding the eye is the eye wall, which has the greatest wind speed and heaviest rainfall

-> the typhoon follows the pressure gradient system

Formation of typhoon

-> air move into the centre of tropical cyclones in an anticlockwise way

-> as the Coriolis force cause wind deflection and make the air rotate

-> since the Coriolis force is zero at the equator and increase with the latitude

句*-> usually the tropical cyclone develop in between the 10 and 20 N

句*-> where the Coriolis force becomes stronger and the water is warm enough to provide energy and moisture for upward movement

-> the continuous supply of energy (latent heat and sensible heat) over the ocean cause air rise and form cloud

-> as the air continues to rise

-> the air pressure at the surface falls which help to draw more air into the tropical cyclone

-> providing more and more energy for the tropical cyclone to grow

-> as the result in a positive feedback loop that trigger the growth of the tropical cyclone

[冇乜機會背到咁多] -> 記住4句 what is it, how does it form the intensive rainfall, the location which typhoon form

幾時有用: Ch2, 7, 8

Ch2 : Flooding -> typhoon (adverse weather) -> intensive and prolonged rainfall -> bankfull discharge -> overland flow

Ch7 : Climate change -> typhoon (adverse weather) more frequent -> sea water is heated, as the water is warm enough to provide energy and moisture for upward movement

Ch8 : Climate influences of landslide -> typhoon (adverse weather) -> intensive and prolonged rainfall

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (importance of plate movement in the formation of rock)

Assess the importance of plate movement in the formation of rock. (6 marks)

To introduce, plate movement in the formation of rock have a great importance and influence of the formation of rock, for example the igneous, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. Since the igneous rock is forms by the vulcanicity, sedimentary is form by the uplift of existing rock, metamorphic rock is form by the dynamic and thermal metamorphism. These activities are influence by the plate movement.

Firstly, for the formation of igneous rock, it is cause by the vulcanicity. The vulcanicity are cause by the plate movement, since two plate collide and moving toward each oath (which knows as the destructive plate boundaries), plate converge and the denser plate subduce afterward water is released from the plate, the heat and water caused the as the asthenosphere to melt to magma. Magma wells up through the cracks in the crust, giving rise to both intrusive and extensive vulcainity, when the magma cools and solidifies, then forming the igneous rock like granite (intrusive rock) in Hong Kong Lion rock batholith and tuff (extrusive rock) in Hong Kong High island. For the constructive plate boundary, since two plate moving apart each other and diverge then a fissure is formed. When the magma rise and fill the fissure, it cools and solifies forming the igneous rock, for example the basalt in the Iceland.

Still, using Hawaii as sample, it is an hot spot island which the hot spot volcanism may forms the igneous rock as well, as the mantle plume rise from between the core and the mantle at a hot spot. When the plume head touch the lithosphere, melting occurs had magma form. When the magma well up through the cracks in the lithosphere and result in intrusive and extrude volcanism, igneous rock is formed.

Secondly, for the formation of sedimentary rock, it is mainly forms by the uplift of sediment and the tectonic activities (including the faulting and folding). Using India as example, since during the ocean-continent and continent-continent collision, the sedimentary rock at the plate boundary is folded up under the compression force, forming the fold mountains Himalayas. On the other hand, since the uplift landmass is exposed to the atmosphere, it is subject to dunudation. This process provide material and rock fragment to form the sedimentary rock.

Nevertheless, it is not only plate movement forms the sedimentary rock, the sedmentary rock forms by the pre-existing rock and dead organic material, using Black and White desert in the Egypt as sample, the sedimentary form is forms by deposition of organic substance which comes forms the dead bodies of plate and animals, when the material is buried, compacted and cemented to form the biological sedimentary rock.

Thirdly, for the formation of metamorphic rock, the plate movement in the destructive plate boundaries, in the compression force, folding and faulting occurs in the sedimentary rock, this is the result in dynamic metamorphism, which cause the mineral crystals in the rock to realign to form the metamorphic rock under the intensive pressure. Moreover, for the thermal metamorphism, under the compressional force produce crack in the sedimentary rock, magma wells up through these cracks, the high semester of the magma make the rojc crystals melt and recrystallize into metamorphic rock.

HKDSE Geography TRF (climate affects the soil condition in the tropical rainforest)

Explain how the climate affects the soil condition in the tropical rainforest.

To introduce, the tropical rainforest is mainly covered by the oxisols, which is reddish, hardpan is found in the soil since the intensive and highly weathering process (like leaching) leading the soil becomes infertile, also the soil is thick but most of the nutrient in the soil is concentrated in the topsoil. The climate influences the soil condition a lot, including the temperature, rainfall (precipitation) and weather event leading to the formation of oxisols in the tropical rainforest.

Firstly, for the temperature, since the equatorial climate providing the high annual mean temperature of 27C, also the small annual and diurnal range of temperature only around 2-4C will intensify the rate of decomposition of organic and mineral matter, such as the rotten leaves and dead animals. The high temperature provides a platform for the decomposition and weathering process in the rainforest.

Secondly, for the rainfall, since the tropical-humid climate leading a high annual rainfall and precipitation in the tropical rainforest, the humid weather condition in which the annual rainfall over 2000mm produce an agent for decomposition process of organic and mineral matter. The rainwater leading the active chemical weathering, which contributes to the soil, likewise the heavy rainfall like the intensive convectional rain common in the rainforest lead to the strong leading and turn the soil to becomes infertile. The intensive leaching leached away the nutrient and soluble elements (such as potassium, sodium and calcium), the insoluble element (such as iron and aluminium) will stay behind and concentrated as the soil layer deep in the subsoil, the hardpan is found in the subsoil.

To conclude, the high annual mean temperature, high annual rainfall and the convectional rain leading the strong leeching and affect the soil in the tropical rainforest a lot.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (erosion shaping the landscape in Hong Kong)

Describe how the erosion shaping the landscape in Hong Kong.

To introduce, erosion is a part of denudation, it will erode and disintegrated rock into fragment, thus forming the coastal landforms and rills, gullies and badlands in Hong Kong, by the tidal erosion, rainsplash erosion and sheet erosion and rills erosion.

Firstly, the tidal erosion leading the formation of the sea cliff and wave-cut platform in the Tung Ping Chau. Since Tung Ping Chau is covered by the sedimentary rock (shale, sandstone and siltstone), the line of weakness in the sandstone and siltstone are the bedding planes, which may favours water to seep inside and erode the rock more easily. The high tidal and low tidal everyday repeatedly, the tidal erosion take part and erode the rock between the high and low tidal, afterward in repeated erosion leading the rock becomes overhanging. The overhanding part eventually collapse, formed a large wave-cut platform along the Tung Ping Chau coastline also the sea cliff formed as the tidal erosion.

Secondly, the erosion and the destructive wave erosion may leading the formation of sea arch, using the Ap Chau as a typical sample the “Ap eye”. Since the Ap Chau is covered by the sedimentary rock (sandstone and siltstone), the bedding planes is the line of weakness, as the Ap Chau is facing the Mirs bay, which the destructive wave erosion are active, the wave may leading the erosion take part in the Ap eye. When the line of weakness has be open in two side of Ap Chau, then repeated erosion cutting though and depend the sea cave, two sea cave combine as the active erosion, formed the sea arch “Ap eye”.

Thirdly, the erosion not only forms the sea arch, but also forms the stack, using the Sai Kung Po Ping Chau as a sample. Since the Po Ping Chau is covered the volcanic rock -tuff, the tuff carried the hexagonal columnar joints, which favours the water seep inside to erode the rock. Therefore, the Po Ping Chau is originally connect to the High island and it is a sea arch before, still as the erosion and strong destructive wave erosion (due to the expose and open sea location leading long fetch), that the arch between the high island and the Po Ping Chau have eventually collapse that forms the stack.

