Technical drawings are graphic and technical communication tools. Early humans felt a need to represent the world (hunting scenes) to their peers. The appearance of technology gradually led humans to develop another use for drawing. It became a way to convey technical thought (Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci). 

A technical drawing, also known as an engineering drawing, is a detailed, precise diagram or plan that conveys information about how an object functions or is constructed. Engineers, electricians, and contractors all use these drawings as guides when constructing or repairing objects and buildings. 

There are two types of drawings. 

The first is a drawing done without instruments, known as a sketch. 

The second is a drawing done with instruments, known as a final drawing. 

Technical drawings are the common language of those who work in technology. Engineers, architects, designers, technologists, technicians and specialized workers use them to communicate with each other. 

This universal language varies little from one country to another. Unlike spoken languages, it ensures unequivocal understanding of the definition and construction of technical objects. This means that two engineers who do not speak the same language can understand most of a technical drawing, with the exception of annotations written in a specific language. 

There are many types of technical drawings, including: 

• 3D drawings (isometric, perspective) 

• Exploded-view 3D drawings 

• Complete working drawings Detail drawings (2D orthogonal projections) 

• Diagrams are another form of technical drawing with looser, less universal standards. 

Technical drawing is an essential tool for young people learning about technology. They need to learn the basics through the tasks assigned to them. 

Freehand drawing: 

• sketch 

• Pencils 

• Grid paper 

• Eraser 

SCALES 

Scale is a geometric concept used mainly to represent an object that is too big or bulky to be drawn to size on a sheet of paper. 

Drawing to scale means copying an object proportionally. For example, the 5-cm broken straight line AB below has been reduced by 5 using a reduction constant of 1/5. 

Other practical examples include maps, whose scale is 1/10 000 and read so that one centimetre on the map equals 10 000 cm or 100 m of distance. 

Space planners and project managers may want to mark up floor plans and images to show proposed changes, notations, and highlights and then share these mark-ups with others in the organization. Markups are associated with action items, which are part of a project's work packages. When working with the Space & Portfolio Planning Console, you can add markups to your plans and images. If your portfolio scenario is linked to a project, you can select the project's action items to which to add markups. If the portfolio scenario is not linked to a project, you can create an action item and corresponding project directly from the markup forms. 

Markups can include:

• redlines

• room highlights according to a pre-defined plan type, such as vacant rooms

• room highlights according to a filter you specify or a set of rooms that you select

• highlight legends

The below image of a map includes a legend, redlines, and text boxes. Highlights are available only for floor plans and not images. In this case, the user captured an image of a map and added the highlights using another program; they then added the redmarks and legends using Web Central's mark-up tools. For floor plans, you can highlight rooms directly in Web Central using the mark-up tools. 

Prerequisite: Prepare the Floor Plan Drawing

To work with this feature, you must have published your CAD plan as enterprise graphics in SVG format.

The system display the drawing with the layers that you have published. This is often a room plan drawing. However, if you are working with areas derived from a suite inventory (rather than a space inventory) and have published the Suites layer, then the system will display the suites so that you can mark up the suite plan. See the Space & Portfolio Planning Console and Areas.

Load the Floor Plan or Image if the Scenario is Connected to a Project

Follow this procedure if the portfolio scenario is linked to a project,

1. In the Space & Portfolio Planning Console's Stack Plan pane, choose the Mark Up button.

2. If the scenario is connected to a project, the system presents the Action Items form listing the project's action items. Use the filter at the top of the form to narrow the list if necessary. Or, if you wish to create a new action, choose the Add Action button and specify a name for the action item, and optionally the building and floor to which it pertains.

3. For the desired action item, choose the Create Markup button. (If the action item already has a markup, the form will display the Edit Markup button so that you can make changes to an existing markup.)

4. The next step depends on if the action item references a floor that has a floor plan drawing in SVG format.

• If the action item does not reference a floor that has a floor plan drawing in SVG format, the system prompts you to select a bitmap, such as a scan of a floor plan or an image. For example, you may want to capture a GIS or Google Earth map or scan a site plan so that you can add markups to it. Note that once you select your image, the system activates the Upload Image button. Use this button if you decide that you want to abandon the current image and choose another 

• If the action item references a floor that has a floor plan drawing in SVG format, the system automatically loads the floor plan drawing and presents the markup tools in the left pane. 

