Learning Objectives

At end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

a. Identify different kinds of technical drawings

b. Interpret technical drawing

c. Prepare/ make changes to electrical/ electronic schematics and drawings

d. Locate technical drawings and equipment/ instruments

Subject Matter

Topic: Prepare and Interpret Technical Drawing

Materials:

Mode of Delivery: Online class using Google Meet

Time Allotment: 2days/ 180 minutes (one week)

High Technology: Laptop, Electrical components, Powerpoint presentation, online teaching platforms (Google form)

A. Pre-Activity

1. Prayer

2. Checking of Attendance

3. Review

4. Setting of Standards

Activity 1: "Think of me wisely"

• Each student will go to Menti.com and enter the code 1690 4097 to participate in the presentation and activity. They will guess the image with a single word. Four photos will be displayed on the screen. The teacher will show the responses and ask some process questions after everyone has finished answering.

Process Questions:

1. It is the symbol that is used to represent a ________.

2. This Symbol is used for zero potential reference and electrical shock protection.

3. Allows current flow in one direction only - left (anode) to the right (cathode).

4. It is the symbol of a _______which is the combination of two or more cells.

Activity 2: Multiple Choice

• Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.

• Answer the following questions.

B. Lesson proper

Activity 3: Identification

Instructions:

• After the discussion, the students will answer the quiz

• The link is provided below.

Technical Drawings

Technical drawings are graphic and technical communication tools. Early humans felt a need to represent the world (hunting scenes) to their peers. The appearance of technology gradually led humans to develop another use for drawing. It became a way to convey technical thought (Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci).

A technical drawing, also known as an engineering drawing, is a detailed, precise diagram or plan that conveys information about how an object functions or is constructed. Engineers, electricians, and contractors all use these drawings as guides when constructing or repairing objects and buildings.

There are two types of drawings.

The first is a drawing done without instruments, known as a sketch.

The second is a drawing done with instruments, known as a final drawing.

Technical drawings are the common language of those who work in technology. Engineers, architects, designers, technologists, technicians and specialized workers use them to communicate with each other.

This universal language varies little from one country to another. Unlike spoken languages, it ensures unequivocal understanding of the definition and construction of technical objects. This means that two engineers who do not speak the same language can understand most of a technical drawing, with the exception of annotations written in a specific language.

There are many types of technical drawings, including:

• 3D drawings (isometric, perspective)

• Exploded-view 3D drawings

• Complete working drawings Detail drawings (2D orthogonal projections)

• Diagrams are another form of technical drawing with looser, less universal standards.

Technical drawing is an essential tool for young people learning about technology. They need to learn the basics through the tasks assigned to them.

DRAWING TECHNIQUES

Instrument drawing

• Pencil

• Eraser

• Protractor

• 30º to 60º square

• 45º square

• Compass

• Pad

Freehand drawing:

• sketch

• Pencils

• Grid paper

• Eraser

Computer drawing

SCALES

Scale is a geometric concept used mainly to represent an object that is too big or bulky to be drawn to size on a sheet of paper.

Drawing to scale means copying an object proportionally. For example, the 5-cm broken straight line AB below has been reduced by 5 using a reduction constant of 1/5.

Why are technical drawings important?

Technical drawings bridge the communication between designers, the people who come up who come up with ideas, and producers, the people who put those ideas into practice. They’re designed as a universal language to be understood by engineers, contractors, and architects.

Types of technical drawings

Mechanical engineering drawings are used to define the requirements for engineering products/components. They serve as technical manuals and as trouble-shooting tools for identifying the weak spots in a mechanical design. Mechanical drawings rely on precise mathematical equations to accurately depict the mechanism and it component parts.

Electrical drawings are technical documents that depict and notate designs for electrical systems. They convey relevant information about lighting, wiring, and power sources, as well as information about voltage and capacity. Technicians rely on electrical drawings during a building’s construction or when repairing a building’s electrical system.