Fourthly, the rainsplash, sheet and rills erosion forms badlands, gully and rills in Hong Kong, using the Tuen Mun and Tai Lam as sample. Due to the less vegetation cover after the hill fire, also the subtropical monsoon climate intensifies the erosion in Tuen Mun and Tai Lam. The intensive, prolonged and heavy rainstorm leading the rainsplash erosion take part and the soil becomes losssened and the soil cohesion reduce, afterward favours the rills formation, as the same time the the slope become devegtatged and the water flow along the crake and widened and depended the soil and forming rills. On the other hand, not only the water leading soil erosion in the Tuen Mun, but also as the strong Northeast winter monsoon wind during winter, suspension may blows away the top soil intensifies soil erosion and leading the rills, gully and badlands formation.

HKDSE Geography TRF (ecological impact of large-scale deforestation in tropical rainforests on the local environment)

Describe the ecological impact of large-scale deforestation in tropical rainforests on the local environment.

To introduce the large-scale deforestation in tropical rainforest results in a loss of trees over a large area, this may caused a loss of biodiversity, as well as disrupted energy flow and nutrient cycle on the local environment.

Firstly, for the loss of biodiversity. since rainforest is cleared and the trees has been cut-off, the height, density and species of vegetation cover will reduce. The originally layered structure will reduce as the disappearance of emergent and canopy layer. The structure of vegetation of simplified as the clearance, after that the biomass will reduce, as there are many animals lives in the tropical rainforest, the habitats of plants and animals will be destroy. Many of the animals will lose their food source for survival, the number of faux and flora will reduce also some animals and plants may face the risk of extinction, leading to a loss of biodiversity in the rainforest.

Secondly, for the energy flow, the deforestation is remove the process and the amount of energy stored in produces, the energy store in the primary, secondary and tertiary consumer will reduce respectively. There will be less food available for primary consumers and for height tropic levels, less energy is left for higher tropic levels. Also, amount of producers and the energy absorbed by the producers is reduce, the transferred energy reduce leading the energy loss, food chain us shortened and food web is simplified, less energy is available in the ecosystem.

Thirdly, for the distrusted nutrient cycling, since most of the nutrient in the rainforest os stored in the biomass, as the deforestation remove a large amount of vegetation and nutrient in the biomass store is lost. When the biomass reduce, littering process will reduce rapidly, thus living less litter for decomposition, also the amount of nutrient in the soil and litter will decrease. Moreover when the large-scale deforestation in the rainforest , increasing the overland flow washes away litter and causing more nutrient loss, thus nutrient transferred to the soil reduce, more nutrient are lost through surface run-off and leaching, lastly the nutrient stored in the rainforest will reduce as the large-scale deforestation.

HKDSE Geography TRF (feasibility of abandon the cattle ranch and restore it into a tropical rainforest in order to develop ecotourism)

There is a proposal to abandon the cattle ranch and restore it into a tropical rainforest in order to develop ecotourism. Discuss the feasibility.

It is feasible to develop the ecotourism.

Firstly, by developing the ecotourism, it may provide more job opportunities in a long term and sustainable way for the rainforest. By the ecotourism, the economic return is for a long run than the cattle ranching, when the soil nutrient have been used up, also the desertification as the serious soil erosion condition, it may leads the cattle ranching cannot been adopt anymore in the badlands, as the result the cattle reaching is a short run and unsustainable method with a lower economic return. Other than the cattle ranching, the ecotourism is a long term and sustainable way to conserving the rainforest, as it may provide tour guides and management jobs for the ecotourism.

Secondly, to develop the ecotourism may preserve a period of time for the rainforest to regenerate and reducing the ecological damage by the cattle reaching. Currently, the cattle ranching leading serious soil erosion, as the heavy weight of livestock leads to over-trampling of soil, the soil compacted and hardened leading the desertification. Since the abandon of farmland, the layered structure may restore for a long period of fallowing time, therefore the ecotourism is feasible to restore the rainforest.

HKDSE Geography TRF (Plantation vs shifting cultivation)

Discuss whether plantation causes greater changes to these nutrient compartments than shifting cultivation.

Plantation vs shifting cultivation

To introduce, for the both plantation and shifting cultivation, they would change the nutrient cycle and compartments. For the shifting cultivation is an extensive subsistence arable farming method in the rainforest region using the “slash and burn” method, likewise for the plantation is an extensive commercial arable farming method in the rainforest for growing cash crops.

Firstly, for the both plantation and shifting cultivation are the arable farming, may leading deforestation, the deforestation caused by the mechanisation and large scale of plantation, likely the shifting cultivation will clearing a part of rainforest by the “slash and burn” to use the ash as a natural fertiliser. The biomass will decrease as the clearance of the rainforest both the mechanisation and “slash and burn”, the deforestation process may damage the animals habitat and lower the biodiversity. Still, the impact of the plantation is greater then the shifting cultivation, due to the shifting cultivation is non-sedentary faming method, which the farmers may abandon the original farmland and shifting to a new plot of land when the soil nutrient is used up, the shifting cultivation may provide a period of time (fallowing period) for the soil and nutrient regenerate. Beside, the plantation is sedentary faming method, which means that a large-scale commercial farming in a permanent site, the soil and nutrient may be used up and nutrient may not able to regenerate as the intensive plantation, as the result the plantation causes greater change to the nutrient compartment than the shifting cultivation.

Secondly, the scale and use of fertiliser in the plantation is larger and more than the shifting cultivation, since then the damage cause by the plantation is much more than the shifting cultivation due to the large human input. The plantation involve a large scale commercial farming system, also usually the monoculture is common practiced in the plantation site, the monoculture will destroy the soil nutrientleading the soil becomes more acidic and infertile. Also as the large-scale commercial plantation, it may make use of the chemical fertilisers. The use of chemical fertiliser may damage the eco-system due to a large scale and intensive use for commercial plantation. Beside, the shifting cultivation is a substance farming system, the scale of slash and burn comparing to the plantation is much more smaller-scale. Also, the shifting cultivation will not make use of the chemical fertilisers, since then the ecological damage bring by the chemical fertiliser will be lower and the soil will regenerate after the long period of fallowing. As the result, regarding to the scale and fertiliser, the plantation cause more change to the nutrient compartment than the shifting cultivation.

Thirdly, due to the farming method and nutrient cycling, the shifting cultivation is more sustainable than the plantation. Since the planation may reduce a permeant site for farming, the vegetation cover may reduce in the sit, also the biomass will decrease , amount the nutrient store in the litter reduce due to the reduction of fallen leaves. Beside the shifting cultivation is a sustainable method, which the farm site after the nutrient has been used up, the land will be fallowing for around three to four year, in this fallowing period, the nutrient can regenerate and nutrients level can be replenished slower, but still comparing to to the plantation, the “slash and burn” method is more sustainable due to there will be a longer fallowing period for the nutrient to regenerate.

HKDSE Geography TRF (nutrient cycling of the tropical rainforest ecosystem)

Give an account of the nutrient cycling of the tropical rainforest ecosystem.

To introduce the nutrient cycling in the tropical rainforest ecosystem, it is a circulation of nutrient between the environment and organism, nutrient stored the biomass, litter and soil.