Load a Floor Plan or Image if the Scenario is Not Connected to a Project

Markups are connected to a project's action items. However, if your scenario is not connected to a project, you can create a project and action item from the Mark Up feature. A license for the Project Management application is not required.

1. In the Space & Portfolio Planning Console's Stack Plan pane, choose the Mark Up button.

2. The system presents an empty Action Items form. The Select Action Items section does not display any records.

• On the empty Action Items form, choose the Add Action button (indicated in below image) to access the Add Action Item form.

• Complete this form with a title and optionally the building and floor to which the action pertains. The system creates a project with the same name as the portfolio scenario and assigns this action item to it.

Add Redlines

You can add redlines to drawings and images to point out specific areas. For example, you may want to circle a room on a floor plan drawing that needs to be reconfigured as part of a space reorganization.

The Redlines panel offers several tools for marking up your floor plans and images.

Add Highlights

If you are working with a floor plan drawing, the left-hand panel includes the options for highlighting floor plan drawings. A few methods are available:

• plan type highlights (pre-defined)

• highlights for a restriction that you define

• highlights for an ad-hoc restriction ( a set of rooms that you select)

Highlights are not available for images.

Once you add a highlight to the drawing, you can use the redlining swatch and text tools to create a legend explaining your highlight colors.

If you define multiple highlights, the system applies them to the floor plan in the order in which they were created. If a room is subject to multiple highlights, the system applies the highlight that was last added to the list of highlights. For example, you might want to set a plan type highlight to show vacancy and then select a few additional rooms that you know will become vacant in the near future.

Pre-defined plan type highlights

If you want to highlight the floor plan by department, room category, room standard, occupancy, or vacancy, use the pre-defined plan type highlights.

For example, you may need to highlight all rooms of a particular standard that are larger than a particular size because these rooms are not adhering to the standard definition and need to be examined.

1. If desired, set a plan type highlight to which you will add an additional restriction highlight. Or, set the plan type highlight to None.

2. Under Filter Highlights, click Filter Rooms. The system presents the Filter Rooms form for defining the restriction. For example, the below image calls for highlighting all conference rooms assigned to the Facilities-Design department so that you convert these rooms to storage.

3. Complete the Filter Rooms form to define the restriction and click Add Filter. The system highlights the drawing and adds the restriction title and highlight color to the "Filter Highlights" list. If you need to further edit the restriction or delete it, use the buttons in the Filter Highlights list.

Ad Hoc (Select Room) Highlights

Instead of or in addition to the defined plan type highlights, you can highlight rooms by selecting them. You may have a situation in which you want to select a series of rooms that have no common criteria. In this case, you can create the restriction by clicking on the rooms.

1. If desired, set a plan type highlight to which you will add the ad hoc highlight. Or, set the plan type highlight to None.

2. Under Filter Highlights, click Select Rooms. The system moves you to the drawing frame.

3. At the top of the frame, enter a descriptive title of the highlight restriction and select the color for this highlight restriction. For example, in the below image, the user has assigned a title of "Merge these rooms."

4. Select the rooms you want to highlight.

5. Click Add Filter in the top right area of the form, and the system saves this restriction. In "Filter Highlights" on the left, it displays the color and the title that you specified in Step 3. If you need to further edit the restriction or delete it, use the buttons in the Filter Highlights list.

Save or Capture Markups

There are a few ways to save your markups for access by others.

• If you generate a Powerpoint of the portfolio scenario, the resulting PowerPoint file will include the markups for the scenario's action items.

• The Capture Image button saves the SVG drawing or image with its markups as a PNG file. The system opens a new browser tab with the markup image, which you can then print or download to a desired location.

• When you click Save, the system creates a screen-scrape and saves it to the Document 4 document field of the Action Items table (the activity_log table). The system saves to the ARCHIBUS Redlines table (afm_redlines) the data that is necessary to re-create the markup and highlighting so you can edit it later on. The screen-scrape itself does not have enough information for you to later edit.

Linear measurements represent a single dimension. This means there is only one line or one plane being measured. Basically it means that it’s a line of some type, either straight, curved or wherever you want the line to go. 

The Metric System of Linear Measurement

Area: The amount of space inside the boundary of a flat (2-dimensional) object such as a triangle, square, or circle. 