Architectural drawings are detailed, precise depictions of every aspect of the construction being proposed. Architects use the drawings to visualize ideas and concepts, turn a design idea into a coherent plan for a building, and decide the type of supplies and labor that is needed for the project.

Marking Up Images and Floor Plans

Space planners and project managers may want to mark up floor plans and images to show proposed changes, notations, and highlights and then share these mark-ups with others in the organization. Markups are associated with action items, which are part of a project's work packages. When working with the Space & Portfolio Planning Console, you can add markups to your plans and images. If your portfolio scenario is linked to a project, you can select the project's action items to which to add markups. If the portfolio scenario is not linked to a project, you can create an action item and corresponding project directly from the markup forms.

Markups can include:

• redlines

• room highlights according to a pre-defined plan type, such as vacant rooms

• room highlights according to a filter you specify or a set of rooms that you select

• highlight legends

Prerequisite: Prepare the Floor Plan Drawing

To work with this feature, you must have published your CAD plan as enterprise graphics in SVG format.

The system display the drawing with the layers that you have published. This is often a room plan drawing. However, if you are working with areas derived from a suite inventory (rather than a space inventory) and have published the Suites layer, then the system will display the suites so that you can mark up the suite plan. See the Space & Portfolio Planning Console and Areas.

Load the Floor Plan or Image if the Scenario is Connected to a Project

Follow this procedure if the portfolio scenario is linked to a project,

1. In the Space & Portfolio Planning Console's Stack Plan pane, choose the Mark Up button.

2. If the scenario is connected to a project, the system presents the Action Items form listing the project's action items. Use the filter at the top of the form to narrow the list if necessary. Or, if you wish to create a new action, choose the Add Action button and specify a name for the action item, and optionally the building and floor to which it pertains.

3. For the desired action item, choose the Create Markup button. (If the action item already has a markup, the form will display the Edit Markup button so that you can make changes to an existing markup.)

4. The next step depends on if the action item references a floor that has a floor plan drawing in SVG format.

Add Redlines

You can add redlines to drawings and images to point out specific areas. For example, you may want to circle a room on a floor plan drawing that needs to be reconfigured as part of a space reorganization.

The Redlines panel offers several tools for marking up your floor plans and images.

Add Highlights

If you are working with a floor plan drawing, the left-hand panel includes the options for highlighting floor plan drawings. A few methods are available:

• plan type highlights (pre-defined)

• highlights for a restriction that you define

• highlights for an ad-hoc restriction ( a set of rooms that you select)

Highlights are not available for images.

Once you add a highlight to the drawing, you can use the redlining swatch and text tools to create a legend explaining your highlight colors.

If you define multiple highlights, the system applies them to the floor plan in the order in which they were created. If a room is subject to multiple highlights, the system applies the highlight that was last added to the list of highlights.

Pre-defined plan type highlights

If you want to highlight the floor plan by department, room category, room standard, occupancy, or vacancy, use the pre-defined plan type highlights.

Restriction Highlights

Instead of or in addition to the defined plan type highlights, you can highlight rooms by a filter restriction. The Filter Highlights list, located beneath the Plan Types list, lists the highlights you have defined and provides options for creating new highlights.

Ad Hoc (Select Room) Highlights

Instead of or in addition to the defined plan type highlights, you can highlight rooms by selecting them. You may have a situation in which you want to select a series of rooms that have no common criteria. In this case, you can create the restriction by clicking on the rooms.

1. If desired, set a plan type highlight to which you will add the ad hoc highlight. Or, set the plan type highlight to None.

2. Under Filter Highlights, click Select Rooms. The system moves you to the drawing frame.

3. At the top of the frame, enter a descriptive title of the highlight restriction and select the color for this highlight restriction. For example, in the below image, the user has assigned a title of "Merge these rooms."

4. Select the rooms you want to highlight.

5. Click Add Filter in the top right area of the form, and the system saves this restriction. In "Filter Highlights" on the left, it displays the color and the title that you specified in Step 3. If you need to further edit the restriction or delete it, use the buttons in the Filter Highlights list.