Firstly, about the biomass, it is the largest scale in the tropical rainforest ecosystem. Since the equatorial climate in the tropical rainforest, which hot and humid, having the high annual mean temperature for 25C, the small annual rage of temperature only around 1 to 3C and small diurnal of temperature only around 2-4C, rainforest lack of seasonality leading evergreen favours the plants and animals to grow all year round. Also, the high annual mean rainfall feeds different types of plants and animals as well. Moreover, as the layered structure, including the emergent, canopy, young tree, suburb and underground layer provide a platform for biomass in the rainforest, as the result the huge biomass is influence by the climatic factors. When plants grow they will use the solar energy to produce their tissue through the photosynthesis, while plants are consumed by animals, the animals will take up the nutrient in plants and convert them into their tissue, since then the nutrient transfer from the plants to the animals.

Secondly, about the litter, after the biomass dead like tree leaves fall into the ground, the littering process turns the biomass into the litter, litter stores the nutrient of animals or plants and transfer the nutrient as well. Moreover, since the convection rain and humid climate in the rainforest, intensive precipitation process also help to intensify the decomposition process and turning the biomass into the litter and transfers the nutrient at the same time. Still, the amount of litter is smaller the biomass, as many of them will be decomposed by the decomposer and some of the nutrients inside the litter may be washed away by the surface runoff process. Afterwards, when the litter forms after the littering and precipitation process, the decomposition process turns litter into soil transfers the nutrient as well.

Thirdly, about the soil, since the decomposition process turning litter into soil rapidly, due to the hot and humid climate, chemical weathering and decaying are more active, afterwards, the weathered materials and litter will provide nutrient into the soil. But still, the soil is lack of nutrient and infertile in the rainforest, since the intensive littering, leached away the nutrients, because of the water seep into the soil and it dissolves the should minerals and carries temperature down to the underground water from the soil. Lastly, since then the soil can transfer into the biomass when the biomass uptake the soil nutrient.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (how reclamation has modified the natural coastal areas)

Explain how reclamation has modified the natural coastal areas of Hong Kong.

To introduce, reclamation is a process filling the coastal areas to increasing the land supply, there are totally around 6.2% and 70km2 of Hong Kong landscape shaped by the reclamation, such as both side of Victoria Harbour, the new tows development in Hong Kong. The reclamation has modifies the natural coastal areas of Hong Kong, which I will explain as follow.

Firstly, the coastline has been shortened and straightened since the reclamation, using the Sha Tin Hoi as a sample, the Tai Wai and Sha Tin area have been reclaimed since the 70s to 80s new town development, the coastline has to be straightened due to the reclamation, also the Ma On Shen and Wu Kai Sha have to be reclaimed in the 80s to 90s, the original coastline is long-curved, due to the reclamation project, the coastline has been shortened and straightened. The Tsung Kwan O and Tai Po new town development straightened the curved coastline as well.

Secondly, the Harbour become narrowed, mainly the Victoria Harbour is a typical sample of the harbour which along two sides have reclaimed the large city and CBD space, during the 80s the Central and Tsim Sha Tsim have been expanded in the coastal areas, the harbour has been narrowed as the two sides large scale reclamation project. The latest project is the Central-Wan Chai Bypass reclamation project also a sample that the reclaimed land is for transportation use. Not only the Victoria Harbour has become narrowed, but also the Tolo harbour also have narrowed, as the large scale new town development including the Sha Tin, Ma On Shen and Tai Po reclamation project.

Thirdly, islands have been disappeared due to the reclamation, the Stonecutters island has been disappeared since the late-70s, the Stonecutters island has been connected with the Lai Chi Kok for the Tsing Sha Highways transportation development. Also, as the 80s Sha Tin City One new town development, Yuen Chau Kok island has been disappeared and connected into the Sha Tin. Moreover, the Tsing Chau has been disappeared and connected with the Kwai Chung, it has been transportation bridging the Kowloon to the Tsing Yi. Likewise, the Kellett island has been disappeared and connected with the Causeway Bay, it has been a transportation hub bridging the cross-harbour tunnel.

Fourthly, flatland area created as the reclamation, Kai Tai and Shek Lap Kok airport is a typical sample which the reclamation project provides a large area of flatland. The Kai Tai is reclaimed for expanding the runway in the late-50s, in the late-80s the relocation of the airport, Shek Lap Kok has been reclaimed for the new airport project. Likewise, to work with the new Chek Lap Kok airport, Tung Chung new town development has been reclaimed for a flatland housing development. Moreover, the Kung Tong coastal has reclaimed a large area of flatland for the industrial development in the late 70s.

Fifty, bays and shallow sea areas are reclaimed, Kowloon Bay and Causeway Bay is a typical sample which the reclaimed the bay and turning land for the urban and commercial development. Also, the Sunny Bay and Siu Ho Wan are reclaimed for the Airport and Disneyland resort development, the shallow bay has been turned into the transportation usage.

To conclude, reclamation has shortened and straightened the coastline, harbour become narrowed, islands have been disappeared, flatland area created and bays and shallow sea areas a lot.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (internal process with examples)

Vulcanicity

Due to the Hong Kong located in the destructive plate boundary margin during the late-Jurassic and cretaceous period (145 millions year ago), plate movement like the volcanic eruption is often occur in the High island Caldera, when the volcanic eruption in the Sai Kung High island. During the extrusive vulcanicity, a large volume of lava flow and volcanic ash were erupted into the earth surface, then the volcanic ash and lava cools and solidifies, forming the tuff and rhyolite respectively. Afterward, the hexagonal columnar joints forms between each pair of tuff, as the cooling and solidifies rate in the outer part of tuff os faster than the centre, therefore the hexagonal joints formed as the difference of cooling time. Lastly, the cooling and solidifies process if from the top to the bottom part of the tuff, since then this eventually result in a columnar joints pattern.

Beside, the intrusion of magma deep below the earth’s surface leading the formation of intrusive vulacnicity, magma rises along the cracks into the crust (underground) , the granite is form as the cools and solidifies of magma underground, crystallisation take place to form minerals ,as the deeper the formation with higher temperature with the earth crust, the slower the cooling rate more sufficient time fort minerals in the magma to aggregate before solidification, therefore large crystal size formed and the granite is coarse-grained.

Faulting

Since Hong Kong is lies within the major fault zone, the Linhuashan fault zone, therefore the major favour orientation is follows the Linhuashen orientation runs form the northeast to the southwest shaping a lot of physical landscape along the fault like the Tolo Channel fault, Tai Lam fault and Sha Tou Kok fault. For the minor fault is the northwest to the southeast and the north to south orientation like the fault lie below the high island reservoir.

The fault is the line of weakness, under the hot and wet climate in Hong Kong, the chemical weathering is very active, especially during the rainy season (May to September), water can easily seep though the crakes and undergo the chemical weathering, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, hydration and carbonation. Also there are over 30% of landscape in Hong Kong is covered by the granitic rock. the granite is well-jointed and coarse-grained making the the granite is less resistance to weathering. Since the rock displacement fractures along the fault easily, fault provide extra surface for chemical weathering. Thus the rock along the fault will weathered more ropily. Thicker regolith forms along the fault, thou the weathered materials are easily eroded by wind and water, also the area along the fault will be lowered into water inlets and valley more rapidly with their orientation the same with the major faults which run forms the northeast to the southwest, on both sides of faults, highland or ridges are found.

Folding

For the folding, since the rock strata are subjected to the compressional force, the rock is deformed (mainly in the Jurassic and cretaceous period). Many fold in Hong Kong were formed but the gravity-induced soft sediment deformation or during the sedimentation and lithification forms by the slump folding (mainly during the Devonian and Triassic period).

