Three-dimensional image generated from ArcGIS 9.3 software developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute). ArcGIS 9.3 software was downloaded from Desertification means the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration falls within the range from 0.05 to 0.65; and evapotranspiration is highly related to temperature. Wind is the power of desertification. Meanwhile, population is one of the most important anthropogenic factors of desertification.
Trimble Geospatial provides solutions that facilitate high-quality, productive workflows and information exchange, driving value for a global and diverse customer base of surveyors, engineering and GIS service companies, governments, utilities and transportation authorities. Trimble's innovative technologies include integrated sensors, field applications, real-time communications and office software for processing, modeling and data analytics. Using Trimble solutions, organizations can capture the most accurate spatial data and transform it into intelligence to deliver increased productivity and improved decision-making. Whether enabling more efficient use of natural resources or enhancing the performance and lifecycle of civil infrastructure, timely and reliable geospatial information is at the core of Trimble's solutions to transform the way work is done.
Image catalogs are available for download for use with the JPEG 2000 files. Users can load the following image catalog file into GIS software instead of loading in each individual image; as you pan around and zoom in and and out, the catalog will automatically retrieve and display the image(s) for the current geographic extent. Simply place the image catalog in the same folder on disk with the image files.
From the previous section we can see there are a number of elements common to these citations including date, author, product name, version and URL. However, even this level of detail may not be adequate. For example, the software used might not be a release with a version number but a check-out from a source code repository, in which case, the version could be described in terms of a combination of a repository URL, check-out date, branch or tag name, or a revision number. The specifics would depend in part on the revision control system underlying the repository, as, for example, CVS uses file-specific version numbers, whereas Subversion uses repository-wide version numbers. Some software may not even have either a source code repository or a version number. In this case, such information as the download location and date become more important. In contrast, some software may be used as a service (e.g. a web service or RESTful end-point) rather than being downloaded and installed on a researcher's desktop. Finally, the software may not be accessible online but only via an e-mail to its author in which case the access date and contact details of the author become important.
Comparison of forestry cover between the solar tree and agrophotovoltaic system, (a) forestry landscape before solar power plant construction (b) non-forestry landscape after agrophotovoltaic system construction. See Fig. 2 for the location of the image. Time series images (2005 and 2020) were obtained from Google Earth Pro 7.3.4 ( -pro). The map created in Google Earth Pro 7.3.4, Erdas Imagine 9.1( -imagine.software.informer.com/9.1/) and Adobe Photoshop CS3 ( -photoshop-cs3-update.en.softonic.com/).
Frequently-anticipated questions:What does this data set describe?How should this data set be cited?What geographic area does the data set cover?What does it look like?Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?What is the general form of this data set?How does the data set represent geographic features?How does the data set describe geographic features?Who produced the data set?Who are the originators of the data set?Who also contributed to the data set?To whom should users address questions about the data?Why was the data set created?How was the data set created?From what previous works were the data drawn?How were the data generated, processed, and modified?What similar or related data should the user be aware of?How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?How well have the observations been checked?How accurate are the geographic locations?How accurate are the heights or depths?Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?How can someone get a copy of the data set?Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?Who distributes the data?What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?How can I download or order the data?Who wrote the metadata?What does this data set describe?Title: Illinois Historical Aerial Photographs: County Index Data v.4Abstract: Aerial photograph center point Index Data are offered by county in ESRI Shapefile format. The center points direct the user to non-geometrically corrected Illinois historical black and white aerial photography acquired during the late 1930s and early 1940s. The center points were created on an county by county basis. These Index Data contain information for each aerial photograph, including digital file name, flight line, county name, historical county code, roll and exposure numbers, agency which contributed the original photographic paper print for scanning, acquisition date, time flown (if available), the CD-ROM on which the original file is stored at the ISGS, and any additional notes.Supplemental_Information: The center point locations are only approximate. More information about the center points can be found in the "Data_Quality_Information" section of this metadata.How should this data set be cited?Illinois State Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Illinois Historical Aerial Photographs: County Index Data v.4.Online Links:What geographic area does the data set cover?West_Bounding_Coordinate: -91.675280East_Bounding_Coordinate: -87.483350North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.564692South_Bounding_Coordinate: 36.911398What does it look like?Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?Beginning_Date: 1936Ending_Date: 1941Currentness_Reference: publication dateWhat is the general form of this data set?Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital dataHow does the data set represent geographic features?How are geographic features stored in the data set?This is a Vector data set.It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):Entity pointWhat coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude.Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001.Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001.Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees.The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