Save or Capture Markups

There are a few ways to save your markups for access by others.

• If you generate a Powerpoint of the portfolio scenario, the resulting PowerPoint file will include the markups for the scenario's action items.

• The Capture Image button saves the SVG drawing or image with its markups as a PNG file. The system opens a new browser tab with the markup image, which you can then print or download to a desired location.

When you click Save, the system creates a screen-scrape and saves it to the Document 4 document field of the Action Items table (the activity_log table). The system saves to the ARCHIBUS Redlines table (afm_redlines) the data that is necessary to re-create the markup and highlighting so you can edit it later on.

LINEAR MEASUREMENT

Linear measurements represent a single dimension. This means there is only one line or one plane being measured. Basically it means that it’s a line of some type, either straight, curved or wherever you want the line to go.

Area: The amount of space inside the boundary of a flat (2-dimensional) object such as a triangle, square, or circle.

Blueprint Reading and Plan Specification

Construction blueprints are technical drawings created by architects, engineers, and designers to put all the construction specifics of a house in one package to which the builder can refer as they construct the house. Although a package of blueprints can be daunting, as many as 50 pages long, the concept of the blueprint is simple: It is a series of two-dimensional representations of a three-dimensional building.

Professional builder and craftsman Jordan Smith explains in his class on reading blueprints:

“A blueprint is the fundamental plan for the construction of any structure. The print is what shows the builders, the electricians, the framers – all of the trades people exactly what needs done on any construction project.”

The main sections of a blueprint are:

• Title Sheets and Site Plans

• Floor Plans

• Elevations and Sections

• Details and Schedules

• Structural Drawings

• Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Drawings

Each of these sections uses symbols, scale, and abbreviation to simplify reading the many elements that each plan contains. When you are able to read a blueprint all the way through, you will get a comprehensive understanding of its dimensions, building materials, installation methods, and the mechanical inner workings of the house, such as electrical and plumbing.

What kinds of drawings does a set of blueprints include?

There are many types of drawings that are used during the building process: architectural, structural, and mechanical. Some are used at specific stages, and others may evolve over time.

ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

Architectural drawings will reflect the overall appearance—internal and external—of the home, how it is oriented on a building site, and the layout of its living areas

SITE PLAN

The site plan functions as a readable map of a building site, giving you the details you need to know about how the structure will be oriented on the lot. An architect or general contractor will create a diagram that shows the plot of land and its property lines, along with its landscape features, structural elements, setbacks, driveways, utility poles and power lines, fencing, and on-site structures.

FLOOR PLANS

Imagine a view of a home sliced horizontally about five feet from the ground and looking down from above. This is the way a floor plan is drawn, and it is designed to give you a detailed idea of the layout of each floor of the house. It includes features such as walls, doors, windows, and even furniture.

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN (RCP)

The RCP is a print that shows you the dimensions, materials, and other key information about the ceiling of each of the rooms represented on your blueprint.

DETAIL DRAWINGS

Special details of a house are included in drawings whose features are magnified so that a builder can see how to construct these elements. Structural connections, window openings, and wall junctions can all be included in supplemental detail drawings.

ELEVATIONS AND SECTIONS

Elevations show the vertical layout of the building, and there is usually one elevation drawing for each face of the building. An exterior elevation shows you what a house is like if you’re standing front, next to, or behind it. An interior elevation shows the same thing, only from inside the house.

Structural drawings

Once the architectural drawings are complete, the architect sends those prints to an engineer, who uses them to create the structural prints. The structural drawings show how the house will be framed, and how the building will be given its structure. They are shown from the ground up; in other words; you’ll see a structural drawing for each floor of the house. As Jordan Smith puts it:

“The architectural prints show how the building is supposed to look, how it’s supposed to interact with the humans that are living in it… However, it doesn’t give you any information on how to build it in such a way that it doesn’t fall down. The structural prints get into all of that detail.”

MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing)

Think of MEP as the central nervous system of a building, since every mechanical function that occurs in a building, from ensuring its air quality to planning its electronic and communications systems, to laying out complex piping routes, is performed by an MEP engineer.

MECHANICAL

The mechanical plans show the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (or HVAC) systems of a building. These are all elements you will find in mechanical drawings.

• HVAC systems

• Exhaust systems

• Direct digital control (DDC) systems

• Chilled water systems

• Heating water systems

• Infection control HVAC

ELECTRICAL

The electrical plans show how the electrical system will provide the power supply for lights and appliances. Electrical engineers design the best routes for wiring and design systems that can be safely and continuously operated. Some of the components of electrical plans include:

• Onsite power generation requirements and distribution

• Information technology (IT) and audiovisual (AV) plans

• Lighting and fire protection systems

• Standby power systems

PLUMBING

Plumbing designs reflect the complex piping and sewage routes for the building, as well as heated water and rainwater collection and storage. More and more, plumbing designers are called to develop efficient systems that can help decrease a building’s water consumption and reduce water bills. For instance, they plan low-flow fixtures in bathrooms, insulate piping and use alternative water sources. Some of the plumbing systems in MEP drawings include:

• Natural gas piping

• Domestic warm and cold water

• Acid waste piping

• Storm drainage systems

• Vacuum/compressed air

How to read blueprints

First, understand that the entire package of drawings includes separate aspects of the construction that together reflect all the construction elements of the house. In order to get a complete picture of a house, start reading construction plans at the beginning, starting with the site plan. The plans give progressively more structural detail as you advance through the package.

Abbreviations and symbols

The number of details that must be included in a complete set of blueprints is so large that architects reduce the information on the drawings to a set of standardized symbols and abbreviations in order to make the drawing easier to read and less cluttered.

Every symbol on the legend is drawn to the same scale as the rest of the floor plan. Most plans include symbols that are a combination of appearance (for instance, a bath looks like a bath); conventions (double lines are commonly used to denote walls); and labels (for instance, a thermostat is labeled “T”).

Scale

In order to fit all the information about a layer of a building onto a page, construction drawings and architectural drawings are drawn so that a small increment of measurement represents a larger increment. This means that the plans are drawn “to scale.”

3 perspectives: plan, elevation, and sections

A floorplan is the building plan that is most familiar to most people: a bird’s-eye view of a building with all the elements laid out on a horizontal plane. But in order to understand the structure in three dimensions, you’ll need to be able to read the plan, elevation, and sections together. For instance, while an elevation drawing will show what a house looks like if you’re standing next to its exterior or interior walls, the section view provides vital insight into how the construction will stand up.

The Basics of Technical Drawing (Drafting)

Creating technical drawings is a time­honored art form which is used in all fields of Engineering (Mechanical, Civil, Architectural, Electrical, Aerospace, etc.).

The main purpose of technical drawings is to communicate specific information to other technical people (i.e. engineers, machinists, etc).

Before starting your technical drawing, you should plan how you are going to make best use of the space. It is important to think about the number of views your drawing will have and how much space you will use on the paper. ­

• Try to make maximum use of the available space. ­

• If a view has lots of detail, try and make that view as large as possible.

• If necessary, draw that view on a separate sheet. ­

• If you intend to add dimensions to the drawing, remember to leave enough space around the drawing for them to be added later.

Basic Equipment

Common information recorded on an engineering drawing

• TITLE - The title of the drawing.

• NAME - The name of the person who produced the drawing.

• DATE - the date the drawing was created or amended on.

• COMPANY NAME - Many CAD drawings may be distributed outside the company so the company name is usually added to identify the source.

• SCALE - The scale of the drawing. Large parts won't fit on paper so the scale provides a quick guide to the final size of the product.

• VERSION - Many drawings will get updated over the period of the parts life. Giving each drawing a version number helps people identify if they are using a recent version.