HKDSE 通識教育- 留守兒童 【現代中國 】

卷二影響題2018 1a 現代中國

解釋「留守兒童」現象對中國未來的發展可能造成的影響

解題：

1）留守兒童的概念 -> related to 戶籍制度(農民工）

2）留守兒童中國未來發展的影響

概念詞解釋：

留守兒童：是源於城市的生活成本高昂到城市打工的農民工家長難以負擔子女的城市生活開支，因此而把子女留在家鄉交托給長輩和親戚代為照顧。受着戶籍制度的影響，農村兒童因缺乏城市戶口在城市內難以獲得免費教育醫療等社會福利，因此被迫留守農村衍生了留守兒童的問題。

對社會發展的潛在影響：

城鄉之間會有更多的交流 -> 鄉鎮進步興起 -> 由於農民工從城市帶回一些新思維和產品回到農村 (例如智能手機股票買賣等) 有在於價值觀文化及生活水平等多方面熟習城鄉差異 促使鄉鎮進步有利於國家未來的發展

同時祖父母能夠履行和發展其傳統的角色和中國傳統觀念 ->提供適當的家庭支援和培育-> 可以為傳統習俗或文化繼承帶來正面影響

削弱對家庭及社會文化的成全->

家庭為本的傳統觀念被削弱（由於農民工的父母已出去大城市工作 -> 失去了對孩子的保護和教育方面的角色-> 減少了傳統家庭觀念和中國社會以家庭為本的團結性）

農民工父母未能履行傳統家長的角色和責任 -> 留守兒童欠缺家庭支援 -> 失去你來自父母的社教化紀律和教育培育 -> 減少留守兒童與父母的家庭聯繫 -> 破壞社會結構和紀律 -> 青少年罪行可能構成了中國農村的問題

對經濟發展的潛在影響：

能夠提升留守兒童自身能力和技術 -> 由於留守兒童有機會獨立發展 有自我照顧的能力、實際技能和解難能力 -> 這些能力可以轉移為與工作有關的技能 ->（例如產品設計師、工程師等）可以提升農村的勞動人口質素和生活素質

農民工父母在城市中工作有助於改善農村貧窮問題 -> 由於農民工可以彈性出入城市為城市提供龐大的勞動力 -> 有助於中國的經濟發展 -> 留守兒童未能陪父母前往城市為父母減輕高昂的生活費和支出 -> 能夠賺取更多的金錢寄回農村 -> 增加農村人的收入和改善他們的生活水平和生活素質

減低對國家的經濟及優才貢獻 -> 由於農村相對城市的發展較為落後 -> 留守兒童在農村中受到教育的成績遠不及城市重點培訓的兒童學生成績佳 -> 而且留守兒童缺乏家長監管和督促 -> 因而大部份是從事低技術的工作 -> 減低和影響了他們日後成長在社會及經濟方面的潛力

阻礙中國發展小康社會的步伐 -> 由於戶籍制度的關係衍生出留守兒童 -> 他們擁有的教育資源以及醫療等社會福利遠低於城市的市民 -> 因此持續的城鄉差異和農村的有限度發展 -> 製造了一個惡性循環 令城鄉差異持續擴大 (留守兒童的影響亦漸漸加深)

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (role of climate and rock type is affecting slope stability)

Explain the role of climate and rock type is affecting slope stability in Hong Kong.

To introduce, climate and rock types affect the shear strength and shear stress of slopes. The climate may lead to weathering and erosion more active influence by the air temperature, water, and air. Also, the rock type will intensify the weathering and erosion process.

For the climate factors, since Hong Kong is located in the subtropical monsoon climate, which is hot and wet, the annual temperature is 23C and the annual mean rainfall is around 2300mm, the rainy season is around May to September which the landslide mostly occurs in this period. The high rainfall in summer caused by the south-west monsoon, typhoon, and trough increase the slope instability.

The first climatic role is the overload, the prolonged, intensive, and heavy rainfall like the case in 2009 Hong Kong, the rainwater increase the groundwater pressure and adding the weight of the mass on the slope, that in crafting the shear stress, as the result is 2009 summer, a large scale landslide in the Lantau island, especially the Tung Chung.

The second climate role is the heavy rainfall changing the soil cohesion, during the heavy intensive rainfall the amount of infiltration increases, the water table rises above the slope surface since then the soil becomes saturated. Likewise, the rainstorm increases the pore water pressure, afterward the buoyancy effect which the weathered materials underground float by the water, lower the soil cohesion and friction, the shear strength reduces and causing landslide.

The third climate role is the winter northeast monsoon wind, the wind erosion intensifies the soil erosion, and lowers the soil cohesion. The Tuen Mun Castle Peak is a typical sample, the climate influence the mudflow and landslide occurrence during heavy rain and the active wind erosion, also leading the formation of badlands, gully and rills that active mass wasting may intensifies the soil erosion and badlands condition.

For the rock type, since Hong Kong covered by major the extrusive volcanic rock (tuff) for 48% and the intrusive plutonic rock (granite) for 30%. The rock resistance and its forms the landscape may affecting the slope stability.

The first rock type role is the resistance, as the granite covers Hong Kong landscape for over 30%, due to the intrusive vulcancity formation process which forms underground, granite is well-jointed, coarse-grained and less resistant. The well-jointed profile favours the water seep inside and chemical weathering, since the granite contain quartz, mica and feldspar, the feldspar is less resistance to the weathering. Less resistant bedrock profile may leading the active weathering and erosion take part in the granitic area, also the shear strength may reduce as the lossen rock profile.

The second rock type role is the landscape shaped by the rock. For the tuff forms steep slope, the steep slope may increase the risk of landslide, since the tuff is fine-grained and resistant, still the steep slope may cause the landslide and rockfall more easily due to the slope gradient is high, the shear steer on slope is higher than the gentle slope, as the result the mass wasting is active in the Sai Kung and east Lantau island.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (2014DSE)

2014

Explain how the rock types affect the characteristics of landscaped in Hong Kong. Discuss how the nature of rocks restricts the housing and transport development in Hong Kong.

To introduce, the rock types affect the characteristics of the landscape in Hong Kong, including the highland, lowland and valley. The igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

Firstly, about the hills, the extrusive volcanic rock like tuff and rhyolite have formed the highland and upland in Hong Kong. The high hill in Hong Kong like Tai Mo Shen (957m), Lantau Peak (934m) and Sunset Peak (869m), these hills are formed by the tuff and rhyolite since the tuff and rhyolite are high resistance, which may not favour the denudation take part to weather and erode the rock, therefore the steep slope is formed by the extrusive volcanicity in the past 145 million years ago (during late-Jurassic and cretaceous period), Tai Mo Shen Caldera, Lantau Caldera and Sai Kung Caldera is the active vulcanite leading the formation of highland in Hong Kong.

Moreover, the old sedimentary rock like conglomerate formed the hills in Hong Kong as well. Pat Sin Leng and Wong Leng is formed by the high resistance rock conglomerate during Devonian. As the conglomerate is higher resistance to weathering and erosion, therefore the thick conglomerate layer in the Pak Sin Leng leading Pak Sin Lung becomes the escarpment. Likewise, the Bluff Head is formed by siltstone and sandstone during the Devonian period as well, the ridges along the Hung Shek Mun and Bluff Head has created a series of a low hill in the Northeastern side of Hong Kong.

Besides, the intrusive volcanic rock like granite has formed the hills with lower height in Hong Kong. The low hill in Hong Kong like the Castle Peak (583m), Lion Rock (495m) and Beacon Hill (458m), these hills are formed by the granite. since the granite is well-jointed and less resistance to the weathering and erosion, active denudation take part to weather and erode the rock, therefore the gentle slope is formed by the intrusive vulcanicity in the past 140 million years ago (during the late-Jurassic and cretaceous period), the Lion rock Batholith is a typical sample of the magma intrusion and intrusive vulcanicity leading the formation of the hill with lower height in Hong Kong.