How does the data set describe geographic features?Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Attribute items are in typical ARC/INFO feature class format. POINT ATTRIBUTES: Point attributes indicate approximate center points of historical aerial photographs. Point items other than the Arc/Info defaults are as follows: IMAGE_SCAN - Availability YES - Aerial photograph is scanned and available on-line. NO - Aerial photograph is shown or listed on a county index but has not been scanned because of the following reasons: a) not available, b) damaged and/or unusable, c) no funds were available. FILE_NAME - Electronic file name Naming conventions for file names are based on annotation included on the photographs and include codes for county, roll number, and exposure number; zeros are used as placeholders. Flight line information is not included in the file name. Annotation example from file "0bwq04036.sid": 11-15-38 12:30 AAA SCALE 1:20,000 BWQ 4-36 11-15-38 = acquisition date (November 15, 1938) 12:30 = acquisition time (12:30 PM Central Standard Time) AAA = Agricultural Adjustment Administration SCALE 1:20,000 = Representative Fraction (RF) scale, 1 unit on the photograph equals 20,000 units on the ground. BWQ = county code for Cook County, Illinois 4-36 = roll-exposure number; film roll=4, exposure=36 CNTY_NAME - County name CNTY_CODE - Unique county code as annotated on the aerial photograph CNTY_FIPS - County 3-digit FIPS code DATE_FLOWN - Acquisition date of aerial photograph represented as yyyymmdd (year, month, day) TIME_FLOWN - Time of exposure Indicates acquisition time of aerial photograph xx:xx - Time of day (note: aerial photographs from these collections were not flown during night time hours) unknown - Aerial photograph was not available or county photograph mosaic index did not show any annotation regarding time. no stamp - Aerial Photograph was available, but neither the photograph nor the photograph mosaic county index show a time stamp. FLIGHT_LIN - Flight line number The location of the first flight line in each county is dependent on whether the flight line orientation is north to south or east to west. If the flight line orientation is north to south, then flight line 1 is the first vertical line of photographs on the left side of the county index. If the flight line orientation is east to west, then flight line 1 is the first horizontal line of photographs at the top of the county index. ROLL_EXP - Hyphenated number The first number represents the film roll number which is the source of the photograph. The second is the exposure number of the photograph on that film roll. IMAGE_SRC - Abbreviation of collection from which the photograph was acquired ISL - Illinois State Library UIUC - University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Map and Geography Library Peoria - United States Department of Agriculture Farm Services Agency in Peoria, Illinois Lake - Lake County, Illinois Planning Department SIUC - Southern Illinois University Carbondale Morris Library CD_ROM - Number indicating CD # out of total # of CD's for a given county NOTES - Any notes or comments about the aerial photograph URL - Hyperlink to MrSID file for viewing or downloading imageEntity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: noneWho produced the data set?Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)Illinois State Geological SurveyWho also contributed to the data set? Funding source: United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Funding source: Institute of Museum and Library Sciences (IMLS) Data automation: Deette Lund, Sheena Beaverson GIS processing: Robert White, Deette Lund, Tim Coulombe Documentation: Deette Lund, Ray Peterlin, Andrew Baker, Tim Coulombe QA/QC: Deette Lund, Sheena BeaversonTo whom should users address questions about the data?Deette Lund
Illinois State Geological Survey
Assistant Supportive Scientist
615 East Peabody Drive
Champaign, Illinois 61820
USA
217-265-5642 (voice)
217-244-2785 (FAX)
lund@isgs.illinois.edu
Hours_of_Service: 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m., Monday-FridayContact_Instructions: Contact this individual ONLY for specific information about the use of this data set. For general questions about distribution, or availability of other data, please contact the Database Administrator listed under the Distribution_Information section.Why was the data set created?This data set was created to assist the user in locating historical aerial photographs which have no spatial reference.How was the data set created?From what previous works were the data drawn?How were the data generated, processed, and modified?Date: 2001 (process 1 of 5)SCANNING METHODOLOGY:Original copies of the county indexes are located at the University of Illinois Map and Geography Library. Special permission was granted by the Library for the county index sheets to be scanned at an offsite location. The indexes were scanned on a large format Eagle 4080 scanner located at the Illinois State Geological Survey. The photo indexes were scanned at 600 dpi and the line indexes were scanned at 300 dpi (2001-2004).In December 2004 Historic Information Gatherers, Inc.