The following are some two dimensional shapes shaded in grey. The grey portion represents the area of the object while the black lines surrounding the object represent the perimeter. 

Construction blueprints are technical drawings created by architects, engineers, and designers to put all the construction specifics of a house in one package to which the builder can refer as they construct the house. Although a package of blueprints can be daunting, as many as 50 pages long, the concept of the blueprint is simple: It is a series of two-dimensional representations of a three-dimensional building. 

Professional builder and craftsman Jordan Smith explains in his class on reading blueprints: 

“A blueprint is the fundamental plan for the construction of any structure. The print is what shows the builders, the electricians, the framers –  all of the trades people exactly what needs done on any construction project.”

The main sections of a blueprint are: 

• Title Sheets and Site Plans

• Floor Plans

• Elevations and Sections

• Details and Schedules

• Structural Drawings

• Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Drawings

Each of these sections uses symbols, scale, and abbreviation to simplify reading the many elements that each plan contains. When you are able to read a blueprint all the way through, you will get a comprehensive understanding of its dimensions, building materials, installation methods, and the mechanical inner workings of the house, such as electrical and plumbing. 

What kinds of drawings does a set of blueprints include?

There are many types of drawings that are used during the building process: architectural, structural, and mechanical. Some are used at specific stages, and others may evolve over time. These are the types of plans that should be included in a set of blueprints: 

Architectural drawings will reflect the overall appearance—internal and external—of the home, how it is oriented on a building site, and the layout of its living areas 

SITE PLAN 

The site plan functions as a readable map of a building site, giving you the details you need to know about how the structure will be oriented on the lot. An architect or general contractor will create a diagram that shows the plot of land and its property lines, along with its landscape features, structural elements, setbacks, driveways, utility poles and power lines, fencing, and on-site structures.

FLOOR PLANS 

Imagine a view of a home sliced horizontally about five feet from the ground and looking down from above. This is the way a floor plan is drawn, and it is designed to give you a detailed idea of the layout of each floor of the house. It includes features such as walls, doors, windows, and even furniture.

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN (RCP) 

The RCP is a print that shows you the dimensions, materials, and other key information about the ceiling of each of the rooms represented on your blueprint. It takes its name from the idea that you are looking down at the ceiling as though there were a mirror on the floor reflecting the ceiling’s plan back to you. (Note that this type of drawing isn’t always included in the blueprints package.)

DETAIL DRAWINGS 

Special details of a house are included in drawings whose features are magnified so that a builder can see how to construct these elements. Structural connections, window openings, and wall junctions can all be included in supplemental detail drawings.

Structural drawings

Once the architectural drawings are complete, the architect sends those prints to an engineer, who uses them to create the structural prints. The structural drawings show how the house will be framed, and how the building will be given its structure. They are shown from the ground up; in other words; you’ll see a structural drawing for each floor of the house. As Jordan Smith puts it: 

“The architectural prints show how the building is supposed to look, how it’s supposed to interact with the humans that are living in it… However, it doesn’t give you any information on how to build it in such a way that it doesn’t fall down. The structural prints get into all of that detail.” 

MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing)  

Think of MEP as the central nervous system of a building, since every mechanical function that occurs in a building, from ensuring its air quality to planning its electronic and communications systems, to laying out complex piping routes, is performed by an MEP engineer. The MEP systems are usually delivered in a bundle as separate drawings. As a builder, it’s important to know where those systems will be routed, so you can leave space for them to be laid in. 

MECHANICAL 

The mechanical plans show the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (or HVAC) systems of a building. These are all elements you will find in mechanical drawings.