Secondly, about the coastal feature, mainly in Hong Kong there are 48% of land surface covered by the extrusive volcanic rock, the tuff formed the vertical sea cliff (along the Sai Kung High island), stack the Po Ping Chau, sea arch the Cape D’Agular. The Ninepins groups is a typical sample of the steep vertical sea cliff formed by the tuff. Likewise, the sedimentary rock also forms the coastal features in Hong Kong, the steep sea cliff and wave-cut platform like Tung Ping Chau and along with the bluff head, the sea arch in Ap Chau is a typical sample of the coastal features formed by the sedimentary rock in the Northeastern part of Hong Kong.

Thirdly, about the badlands, the granitic areas formed badlands, gully and rill Hong Kong. Since the granite is less-resistance and well-jointed, also Hong Kong is located in the subtropical monsoon climate which is hot and humid that favours the chemical weathering, the water can seep inside and forming the rill afterwards the rill been enlarged forming the gully and badlands. Likewise, the Tuen Mun experiment Japanese war and hill fire past seventy years ago which little vegetation cover leading soil erosion is active, also the winter northeast monsoon wind erosion intensifies the gully formation, as the result badlands is formed in the Tune Mun and Tai Lam.

Fourthly, about the island, the extrusive vulcancity forms lots of island in Hong Kong, including the Sharp island, Tung Lung Chau and Ninepins groups. Besides, the sedimentary rock is also formed lots of island in Hong Kong as well, including Tung Ping Chau, Ap Chau and Ma Shi Chau. In fact the

To conclude, the resistance, nature of rock and their characteristics may lead different formation in Hong Kong, like the high resistance tuff and rhyolite formed the high hills and upland, high resistance sedimentary rock (Conglomerate) formed the high hills, the less resistance granite forms the low hill and lowland in Hong Kong.

To introduce, the nature of rock like the well-jointed and less resistance granite, high resistance tuff and rhyolite have restricts the housing and transport development in Hong Kong.

Firstly, the granitic rock are well jointed may restrict the housing development, using the Tsing Lung Lau as a sample, Tsing Lung Lau is covered by the granitic rock base, since the granite is well-jointed and less resistance to the denudation, the weathering, erosion and mass wasting is active during the heavy and intensive rainfall in Hong Kong. Therefore the large scale development is not able to apply in the Tsing Lung Lau as the landslide may affect the stability of the building, also the building and apartment in Tsing Lung Lau require a strong strengthening base and retaining wall to protect the building structure and prevent mass wasting. There is a typical case that in the 1994 Kwan Lung Lau landslide, is also covered by the granitic rock, as the retaining wall didn’t work with the weep holes (drainage system) since then the retaining wall collapse the massive landslide causing damage and loss. As the result, the granite is well jointed and less resistance which intensifies the massive weathering and erosion leadings mass wasting (landslide) therefore the granitic rock restrict the housing development in the Tsing Lung Lau.

Secondly, the tuff is high resistance which may form the steep slope, which restricts the housing development, using Chuen Lung as a sample, Chuen Lung is located along with the high land and hills which covered by the tuff, since then the steep slope and highland may affecting the housing development in Chuen Lung as well. The large scale housing development may not be adopted as the steep and remote location block by the hills and highland. On the hand, Wo Yi Hop and Shui Chuen O are the samples which the hilly location affect the use of land and lower the accessibility for the resident. As the results, the high resistance tuff forms the steep slopes may limit the Hong Kong housing development like the large-scale public housing estates.

Thirdly, the granitic rock base may restrict the expressway development, using the Tuen Mun Road as a sample, the Tuen Mun road is an important expressway connect the Western part of Hong Kong to the centre part. Along the Tuen Mun Road, Tai Lam and Tuen Mun are covered by the granitic rock, since then it may affect the stabilities of the construction as the granitic rock is well-jointed, to build the expressways in Tai Lam and Tuen Mun not only damage the ecologic habitats but also, it is cost-ineffective that to build the strengthening base to increase the strength of the road, this case shows the granitic rock may be limited and restricts the expressway development in Hong Kong. As the results, the present Tuen Mun road is built along the coastal and curved design is the cause by the granitic rock restrictions.

Fourthly, the metamorphic rock carven may restrict the railway development, using the Long Ping MTR station and railways as a sample, since the underground of Long Ping is covered by the metamorphic rock carven, to build the Long Ping station, there is a need to fill the rock carven and stabilise the station foundation. Filling the rock carven makes the construction fees in the West rail line is extremely expensive, therefore the metamorphic rock carven may restrict the transportation development in Hong Kong.

Fifty, the volcanic rock base may restrict the tunnel development, using the Tate's Cairn Tunnel as a sample, as the tunnel is located in Tate’s hill (which covered by the tuff) and the Tse Wan Shen (which covered by granitic rock). This may affect the construction and higher construction cost. Since the strengthening base and facilities are needed in the Tse Wan Shen, also to built the tunnel in the tuff areas may need blasting process, still as the tuff is high resistance, therefore hug blasting cost is needed to build the Tate's Cairn Tunnel. As the result, the Tate's Cairn Tunnel need a higher cost than the Lion Rock Tunnel, as the nature of the rock (like the different resistance) restricting the transport development in Hong Kong.

In short, the nature of rock like the resistance may affect and restrict Hong Kong housing and transportation development.

HKDSE Geography Dynamic Earth (Rock cycle, sedimentary rocks changed into metamorphic rocks)

In terms of rock cycle, explain how sedimentary rocks changed into metamorphic rocks.

To introduce, rock cycle is a cycle which rock can interchanges each other from the original rock, for example sedimentary rock will under the dynamic metamorphism, thermal metamorphism and regional metamorphism, these process leading the sedimentary rock change into the metamorphic rock with these process under the rock cycle. Sedimentary rock are formed by the lithification of the sediments (for example: the shale is formed by the fine-grained still and clay), afterward there are mainly two process (realignment and recrystallisation) turning the sedimentary rock into the metamorphic rock, the dynamic metamorphism forms the foliated metamorphic rock and thermal metamorphic forms the non-foliated metamorphic rock.

Firstly, is the dynamic metamorphism forms foliated metamorphic rock, it is occurs under the plate movement as the faulting and rock displacement. The faulting is parallel to the shearing force, under the high pressure along the fault plane, rock were shattered. When the rock were shattered, the faulting leading mineral grains become flattering. The realignment occur and high pressure alters the alignment of mineral grains roughly parallel to the shearing force. Phyllite is a sample of the dynamic metamorphism, change from the shale to phyllite.

Secondly, the thermal metamorphism forms non-foliated metamorphic rock, it is occurs as the intrusive vulcanicity underground, rock come into contact with hot magma intrusion at aureole. The recrystallisation take part, as the high temperature deep in the crust cause melting of costal and they recrystallise into new rock. Quartzite and Marble are the sample case of the thermal metamorphism, the quartzite change from the sandstone and marble is change from the limestone.

Thirdly, the regional metamorphism is combining the dynamic and thermal metamorphism together, since the large-scale mountain building or the subduction process under the compression force. The rock besoms flattening, and the realignment occur under the high pressure, likewise the recrystallisation occurs as the high temperature deep into the crust melting of crystal and they recrystallise into new rock.

To conclude, sedimentary rock changes to the metamorphic rock mainly three ways, dynamic, thermal and regional metamorphism. These process is under the high pressure and temperature leading the realignment and recrystallisation.

HKDSE Geography River and coastal (erosional and deposition processes at the lower course of a river)

Describe the erosional and deposition processes at the lower course of a river.