• CHECKED - In many engineering firms, drawings are checked by a second person before they are sent to manufacture to identify any potential problems

Lines and line styles

Lines on a technical drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is important that you use the appropriate line types.

Line Thickness

For most technical drawings you will require two thicknesses

The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines. A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines. A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections

Line Styles

Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are:

• Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate centre lines.

• Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry

• Centre lines will be covered in a little bit more detail later in this tutorial.

Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes..

Lettering

All notes and dimensions should be clear and easy to read. In general all notes should be written in capital letters to aid legibility.

Parallel Dimensioning

Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions originating from one projection line.

Superimposed Running Dimensions

Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the space used on a drawing.

Chain Dimensioning

Chains of dimension should only be used if the function of the object won't be affected by the accumulation of the tolerances.

Combined Dimensions

A combined dimension uses both chain dimensioning and parallel dimensioning

Simplified dimensioning

by co­ordinates It is also possible to simplify co­ordinate dimensions by using a table to identify features and positions.

Dimensioning Small Features

When dimensioning small features, placing the dimension arrow between projection lines may create a drawing which is difficult to read.

Dimensioning circles

All dimensions of circles are proceeded by this symbol There are several conventions used for dimensioning circles:

Dimensioning by Co­ordinates

Two sets of superimposed running dimensions running at right angles can be used with any features which need their centre points defined, such as holes.

Dimensioning Holes

When dimensioning holes the method of manufacture is not specified unless they necessary for the function of the product.

Spherical dimensions

The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when dimensioned should have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface.

Tolerancing

It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the manufacturing process used and the care taken to manufacture a product. Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value.

Orthographic projection:

The aim of an engineering drawing is to convey all the necessary information of how to make the part to the manufacturing department.

Sectioning

Sections and sectional views are used to show hidden detail more clearly. They are created by using a cutting plane to cut the object.

Hatching

On sections and sectional views solid area should be hatched to indicate this fact. Hatching is drawn with a thin continuous line, equally spaced (preferably about 4mm apart, though never less than 1mm) and preferably at an angle of 45 degrees.

Hatching a single object

When you are hatching an object, but the objects has areas that are separated, all areas of the object should be hatched in the same direction and with the same spacing.

Hatching Adjacent objects

When hatching assembled parts, the direction of the hatching should ideally be reversed on adjacent parts. If more than two parts are adjacent, then the hatching should be staggered to emphasise the fact that these parts are separate.

Hatching thin materials

Sometimes, it is difficult to hatch very thin sections. To emphasize solid walls the walls can be filled in. This should only be used when the wall thickness size is less than 1mm

Hatching large areas

When hatching large areas in order to aid readabilty, the hatching can be limited to the area near the edges of the part.

Drawing Conventions

Threaded parts

Threads are drawn with thin lines as shown in this illustration. When drawn from end­on, a threaded section is indicated by a broken circle drawn using a thin line.

TYPES OF PLANS

Hierarchical Plans

• Strategic plans (institutional)—define the organization’s long-term vision; articulate the organization’s mission and value statements; define what business the organization is in or hopes to be in; articulate how the organization will integrate itself into its general and task environments.

• Administrative plans—specify the allocation of organizational resources to internal units of the organization; address the integration of the institutional level of the organization (for example, vision formulation) with the technical core (vision implementation); address the integration of the diverse units of the organization.

• Operating plans (technical core)—cover the day-to-day operations of the organization.

Standing Plans

• Policies—general statements of understanding or intent; guide decision-making, permitting the exercise of some discretion; guide behavior (for example, no employee shall accept favors and/or entertainment from an outside organization that are substantial enough in value to cause undue influence over one’s decisions on behalf of the organization).

• Rules—guides to action that do not permit discretion in interpretation; specify what is permissible and what is not permissible.

• Procedures—like rules, they guide action; specify a series of steps that must be taken in the performance of a particular task.

Use Single Plan

• Programs—a complex set of policies, rules, and procedures necessary to carry out a course of action.