• HVAC systems

• Exhaust systems

• Direct digital control (DDC) systems

• Chilled water systems

• Heating water systems

• Infection control HVAC

ELECTRICAL 

The electrical plans show how the electrical system will provide the power supply for lights and appliances. Electrical engineers design the best routes for wiring and design systems that can be safely and continuously operated. Some of the components of electrical plans include:  

• Onsite power generation requirements and distribution

• Information technology (IT) and audiovisual (AV) plans

• Lighting and fire protection systems

• Standby power systems

PLUMBING

Plumbing designs reflect the complex piping and sewage routes for the building, as well as heated water and rainwater collection and storage. More and more, plumbing designers are called to develop efficient systems that can help decrease a building’s water consumption and reduce water bills. For instance, they plan low-flow fixtures in bathrooms, insulate piping and use alternative water sources. Some of the plumbing systems in MEP drawings include:

• Natural gas piping

• Domestic warm and cold water

• Acid waste piping

• Storm drainage systems

• Vacuum/compressed air

How to read blueprints

First, understand that the entire package of drawings includes separate aspects of the construction that together reflect all the construction elements of the house. In order to get a complete picture of a house, start reading construction plans at the beginning, starting with the site plan. The plans give progressively more structural detail as you advance through the package.

Abbreviations and symbols 

The number of details that must be included in a complete set of blueprints is so large that architects reduce the information on the drawings to a set of standardized symbols and abbreviations in order to make the drawing easier to read and less cluttered. 

For reference, every set of architectural drawings includes a symbol legend. If you aren’t familiar with a symbol, you will be able to find it in the legend. Floor plan notes give additional context for the building. For instance, the notes can clarify exactly to what point on a wall dimensions should be measured.

Every symbol on the legend is drawn to the same scale as the rest of the floor plan. Most plans include symbols that are a combination of appearance (for instance, a bath looks like a bath); conventions (double lines are commonly used to denote walls); and labels (for instance, a thermostat is labeled “T”).  

Scale 

In order to fit all the information about a layer of a building onto a page, construction drawings and architectural drawings are drawn so that a small increment of measurement represents a larger increment. This means that the plans are drawn “to scale.”

Scales vary in complexity, from the simple (1 inch = 1 foot) to the complex (3/16 inch = 1 foot). The symbols are also drawn to scale so you will get an accurate idea of how elements of a room are configured in the space.

3 perspectives: plan, elevation, and sections 

A floorplan is the building plan that is most familiar to most people: a bird’s-eye view of a building with all the elements laid out on a horizontal plane. But in order to understand the structure in three dimensions, you’ll need to be able to read the plan, elevation, and sections together. For instance, while an elevation drawing will show what a house looks like if you’re standing next to its exterior or interior walls, the section view provides vital insight into how the construction will stand up. 

Creating technical drawings is a time­honored art form which is used in all fields  of Engineering (Mechanical, Civil, Architectural, Electrical, Aerospace, etc.). 

The main purpose of technical drawings is to communicate specific information to  other technical people (i.e. engineers, machinists, etc).  

Technical drawings give all of the information needed to make the product and  being accurate in that information is the main goal.  Engineers are very picky  about their drawings and must pay attention to detail. 

Before starting your technical drawing, you should plan how you are going to  make best use of the space. It is important to think about the number of views  your drawing will have and how much space you will use of the paper.   ­ 

• Try to make maximum use of the available space.    ­ 

• If a view has lots of detail, try and make that view as large as possible.      

• If necessary, draw that view on a separate sheet.  ­ 

•  If you intend to add dimensions to the drawing, remember to leave enough    space around the drawing for them to be added later.  

Common information recorded on an engineering drawing 

• TITLE - The title of the drawing.  

• NAME - The name of the person who produced the drawing.  

• DATE T- he date the drawing was created or amended on.  

• COMPANY NAME - Many CAD drawings may be distributed outside the company so  the company name is usually added to identify the source.  

• SCALE - The scale of the drawing. Large parts won't fit on paper so the scale  provides a quick guide to the final size of the product.  

• VERSION - Many drawings will get updated over the period of the parts life. Giving  each drawing a version number helps people identify if they are using a recent  version. 

• CHECKED - In many engineering firms, drawings are checked by a second person  before they are sent to manufacture to identify any potential problems 

Dimensions  are always drawn using continuous thin lines.  

Two  projection lines  indicate where the dimension starts and finishes.  

Projection lines: 

a)  do not touch the object  and      

b) are drawn perpendicular to the element you are dimensioning. 

 In general units can be omitted from dimensions if a statement of the units is  included on your drawing. The general convention is to dimension in mm's. Dimensions less than 1 should have a leading zero. (For example  .35  should be written as  0.35 )

Spherical dimensions 

The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when dimensioned  should have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface. 

Tolerancing 

It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed  on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing  process used and the care taken to manufacture a product. A tolerance value  shows the manufacturing department the maximum permissible variation from the  dimension. 

Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value.  

Sectioning 

Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly.  They are created by using a cutting plane to cut the object. 

A section is a view of no thickness and shows the outline of the object at the cutting  plane. Visible outlines beyond the cutting plane are not drawn. 

A sectional view, displays the outline of the cutting plane and all visible outlines which can  be seen beyond the cutting plane. The diagram below shows a sectional view, and how a  cutting plane works 

Hatching 

On sections and sectional views solid area should be hatched to indicate this fact.  Hatching is drawn with a thin continuous line, equally spaced (preferably about 4mm  apart, though never less than 1mm) and preferably at an angle of 45 degrees. 

Organizational Plans 

Standing Plans

• Policies—general statements of understanding or intent; guide decision-making, permitting the exercise of some discretion; guide behavior (for example, no employee shall accept favors and/or entertainment from an outside organization that are substantial enough in value to cause undue influence over one’s decisions on behalf of the organization).

• Rules—guides to action that do not permit discretion in interpretation; specify what is permissible and what is not permissible.

• Procedures—like rules, they guide action; specify a series of steps that must be taken in the performance of a particular task.

Use Single Plan

• Programs—a complex set of policies, rules, and procedures necessary to carry out a course of action. 

• Projects—specific action plans often created to complete various aspects of a program. 

• Budgets—plans expressed in numerical terms.

Time Frame Plans

• Short-, medium-, and long-range plans—differ in the distance into the future projected: 

• Short-range—several hours to a year 

• Medium-range—one to five years 

• Long-range—more than five years

Organizational Scope Plans

• Business/divisional-level plans—focus on one of the organization’s businesses (or divisions) and its competitive position. 

• Unit/functional-level plans—focus on the day-to-day operations of lower-level organization units; marketing, human resources, accounting, and operations plans (production). 

• Tactical plans—division-level or unit-level plans designed to help an organization accomplish its strategic plans.

Contingency Plans

• Plans created to deal with events that might come to confront the organization (e.g., natural disasters, terrorist threats); alternative courses of action that are to be implemented if events disrupt a planned course of action.

Life Drawing

Drawings that result from direct or real observations are life drawings. Life drawing, also known as still-life drawing or figure drawing, portrays all the expressions that are viewed by the artist and captured in the picture. The human figure forms one of the most enduring themes in life drawing that is applied to portraiture, sculpture, medical illustration, cartooning and comic book illustration, and other fields.

Emotive Drawing

Similar to painting, emotive drawing emphasizes on exploring and expressing different emotions, feelings, moods, self, time, etc. These are generally depicted in the form of a personality.

Sketching

Sketching is a kind of drawing that puts forward the instant thoughts of an artist. Thus, it is a rough freehand and loose drawing which is not considered to be a finished piece of work. Sketching, usually, results out of visualizing and immediately capturing them onto paper.

Analytic Drawing

Sketches that are created for clear understanding and representation of observations made by an artist are called analytic drawings. In simple words, analytic drawing is undertaken to divide observations into small parts for a better perspective.

Perspective Drawing

Perspective drawing is used by artists to create three-dimensional images on a two-dimensional picture plane, such as paper. It represents space, distance, volume, light, surface planes, and scale, all viewed from a particular eye-level.

Geometric Drawing

Geometric drawing is used, particularly, in construction fields that demand specific dimensions. Measured scales, true sides, sections, and various other descriptive views are represented through geometric drawing. 

Diagrammatic Drawing

When concepts and ideas are explored and investigated, these are documented on paper through diagrammatic drawing. Diagrams are created to depict adjacencies and happenstance that are likely to take place in the immediate future. Thus, diagrammatic drawings serve as active design process for the instant ideas so conceived.

Illustration Drawing

Drawings that are created to represent the lay out of a particular document are illustration drawings. They include all the basic details of the project so concerned clearly stating its purpose, style, size, color, character, effect, and others.

Recommended practices to be used in the application of symbols to a circuit diagram are listed below. 

1. The position of a symbol on a diagram does not affect its meaning. 

2. The weight of a line used in drawing a symbol does not affect its meaning. In some cases, a heavier line may be used to emphasize a particular symbol. 