To introduce, the lower course of river carries the largest discharge, velocity and energy, therefore the erosional and deposition process is active in there. For the erosional process is the meanders which the river cliff is an erosional feature. For the depositional process are the floodplain, levees and delta.

Firstly, the erosional process take part forming meanders (the river cliff), as the tributaries joining together and the high stream order causing the river discharge, velocity and energy to increase, the strong lateral erosion (which the abrasion and hydraulic action) occurs, especially at the concave outer bank of the river, the river cliff is formed as the strong and active erosion in the lower course of river. There is a typical sample in the Shenzhen River, the Lok Ma Chau Loop originally is the meanders, which the river outer bank (the river cliff) has be reclaim into the Loop now.

Secondly, the deposition process take part form the floodplain, as the eroded loads from the upper course transported to the lower course, causing the silting and deposition are active as the load are smooth and find, the deposition and silting activities lead to the rising river bed and water level, since the sediment can trapped in the river bed (as the cross-section of the lower course of river is very-wide V-shape). The river channel will becomes more shallower which means that the river carrying capacity will reduce. During the rainy season, heavy and intensive rainfall may cause the discharge increase suddenly and exceed the bankfull discharge, the river overflow causing flooding. During flooding, the load will deposited on the both side of the river bank, repeated process of the flooding and deposition may forms a large scale extensive flatland behind the river with alluvial soil, the floodplain is formed. The Kam Tin River is a typical case carries a large scale of floodplain in Kam Tin and Yuen Long, which as the alluvia and fertile soil, it may favours the agricultural activities.

HKDSE Geography Combating Famine Fieldworks (mix)

Combating Famine Fieldwork

Simple random sampling 隨機（求其）抽樣

Systematic sampling 系統固定抽樣 抽樣

Stratified sampling 分層定額按比例 抽樣

Quota sample 分層定額可選擇的抽樣

用個例子容易明啲

去錦田做Soil study (soil moisture content and investigating the soil organic matters)

Random sampling -> random selecting sampling from different farm site

Systematic sampling

-> selecting the sampling by fixed and regular intervals (like take soil sample every 200m)

Stratified sampling

-> divided farmland into different strata by their characteristics (like the type of farming: commercial,leisure,organic )

-> number of sample is taken from each strata (different types of farm size) is proportional to the relative size of the strata within the farmland

Quota sampling

-> divided farmland into different strata by their characteristics (like the type of farming: commercial,leisure,organic )

-> choosing samples from each strata (different types of farm size)

-> number of sample is taken from each strata (different types of farm size) is proportional to the relative size of the strata within the farmland

-> Soil Investigation (focus on soil only)

(Soil) Analysis the soil fertility and nutrients storage

by using the test tubes, plastic bags, shovel, test solutions and soil test kit -> to investigate the soil fertility and nutrient storage

hypothesis -> organic farm site soil is more fertile than the commercial farm site

(Soil) Analysis the pH value of the soil

by using the plastic bags, shovel, soil pH meter and pH test strips -> to investigate the soil pH value

hypothesis -> the relationship between the pH value of the soil and farming productivity

(Soil) Analysis the soil texture

(1) sedimentation

by using the shovel, bottle to take sample

(2) screening

by hands on the soil to feel and determine the soil texture -> using the triangular graph if the soil texture

hypothesis -> the large the radio of sand in soil composition, the lower the moisture content

-> the large the radio of silly in soil composition, the higher the moisture content

(Soil) Analysis the organic matter of the soil

by using the shovel, plastic bag, bottle, oven and electric scale

hypothesis -> the relationship between the soil moisture of the organic and commercial farms (practicing mulching)

btw these six method is only of the analysis for the soil, still many of different ways to investigate (like the water quality, micro-climate, farm size …)

What are the merits and demerits of using the ‘Urban Environmental Quality Assessment Form’ to collect data?

(4 marks)

By using the Assessment form, there are no instruments needed as the judgement is based on the student observation, it is low cost as no instruments requires and it can be done in a short period by just a few minutes inspection, also it is easy to handle using the assessment form, as no instruments are required the student to practice in the data collection process. Besides, the data will be representativity as it can draw the comparison of quantitative data among the different sapling sites, by using the assessment form it is the easiest and simplest way to do for the urban environmental quality assessment.

Still, there may be high subjective practising the assessment form to collect the data, due to no instruments involved in the fieldwork, the student may misinterpret the scoring critic in the assessment form and there will resulting bias among the data interpretation. Moreover, there will be a different subjective preference, due to the data is according to the student's options, the differences among the group member judgment preference may affecting the assessment form reliability. Lastly, there may be some difference in the site and time of sampling, not may yield different results of the assessment result.

List one merit and one demerit of carrying the field study in July. (2 marks)

For the merit, since carrying the fieldwork in summer can get a more significant and obvious data, as during summer in Hong Kong, it is the wet and growing season comparing with winter the dry and cold weather, the data will be more reliable.

For the demerit, carrying the fieldwork in summer, the fieldwork may disturb by the frequent heavy rainfall and the adverse weather conditions like the typhoon, these demerits may increase the risk of fieldwork.

Suggest how to reduce the demerits mentioned in (a)(i). (2 marks)

To reduce the merits of adverse weathering conditions, to check the weather report before the field trip, especially check the rainfall and humidly to minimised the errors and extreme weather event. Moreover make a guideline of any emergent situation, in case the extreme weather event affect and disturbs the field trips. Lastly, to make briefing for the students to alert about the risk.

Explain the choice of the data collection time. (2 marks)

As seen in the table the data collection time is during the December, which in winter. In winter, doing field studies can having a more stable weather during the experiments, comparing to the summer, there will be less rainstorm and thunderstorm and less disturbance to fieldwork like the humidity in winter will not disturb by the summer intensive rainfall.

For the collection time, the time of data collection is during the morning, 9am to 12noon. In the morning, the evaporation rate is lower as the insolation is not concentrate according to the sun path (the strongest and the most concentrated insolation is during the 3-4pm in Hong Kong).

Account for the merits and demerits of the method of selecting field study sites by the students. (4 marks)

For the merits, as the field work make use of the systematic sampling method which is some to design and easier to collect data. The sampling method including the regular interval among the select field study site as seen in the sketch map shown in the figure 1b. Moreover, the systematic sampling giving a degree of control for the intervals and there will be no bias for selecting the study site, as the systematic objective sampling method.

For the demerits, as seen in the sketch map (figure 1b) there may be a hidden spatial pattern and little coverage in the this sampling following the regular interval, the institutional and commercial land use cannot be take as the regular interval limited the coverage and miss out it. Also, the sample is taken in the road only, lack of sufficient data to represent the whole picture. Moreover, the sample have taken one recreational land use which the inadequate sample of the recreational may not able show the differences among different land use, there may be bias.

Soil quality assessment

Shovel

Ziplock plastic bags (with labels)

distilled water

electronic scale

filter paper and glass container

pH meter

Soil NPK test kit

Oven

掘泥

At each site, uses a shovel to collection soil samples, from around 5cm below ground surface as the nutrient usually concentrated in this zone, and contrasting with the top soil.

Put the soil in a ziplock bag and label it with the site number, date and time of collection.

Remove the organic matters such as grasses or root in the soil. Crumble the soil and mix it thoroughly. Clean the shovel with distilled water after the soil collection process. Bring the soil sample back to the school laboratory and try each soil samples, by placing the sample in a room for several hours or even overnight

For each soil sample, use an electronic scale to weigh 20g of the dried soil and pour the soil with 100mL of distilled water into the water container. (the soil and water radio is 1:2.5)

Stir the soil and water together throughly via the water container at least one minute.