• Projects—specific action plans often created to complete various aspects of a program.

• Budgets—plans expressed in numerical terms.

Time Frame Plans

• Short-, medium-, and long-range plans—differ in the distance into the future projected:

• Short-range—several hours to a year

• Medium-range—one to five years

• Long-range—more than five years

Organizational Scope Plans

• Business/divisional-level plans—focus on one of the organization’s businesses (or divisions) and its competitive position.

• Unit/functional-level plans—focus on the day-to-day operations of lower-level organization units; marketing, human resources, accounting, and operations plans (production).

• Tactical plans—division-level or unit-level plans designed to help an organization accomplish its strategic plans.

Contingency Plans

• Plans created to deal with events that might come to confront the organization (e.g., natural disasters, terrorist threats); alternative courses of action that are to be implemented if events disrupt a planned course of action.

Different Kinds of Drawing

Life Drawing

Drawings that result from direct or real observations are life drawings. Life drawing, also known as still-life drawing or figure drawing, portrays all the expressions that are viewed by the artist and captured in the picture. The human figure forms one of the most enduring themes in life drawing that is applied to portraiture, sculpture, medical illustration, cartooning and comic book illustration, and other fields.

Emotive Drawing

Similar to painting, emotive drawing emphasizes exploring and expressing different emotions, feelings, moods, self, time, etc. These are generally depicted in the form of a personality.

Sketching

Sketching is a kind of drawing that puts forward the instant thoughts of an artist. Thus, it is a rough freehand and loose drawing which is not considered to be a finished piece of work. Sketching, usually, results out of visualizing and immediately capturing them onto paper.

Analytic Drawing

Sketches that are created for clear understanding and representation of observations made by an artist are called analytic drawings. In simple words, analytic drawing is undertaken to divide observations into small parts for a better perspective.

Perspective Drawing

Perspective drawing is used by artists to create three-dimensional images on a two-dimensional picture plane, such as paper. It represents space, distance, volume, light, surface planes, and scale, all viewed from a particular eye-level.

Geometric Drawing

Geometric drawing is used, particularly, in construction fields that demand specific dimensions. Measured scales, true sides, sections, and various other descriptive views are represented through geometric drawing.

Diagrammatic Drawing

When concepts and ideas are explored and investigated, these are documented on paper through diagrammatic drawing. Diagrams are created to depict adjacencies and happenstance that are likely to take place in the immediate future. Thus, diagrammatic drawings serve as an active design process for the instant ideas so conceived.

Illustration Drawing

Drawings that are created to represent the lay out of a particular document are illustration drawings. They include all the basic details of the project so clearly stating its purpose, style, size, color, character, effect, and others.

Connecting Lines - Lines connecting symbols and other parts on a diagram should, whenever possible, be drawn either horizontally or vertically.

Interrupted Lines - Connecting lines whether single or in groups, may be interrupted when a diagram does not provide for a continuation of these lines to their final destination.

Dashed Lines - (----------) are used on schematic and other types of diagrams to show a mechanical linkage between components or parts of components.

Drafting Materials

Drafting Table and Stand - It is a special table with a slanted surface that can be adjusted based on the desired angle. It is higher than an ordinary writing table because some drawings, like mechanical drawing, are usually done while the draftsman is standing

T-square - Guides in drawing parallel horizontal lines.

Triangle - Draws perfect 90, 60, 45, and 30 degree angles.

Adjustable Triangle - Used to draw angles from 0 to 90 degrees

Triangular Scale - This guides horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines.

Compass - Draws large arcs and circles in pencil or pen point.

Divider - Used to equally divide a line or space by trial and error.

Protractor - It is a semi-circular tool used to measure or layout angle/arc.

French Curve - It is used as a guide in drawing irregular curved lines

Erasing Shield - Used to erase ink, pencil lines, and blots located in space.

Pencil Sharpener - As the name suggests, it sharpens pencils.