3. A given symbol may be drawn in any size that is suitable for use in any particular diagram. However, when a symbol is enlarged or reduced in size, it should be drawn in proportion to the rest of the drawing. 

4. If necessary for contrast, some symbols may be drawn smaller or larger than other symbols on a diagram. However, for simplicity, it is recommended that not more than two different sizes of symbols be used on any one diagram. 

5. In general, a connecting line should be brought to a symbol either vertically or horizontally, but a connecting line brought to a symbol at an angle has no particular significance unless otherwise noted. 

6. The arrowhead of a symbol may be open ( ) or closed ( ) unless otherwise noted. 

7. The standard symbol for terminal (o) may be added to any symbol. But when this is done, the terminal symbol should not be considered a part of the symbol itself. 

The symbols used to represent various components on a circuit diagram are most often accompanied by a combination of letters that identify the components but are not themselves a part of the symbol (Table 3-1). 

Numerical Values of Components 

When details of the type, rating; or value of a particular component are to be given on a diagram, this information is placed adjacent to the symbol or is given by means of notes accompanying the diagram. For example, resistance and capacitance values are indicated as shown in Fig. 1-3. In this scheme, the symbol Ω for ohms and the abbreviations μF and pF for capacitance values are usually omitted and are instead replaced by notes such as the following: 

1. All resistors expressed in ohms unless otherwise indicated. 

2. All capacitors expressed in microfarads unless otherwise indicated. A resistance value of 1,000 ohms or more is most often expressed in terms of Kilohm (K) or Meghm (M) units. 

Thus a resistance of 4,700 ohms is written as 4.7K, while a resistance of 270,000 ohms may be written as 270K or as 0.27M. The comma used when writing a 4-digit number such as 4,700 is not used when such a number is given on a diagram. 

Capacitance values of 1 through 9,999 picofarads are usually expressed in picofarad units. Capacitance values greater than 10,000 picofarads should be expressed in microfarad units. 

What is Line Thickness? 

The standard line conventions used in the preparation of these diagrams are shown in Table 3-2. 

Connecting Lines 

Lines connecting symbols and other parts on a diagram should, whenever possible, be drawn either horizontally or vertically. As a general rule, no more than three lines should be drawn to any point on a circuit diagram (Fig. 3-4A). This procedure reduces the possibility of line crowding that could make the interpretation of a diagram more difficult than necessary. 

Interrupted Lines 

Connecting lines whether single or in groups, may be interrupted when a diagram does not provide for a continuation of these lines to their final destination. When a single line is interrupted, the line identification can also indicate the destination (Fig. 3-5A). When groups of lines are interrupted, the destination of the lines is usually given in conjunction with brackets (Fig. 3-5B). In all cases, the lines should be located as close as possible to the point of interruption. 

Dashed Lines 

Dashed lines (----------) are used on schematic and other types of diagrams to show a mechanical linkage between components or parts of components. 

Without the drafting tools, materials, and equipment, it will take you a long time or it is very impossible to finish a work. The following are the basic tools and materials used in drafting. 

Drafting tools are often delicate and have many intricate and small pieces that need to be well maintained to continue working properly. Organizing and storing these items has a great deal to do with keeping them in pristine shape and working correctly. With a little patience and developing a routine, your tools will be well taken care of and working for a long time. 

1. Lay out all the drafting tools that you use and separate them into piles of like items. Place all pencils together, markers, erasers, rulers, stencils, paper and miscellaneous. 

2. Using the cleaner, spray the cloth and wipe down supplies that have residue on them. Pencils, markers, stencils and rulers often retain oils on them from fingers. 

3. Take the erasers and rub out any black marks. Do this by rubbing the eraser against a clean piece of paper until the black smudge has disappeared. For kneaded erasers, these can simply be stretched and remodelled into a ball, similar to bread dough, to get the black smudge marks out. 

4. Run your hands through your drafting brush to remove any loose debris. Then, wipe it down with the cleaning cloth to remove any residue from the handle. 

5. Roll up your drafting papers into a tight roll. Secure them with a rubber band at each end. Place the roll into a drafting tube for storage. 

6. . Place the pens and markers into the long slots of the organizer tray. Place the erasers in the smaller cube slots. Fill in with any other drafting materials, such as lead refills, push pins, paper clips, small rulers and mounting stickers. 