Fold a filter pater into a cone shape and place it into the filter funnel, for the moisture of soil and water through the filter funnel into another water contain to collect the soil solution.

For the pH test

use a dropper to insert a small amount of soil solution(around three drops) into the pH test paper, and let the pH test paper turns the colour. Lastly, jot down the pH value of the sample in the record sheet (take picture for reference as well to minimised the personal preferences)

For the soil fertility test

use a dropper to insert the soil solution into the soil test kit boxes until it has been filled in (the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium test), close the cap and skate the boxes. Lastly, wait for ten minutes for the colour develop. Compare the colour of the soil solution to the colour chart to confirm the results. jot down the value of the sample in the record sheet (take picture for reference as well to minimised the personal preferences)

use the shovel to drag 25g soil which the soil form around 5cm below the ground as the nutrient usually concentrated in this zone

put the soil into the ziplock bag with label with the site number, dat and ti e of collection (details)

remove the organic matter such like the plant roots and the grasses

crumble the soil and mix it thoroughly

clean the shovel with distilled water

bring back the soil to the school laboratory and dry it overnight

use the electronic scale to weigh 25g dried soil and pour the soil with 100mL of distilled water into the water container (the radio of water and soil is 1:2.5)

stir the soil and water together via the water container at least one minute

fold a filter paper into cone shape and place it into the filter funnel

letting the mixed soil and water to travel thought the filter funnel and collect the soil solution

after the soil solution have been collected

pH test :

use a dropper to insert small amount of soil solution (around three drops) in to the pH test paper

let the pH test paper turns the colour

jot down the pH value to the record sheet (take picture for reference as well to minimised the person preference and raise the reliability)

soil fertility test :

use a dropper to insure the soil solution to into the soil test kit boxes until it has been filed (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium test)

close the cap and shake the boxes for ten seconds

wain for ten mixtures for the colour development

compare the collier of the soil solution made t the colour chart to confirm the result

jot down the value of sample in the record sheet (take picture for reference as well to minimised the person preference and raise the reliability)

HKDSE Geography Weather and climate (formation of the monsoon wind system)

Describe the formation of the monsoon wind system.

To introduce the monsoon wind system, using the Northern hemisphere as a sample to demonstrate the formation of both summer and winter monsoon system.

For the formation of the winter monsoon is in January, as the northern hemisphere is in the winter time, the overhead sun is located in the southern hemisphere. The faster rate of heat loss of the Central Asia landmass and the landmass becomes extremely cold, like the Siberia and the central part of China. The slower rate of heat loss of the North Pacific Ocean and the ocean becomes relative warmer, since then the low pressure system developed. Difference heating proprieties of the Central Asia landmass and the Pacific ocean forms the monsoon.

In addition, as the pressure gradient force, the pressure differences between the landmass and the Pacific Ocean, wind travels from the high pressure to the low pressure, which during the Northern hemisphere winter, the monsoon wind blow form the high pressure system over the Asia continent to the low pressure system over the North Pacific ocean. The winter monsoon forms, furthermore for the case in Hong Kong due to the coriolis force, the monsoon wind are depleted to the right and it blows from the North-eastern to Hong Kong.

For the formation of the summer monsoon is in the July, as the northern hemisphere is n the summer time, the overhead sun is located in the northern hemisphere. The faster heat of heat absorption of the Central Asia landmass, the landmass is intensively heated. Warm air over the landmass and the low pressure system have been developed. The slower rate of heat absorption of the North Pacific Ocean, the oceans becomes reliably cooler in the summer time, high pressure system develops in the Ocean. Difference heating proprieties of the Central Asia landmass and the Pacific ocean forms the monsoon.

In addition, as the pressure gradient force, the pressure differences between the landmass and the Pacific Ocean, wind travels from the high pressure to the low pressure, which during the Northern hemisphere summer, the monsoon wind blow from the high pressure system over rate pacific ocean to the low pressure system over the Asia continent. The summer monsoon forms furthermore for the case in Hong Kong due to the coriolis force, the monsoon wind are depleted to the right and it blows from the South-west direction to Hong Kong.

To sum up, there are three major steps for the monsoon system formation, firstly is the different rate of heating properties of the landmass and sea, secondly is the difference pressure cell on the landmass and sea (it may affect by the pressure gradient force), thirdly there seasonal several of air presser and wind pattern in the northern hemisphere, the summer and winter monsoon changes by the rate of heat loss in the ocean and the Asia landmass.

HKDSE Geography Urban (merits and demerits of rehabilitation in Sheung Wan district)

Rehabilitation is another urban renewal strategy to solve the inner city problem.

Discuss the merits and demerits of rehabilitation in Sheung Wan district. (4 marks)

Firstly, as the rehabilitation is a process which helps to maintenance and renovation old buildings. The merits of rehabilitation are the low cost and time-effective, due to the renovation is using a short period compare to the other strategy like the redevelopment which requires a long period for the rebuild the housing. Moreover, the maintenance cost is much lower than the redevelopment cost, therefore it is low cost and time-effective.

Likewise, rehabilitation would be a good choice which helps to improve the building structure, for example, to improve the building appearance and replacing the facilities like the electric wires and the water pipes. Also, it doesn’t need the original resident to move away and lose their home for the maintenance and renovation, it helps to improve the living environment and community image as well.

Secondly, as the rehabilitation cannot change the original design and increase the land supply. Due to the rehabilitation will not change the resident living area and space, the old building is usually small and tiny the redevelopment would change and increasing the land supply and the capacity of the building as well. Therefore, the rehabilitation is not an effect that helps the Sheung Wan district to raise the land supply and efficiency.

Likewise, the rehabilitation cannot solve the traffic congestion and land-use conflicts problem, due to it only maintenance and renovation the old buildings. The building structure and the multi-storey building in Sheung Wan for commercial and residential are common will not be solved. For the traffic congestion problems, as the building cannot be redevelopment and the road traffic will remain unchanged, therefore the rehabilitation cannot solve the inner-city problems.

HKDSE Geography River and coastal (reasons for flooding is common)

Explain the reasons why flooding in common in Hong Kong

rivers in Hong Kong are prone to flooding is major by the natural factors

human activities along the river also increase the possibility if floods as well

For the natural factors

Geographic setting

(1) Upper course

most of the river valleys in Hong Kong have steep slope at the upper course

-> sample : Ng Tung Chai, Man Cheung Po

steep slopes increase overland flow

water reaches the river channel more quickly -> increase the risk of flooding

(2) Lower course

the gentle gradient and low-lying areas at the lower course

-> sample : Tai O and the Kam Tin river

large river discharge and high stream order may leading flooding occurs in the confluence point of the river

water reach may splash and concentrated in the confluence point

when the water over the bankfull discharge river water overflows -> flooding

Atmospheric factors -> heavy rainfall

-> since Hong Kong in located in the subtropical monsoon climate

-> during May to September is the rainy season (total annual rainfall around 2100mm)

intensive and prolonged rainfall in the summer (rainy season)

and the adverse weather like typhoon in Hong Kong

may increaser the river discharge suddenly

may leading soil becomes saturated quickly

river discharge increase rapidly due to the increase in overland flow and throughflow

For the human factors

City setting

the river banks are covered by the impermeable materials like the concrete and asphalt

may decrease the infiltration and increase the surface runoff

development of new town and infrastructure may increase the impermeable land surface

which reduce the infiltration and increase the overland flow

reclaiming wetlands for farmland and fish ponds reduces the amount of flood water absorbed

HKDSE Geography Ch.1 Opportunities and risk (reason for tsunamis occur more commonly at convergent plate boundaries than divergent plate boundaries)

