usegalaxy.org is supported by NIH and NSF Grants HG006620, 1661497, and 1929694. usegalaxy.eu is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research grant 031L0101C and de.NBI-epi. usegalaxy.org.au is supported by Bioplatforms Australia and the Australian Research Data Commons.
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems. A galaxy is held together by gravity. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, also has a supermassive black hole in the middle.
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Astronomers think that galaxy clusters form as clumps of dark matter and theirassociated galaxies are pulled together by gravity to form groups of dozens ofgalaxies, which in turn merge to form clusters of hundreds, even thousands ofgalaxies.
The gas in galaxy clusters is heated as the cluster is formed. This heating canbe a violent process as gas clouds enveloping groups of galaxies collide andmerge to become a cluster over billions of years.
It takes a long time to build a galaxy cluster. Exactly how long depends ondetails such as the amount of dark matter in the universe, whether the darkmatter is hot or cold, how fastthe universe is expanding, etc. The pressure in the hot gas is an accurate probeof the amount of dark matter in clusters of galaxies. By using this information,and X-ray surveys to count the number of large clusters in theuniverse, astronomers can test the various theories for the content and evolutionof the universe.
New observations of galaxy clusters by Chandra and the XMM Newton X-rayObservatory, together with radio observations, maypoint to a resolution of this problem. They show that in a number of cases, theinflow of cooling gas appears to be deflected by magnetic fields,and perhaps heated by explosions from the vicinity of a supermassive blackhole at the core of the central galaxy. Whether or not such violent activitywill explain the shortage of cool gas should become clear in the next fewyears.
Visible light Hubble data combined with infrared data from Spitzer, went into creating this stunning image of M51, the Whirlpool galaxy. M51, as you can see, is actually two interacting galaxies (formally NGC 5194 and 5195). Credit: vdHoeven/NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Kennicutt (Univ. of Arizona)/DSS
We now know that extremely large black holes live at the centers of most galaxies but what is the nature of the relationship between the black holes and the galaxy that hosts them? There is also more to understand about the mechanisms that cause star formation-- whether it happens internal to a galaxy or because of an interaction with another galaxy or merger.
One thing we do know is that galaxies are still forming and assembling today. There are many, many examples of galaxies colliding and merging to form new galaxies. And in our own local neighborhood of space, the Andromeda galaxy is headed toward the Milky Way for a likely future collision many billions of years from now! (Fun fact: space is so big that when galaxies collide, the stars within them rarely do.)
The James Webb Space Telescope is observing galaxies far back in time and hopefully answer these questions. By studying some of the earliest galaxies and comparing them to today's galaxies we may be able to understand their growth and evolution. Webb is also allowing scientists to gather data on the types of stars that existed in these very early galaxies. Follow-up observations using spectroscopy of hundreds or thousands of galaxies will help researchers understand how elements heavier than hydrogen were formed and built up as galaxy formation proceeded through the ages. These studies will also reveal details about merging galaxies and shed light on the process of galaxy formation itself.
Computer models that scientists have made to understand galaxy formation indicate that galaxies are created when dark matter merges and clumps together. Dark matter is an invisible form of matter whose total mass in the universe is roughly five times that of "normal" matter (i.e., atoms). It can be thought of as the scaffolding of the universe. The visible matter we see collects inside this scaffolding in the form of stars and galaxies. The way dark matter "clumps" together is that small objects form first, and are drawn together to form larger ones. Here is an animation that shows the dark matter distribution in the universe at the present time, based on the Millennium Simulation, the largest N-body simulation carried out thus far!
This process of galaxy assembly is still occurring today - we see many examples of galaxies colliding and merging to form new galaxies. In our own local neighborhood of space, the Andromeda galaxy is headed toward the Milky Way for a possible future collision - many billions of years from now! Scientists today know that galaxies existed about one billion years after the Big Bang. While most of these early galaxies were smaller and more irregular than present-day galaxies, some are very similar to those seen nearby today.
"The Mice," a pair of colliding galaxies, were given this name because of the long tails of stars and gas trailing each galaxy. They will someday be a single giant galaxy. Credit: Hubble image, NASA, Holland Ford (JHU), the ACS Science Team and ESA
October 2003: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer captures the most sensitive and comprehensive image ever taken of the Andromeda galexy, our nearest large neighbor galaxy.
April 2004: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer captures a giant star eruption, or flare, about one million times more energetic than those from our Sun.
December 2004: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer spots what appear to be massive "baby" galaxies in our corner of the universe, suggesting our aging universe is still alive with youth.
August 2006: Findings from The Galaxy Evolution Explorer indicate that supermassive black holes in some giant galaxies create such a hostile environment, they shut down the formation of new stars.
December 2006: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer's observations allow scientists for the first time to see the process of a black hole eating a star.
November 2007: Observations from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer prove the "nature" theory of galaxy evolution, which holds that galaxies are evolutionarily linked.
February 2009: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer identifies dwarf galaxies forming out of nothing more than pristine gas likely leftover from the early universe, rather than in association with dark matter or gas containing metals.
August 2010: Astronomers, using data from the Galaxy Evolution Explorer, find that galaxies presumed "dead" and devoid of star-making can be reignited with star birth, and that galaxy evolution does not proceed straight from the cradle to the grave.
April 2011: Astronomers come up with a new way to identify planets beyond our solar system based on the Galaxy Evolution Explorer's use of tultraviolet imaging.
May 2011: The Galaxy Evolution Explorer and the Anglo-Australian Telescope on Siding Spring Mountain in Australia complete a five-year survey of 200,000 galaxies stretching back seven billion years in cosmic time. The results lead to one of the best independent confirmations that dark energy is driving our universe apart at accelerating speeds.
Most galaxies are between 10 billion and 13.6 billion years old. Some are almost as old as the universe itself, which formed around 13.8 billion years ago. Astronomers think the youngest known galaxy formed approximately 500 million years ago.
From our perspective on Earth, the Milky Way looks like a faint, milky band of light arcing across the entire sky, which is how it got its name. This feature marks the central disk of our home galaxy seen edge on.
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