7. Take your compass and wipe it off with the cleaning cloth. If it is going to be stored in the organizer tray, wind the compass down until it is straight (versus at an angle, making a triangle shape). If it has its own case, then wind it to the size the case has set for it to be stored, and place it into the box. 

8. Make a folder to hold all your stencils. Create holding flaps in an ascending order so the stencils can be layered and easy to see and access when needed. To make these flaps, simply use card stock paper and cut it into 3- or 4-inch sections. Glue each section onto a large main piece of card stock, starting towards the top for the smallest stencil and working your way down to the bottom. Glue three of the four edges, leaving the top edge open for the stencil to slide into. 

9. Place this newly made stencil holder into a large plastic or mesh pouch. Put a dry cleaning cloth in the pouch, placed over the stencils, to help keep them clean. 

10. Place the drafting brush and rulers into the pouch. Then place the organizer tray into the pouch. If the compass had its own storage box, then place this in the pouch. All the major tools should now be in this portable carrying pouch with your paper in the separate portable carrying drafting tube. 

Works on paper generally refer to flat (as opposed to bound) paper materials, including documents, manuscripts, drawings, prints, posters, and maps. Taking care when handling any collection item is one of the more effective, cost-efficient, and easily achieved preservation measures.

Take proper care when handling flat works on paper by:

• Having clean hands and a clean work area

• Keeping food and drink away

• Using pencil, not ink, to make any necessary marks or inscriptions; in addition, only make inscriptions when the paper is on a clean, hard surface, to avoid embossing the inscription into the paper, which will be visible from the other side

• Not using paper clips, other fasteners, "dog ear" folding to mark or organize leaves

• Not using rubber bands, self-adhesive tape, and/or glue on paper

Proper Storage of Works on Paper

Good storage significantly prolongs the preservation of paper materials and includes:

• A cool (room temperature or below), relatively dry (about 35% relative humidity), clean, and stable environment (avoid attics, basements, and other locations with high risk of leaks and environmental extremes)

• Minimal exposure to all kinds of light; no exposure to direct or intense light

• Distance from radiators and vents

• Supportive protective enclosures*

• Unfolded and flat or rolled storage for oversized papers

• Individual/isolated storage of acidic papers to prevent acids from migrating into the other works on paper

1. Do not use any sharp object such as razor blade or knife on their edges.

2. Keep them away from fire.

3. Always keep them in a safe place immediately after use to prevent leakage.

Basic Techniques of Handling Pair of Compasses or Dividers

1. When not in use, keep them away in a safe container.

2. Never use compasses or dividers as paper holders.

3. Do not use their needle points to punch holes.

Other Instruments 

All other instruments should be kept in their packets after use. A cupboard should be made available for complete storage of the drawing boards and all other instruments. 

Reference:

• www.autodesk.com/solutions/technical-drawing#:~:text=A%20technical%20drawing%2C%20also%20known,or%20repairing%20objects%20and%20buildings.

• cdpsciencetechno.org/cdp/UserFiles/File/telechargement/technical_drawing.pdf 

• www.tooltexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2017-NEC-Code-2.pdf

• www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html

• integrated.cc/cse/Instrumentation_Symbols_and_Identification.pdf 

• www.asme.org/wwwasmeorg/media/resourcefiles/aboutasme/who%20we%20are/standards_and_certification/asme_codes_and_standards-examples_of_use_for_mechanical_engineering_students.pdf

• www.archibus.net/ai/abizfiles/v23_help/archibus_help/user_en/Subsystems/webc/Content/web_user/space/planning/mark_up/mark_up.htm

• www.archibus.net/ai/abizfiles/v23_help/archibus_help/user_en/Subsystems/webc/Content/web_user/space/planning/mark_up/mark_up.htm

• opentextbc.ca/mathfortrades2/chapter/understanding-and-working-with-linear-measurements/

• opentextbc.ca/mathfortrades2/chapter/area/

• mtcopeland.com/blog/how-to-read-blueprints-complete-guide/

• opentextbc.ca/principlesofmanagementopenstax/chapter/types-of-plans/

• www.bcsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=1059&dataid=5082&FileName=TechnicalDrawingBasics.pdf

• stoplearn.com/handling-and-caring-for-drawing-instruments-and-materials/