(HIG), Hopkins, Minnesota, scanned all of the remaining county index sheets (photo mosaic and line indexes that hadn't already been scanned by the ISGS) available at the UIUC Map and Geography Library (1700 sheets). In Spring 2005 HIG provided the ISGS with digital images of the photo and line indexes. The indexes were scanned on a large format Vidar Titan Atlas P93 scanner temporarily located at the UIUC Map and Geography Library. The photo indexes were scanned at 300 dpi and the line indexes were scanned at 400 dpi (2004).Date: 2003 (process 2 of 5)GEOREFERENCING:The scanned images were georeferenced using Erdas Imagine ( Othrobase version 8.5 (2003-2004); LPS version 8.7 (2005-2007); LPS version 9.1 (2008)). The reference base used were United States Geological Survey Digital Raster Graphic (DRG) files , which are available on the Illinois Natural Resources Geospatial Clearinghouse. A minimum of 5 ground control points (GCP's) were selected for each image. The maximum RMSE allowed was 1.0 (5 meters).Date: 2003 (process 3 of 5)CENTER POINT CREATION:Using a combination of software (ArcView 3.2 and ArcGIS 8.3 (2003-2004); ArcGIS 9.0 (2005-2008)) center point data layer shapefiles were created in ArcView using the georeferenced county indexes for each county. Center points were created for all known aerial photographs listed or shown on the county index sheets, whether or not the photographs were available for scanning.Photo center point locations are best approximation.Points were established by the following method. Two different methods were employed, one for the photo mosaic indexes and a second for the line indexes.Photo mosaic index:Example: 20 center points are needed in the flight line.1) Place the first point in what would be the approximate center of the first photo in the flight line.2) Start adding additional points after the first one, spaced closely together.3) When you get to point 19, make certain it is not already beyond the last photo in the flight line on the index sheet.4) Place the 20th point on the approximate center of the last photo in the flight line.5) Use the alignment tool and evenly distribute the points between the two end points.6) Use the rotation tool and adjust the entire flight line as needed, so that the center points for each of the photos are still situated at the approximate center of their respective photo locations.7) Repeat steps 1-6 for each flight line.Line index:Example: 20 center points are needed in the flight line.1) Place the first point on the center of the annotation for the first photo in the flight line.2) Start adding additional points after the first one, spaced closely together.3) When you get to point 19, make certain it is not already beyond the last annotated photo in the flight line on the index sheet.4) Place the 20th point at the approximate center of the annotation for the last photo in the flight line.5) Use the alignment tool and evenly distribute the points between the two end points.6) Use the rotation tool and adjust the entire flight line as needed, so that the center points for each of the photos are still located at the approximate center of their respective annotations.7) Repeat steps 1-6 for each flight line.Date: 2003 (process 4 of 5)ADD ATTRIBUTES:Import supplemental information about each photograph into the appropriate record entry in the associated .dbf file.Date: 2003 (process 5 of 5)ADD PROJECTION INFORMATION:Define the projection of the shapefile.What similar or related data should the user be aware of?Illinois State Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Illinois Historical Aerial Photographs: 1936 to 1941: Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.Illinois State Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Illinois Historical Aerial Photographs: Schematic County Indexes: Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.Illinois State Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Illinois Historical Aerial Photographs: Photo Mosaic County Indexes: Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois., ISGS Terms of Use.Online Links:, University of Illinois Web Privacy Notice.Online Links:, University Copyright Policy (stated in the General Rules Concerning University Organization and Procedure, Article III, Section 4).Online Links:, Policy on Appropriate Use of Computers and Network Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Online Links:How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?How well have the observations been checked?Center point locations are approximate.How accurate are the geographic locations?Center point locations are approximate.How accurate are the heights or depths?Not applicable.Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?Not ApplicableHow consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?Not ApplicableHow can someone get a copy of the data set?Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?Access_Constraints: ISGS information must be obtained directly from the ISGS or from an authorized distributor. Be aware that ISGS information obtained from an unauthorized third party may have been altered subsequent to original distribution, or may no longer be current.Any access to these data, Web sites, computer systems, electronic services, and electronic networks is governed by University and campus policies, in particular, but not limited to, the Policy on Appropriate Use of Computers and Network Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the ISGS Terms of Use document available at the ISGS Web site, and the University of Illinois Web Privacy Notice.Links to these are provided in the Cross References section.Use_Constraints: ISGS information is the property of and copyrighted by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois with all rights reserved. University copyright policy is stated in the General Rules Concerning University Organization and Procedure, Article III, Section 4. A link is provided in the Cross References section.Individuals or entities may make fair use of copyrighted ISGS material, such as reproducing a single figure or table, or using a brief text quotation, without obtaining formal permission, but in all cases the Illinois State Geological Survey must be credited as the source of the material. To reproduce ISGS information beyond the fair use standard, permission must be obtained from the ISGS Information Office, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, 217-333-4747, isgs@isgs.illinois.edu. License fees and a license agreement may be required, depending on the proposed usage.Any use of these data is governed by University and campus policies, in particular, but not limited to, the Policy on Appropriate Use of Computers and Network Systems at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the ISGS Terms of Use document available at the ISGS Web site, and the University of Illinois Web Privacy Notice. Links to these are provided in the Cross References section.Map information is to be used at a scientifically and cartographically appropriate scale, that is, at a scale no greater than indicated on the map or as de