Explain why tsunamis occur more commonly at convergent plate boundaries than divergent plate boundaries.

earthquake -> tsunamis

Since the strong submarine earthquake (which measuring 7 or above on the richter scale) can generate tsunamis more easily

the strong submarine earthquake mainly occur at the convergent (destructive) plate boundary

due to compared with the divergent (constructive) plant boundary, energy build ip more easily and rapidly under the compressional force and two place collide in the convergent plate boundaries

once the energy is released, it may causing vertical displace meant of rock o the seabed and tigger tsunamis

Therefore over 95% of all tsunamis occurred around the Pacific Ocean along the circus-pacific belt, which is almost entirely encored by unstable convergent plate boundaries

Sample case : Chile tsunami 2015, Japan earthquake and tsunami 2011

volcanic eruption -> tsunamis

tsunamis can also be cased by the submarine volcanic eruptions

again, they are more active in the convergent(destructive) plant boundaries than the divergent plat boundaries

strong submarine volcanic eruption occur when the melting of asthenosphere near the subduction place forms magma, which rise up to the earth surface during eruption

when submarine volcanic eruption cause displacement of a large volume of seawater

Sample case : 2018 Indonesia tsunami after Krakatau eruption

HKDSE Geography Ch.1 Opportunities and risk (importance of plate movements in mountain building)

Discuss the importance of plate movements in mountain building.

important

When the plates collide, compressional force is generated

the sedimentary rock at the plate margins are flooded up and formed fold mountains like the Himalayas and the Andes

compressional force may displace rock and result in the reverse fault as well

the central block between two fault dipping toward each other may be squeezed up as black forest, like the case in German Black Forest

In contrast tensional force generated when plate diverge

tensional force may displace rock and result in normal fault

side block would sink along the fault which dip away from each other, and the central block is left as the block mountain

exception

the building of some volcanoes is related to hot spots like the Hawaiian island

hot spot is a location where a mantle pump rises from between the core and the mantle

when the magma rises and erupts at the earth surface, it forms a volcanic island

HKDSE Geography River and coastal (physical condition favouring the formation of deposition feature at the lower course of river)

Explain the physical condition favouring the formation of deposition feature at the lower course of river.

To introduce, deposition is the major fluvial process at the lower course of the river, there are major three physical conditions favouring the formation of deposition feature at the lower cause of river, they are the gentle relief, high stream order and shape of the load.

Firstly, the flat and gentle relief of the lower course of the river may favour the deposition. Due to the river with flat and gentle relief, also when the river enters into the sea will lose its energy, deposition is active in this area, there is a typical sample, which is the Zhu Jiang Delta. As the flat and gentle relief, also the ZDR is located in the river mouth which is the lower course of Zhujiang, these factors leading to the formation of the Zhujiang delta. Flocculation causing the fine load and sediment concentrated and deposit in the river mouth, afterwards during the dry season the river velocity, discharge and energy reduction, then the sediment becoming thicker and heavier, the repeated silting process form the mudflat and the delta is formed.

Secondly, the high stream order and the velocity may favour the deposition, as the high stream order may favour the load and sediment concentration in the lower course of the river since the eroded loads form the upper course are transported into the lower course of the river, favours the formation of deposition features. Meander is landforms which influence by the deposition, using the Lok Ma Chau Loop is a meander sample in the Shenzhen river, the strong lateral erosion abrasion and hydraulic action occur, especially at the concave outer bank of the river, the river cliff formed. At the other riverbank, the river velocity is slower causing deposition, the load accumulate at the convey inner bank, the slip-off slope formed when the repeated process causes the river to bend obviously. In the Lok Ma Chau Loop case. it is originally is located in the meander in the Shenzhen river, still, as the human-modified and channelisation makes the Loop in the Lok Ma Chau.

Thirdly, the round and fine shape and the small smoother load may favour the deposition, since the active erosion process and the transportation process in the upper and middle course of the river respectively, the load and sediment transported into the lower course of the river and leading deposition and flooding, there is a typical example in the Kam Tin River. Flooding always occurs as the deposition features reducing the bank full discharge and river carrying capacity. Because of the eroded load transported from the upper course than the silting and deposition in the river bed lead to reduce the water level, thus the very wide v-shaped cross-section of river profile provide a platform for the load and silt deposit in the river bed. The river channel becoming shallower which means the river carrying capacity reduce. During the heavy and intensive rainfall, the river water overflows (flooding), the load are deposited on both side of the riverbank, these process repeated will forming the floodplain.

To conclude, the flat and gentle relief and river mouth favour the formation of the delta, the high stream order and velocity favours the meander formation and the round and find shape load may favour the formation of floodplains. These factors leading to the formation of deposition are active in the lower course of the river.

Discuss the influence of implementing different river management strategies at the lower course of river.

To introduce, there are many river management strategies can adopt in the lower course of the river, they can be divided into a hard and soft measure for managing the river, after the management being adopted, there will be many changes.

Firstly, by implementing the dam construction, it is a hard strategy to regular the river discharge. Using the China Changing Three gorge dam as a sample, the discharge will reduce as the dam helps to regular the river discharge and water flow. Also, during the dry season, the dam water gate can open to release water. Likewise, as the dam trapped load and sediment, the deposition features will be reduced.

Secondly, as the implementing of diversion channel. it is a hard strategy to direct flooding water from the sediment, the discharge will reduce as the diversion channel divides water into a different channel, and the overflow (flooding) rise will be reduced. Likewise, the silting and deposition process in the original channel will decrease as the diversion channel divided some sediment into a different channel. Still, the baneful discharge of the original lower course of the river channel will reduce due to it becomes shallower and narrower.

Thirdly, by implementing channelisation, it is a hard strategy to straightening, widening and deepening the river, using the Shing Mun River as a sample, the lower course of river discharge, velocity and the energy increase, it may leading the lateral erosion increase respectively. Since then the cross-section of the lower course of the river will change from the very wide v-shape to the regular rectangle shape.

Fourthly, as adopting the afforestation, it is a soft strategy for increasing the river capacity. As trees and plants help to increase the interception, infiltration, percolation since the lower course of river channel flow and discharge will increase respectively. Likewise, due to the vegetation roots help to blind the soil tightly, soil erosion will reduce and the silting process will decrease as well, lastly, the river capacity will increase.

Fifty, by implementing the sustainable farming method - soil conservation, it is a soft strategy to increase the river capacity. Farmland usually connects to the river for irrigation, farmers adoption the soil conservation may minimising the siting and erosion. Likewise, it helps to increase infiltration and reuse surface runoff. The deposition features and siting will no longer occur in the lower course of the river anymore.

To conclude, there are five river management strategies changing the lower course of the river, these strategies help to increase the river discharge and minimising the deposition activities in the lower course of the river respectively.

HKDSE Geography River and coastal (Favourable factors forming the sea arch and stack)

Favourable factors forming the sea arch and stack

Cape D’Agular is a typical sample in the Southeastern part of Hong Kong which carries the active coastal erosion features, since the the Cape D’Agular is a headland which a expose location and facing the South China Sea, therefore the wave erosion activities like the destructive wave denominate in the Cape D’Agular. Likewise, as the open coastal location leading the long fetch (which means the high wave energy) in the Cape D’Agular, as the strong prevailing wind in the expose which carries high wind speed and wave frequency, the destructive wave may form and leading the formation of sea arch and stack. Moreover, the deep water and offshore gradient may favours the formation of the sea arch and stack, as the deep sea and offshore gradient may leading the strong wave energy in the Cape D’Agular. Lastly, the wave erosion may leading the hydraulic action is easy to take place and leading the formation of the sea arch and stack.