Sandpaper Pad - Makes pencil points conical and long without breaking.

Drawing Pencil - Consists of thick graphite used for writing and drawing.

Hard – use for construction lines on technical drawing

Medium – use for general use for technical drawing. The harder grades are for instrument drawings and the softer is for sketching

Soft – use for technical sketching artwork but are too soft for instrument drawing

Drafting Paper - A thick paper specifically for drafting and sketching.

Pencil Eraser - Used to remove unwanted lines and marks in drawing.

Drafting Tape - It secures the drawing paper on the table.

Drafting Brush - Brush eraser crumbs and debris from the drafting table

Circle Template - Template used to draw circles and arcs

Ellipse Template - Template used to draw ellipse

AMES Lettering Guide - Used to draw guidelines for lettering

Irregular Curve - Used to draw non-circular curves

HOW TO TAKE CARE OF DRAFTING TOOLS

Drafting tools are often delicate and have many intricate and small pieces that need to be well maintained to continue working properly. Organizing and storing these items has a great deal to do with keeping them in pristine shape and working correctly.

Proper Care and Handling of Works on Paper

Works on paper generally refer to flat (as opposed to bound) paper materials, including documents, manuscripts, drawings, prints, posters, and maps. Taking care when handling any collection item is one of the more effective, cost-efficient, and easily achieved preservation measures.

Take proper care when handling flat works on paper by:

• Having clean hands and a clean work area

• Keeping food and drink away

• Using pencil, not ink, to make any necessary marks or inscriptions; in addition, only make inscriptions when the paper is on a clean, hard surface, to avoid embossing the inscription into the paper, which will be visible from the other side

• Not using paper clips, other fasteners, "dog ear" folding to mark or organize leaves

• Not using rubber bands, self-adhesive tape, and/or glue on paper

Proper Storage of Works on Paper

Good storage significantly prolongs the preservation of paper materials and includes:

• A cool (room temperature or below), relatively dry (about 35% relative humidity), clean, and stable environment (avoid attics, basements, and other locations with high risk of leaks and environmental extremes)

• Minimal exposure to all kinds of light; no exposure to direct or intense light

• Distance from radiators and vents

• Supportive protective enclosures*

• Unfolded and flat or rolled storage for oversized papers

• Individual/isolated storage of acidic papers to prevent acids from migrating into the other works on paper

Basic Techniques of Handling Drawing Board

• Do not use pins for fastening your paper to the board, use tapes or clips.

• Do not use blade or knife to cut something on the surface of your drawing board.

• Always cover the surface with cardboard or thick paper.

• Keep the drawing board in a safe place when not in use.

Basic Techniques of Handling Tee-Square

• Never use the tee-square as a walking stick or as a cane.

• Do not use pen-knife or blade along the edge of the tee-square

• Always hand your square when not in use.

• Always keep your tee-square clean.

• Do not use any sharp object such as razor blade or knife on their edges.

• Keep them away from fire.

• Always keep them in a safe place immediately after use to prevent leakage.

Basic Techniques of Handling Pair of Compasses or Dividers

1. When not in use, keep them away in a safe container.

2. Never use compasses or dividers as paper holders.

3. Do not use their needle points to punch holes.

Other Instruments

All other instruments should be kept in their packets after use. A cupboard should be made available for complete storage of the drawing boards and all other instruments.

Activity 4: Show me wow

Direction:

• Make a video showing how to care drafting tools.

• Based on our discussion, the students should take the appropriate steps..

• The students should be creative to his/her work.

The link is provided below.

D. Generalization

• The teacher will ask someone to wrap up the lessons

Activity 5: Quiz

• The students will be given a quiz thru Google form

Link is provided below

VI. Assignment

Directions:

• Make a video of drafting materials/tools at least 10 equipment

• Discuss the definition in each materials/tools and their uses

Link is provided below.

Reference:

• www.autodesk.com/solutions/technical-drawing#:~:text=A%20technical%20drawing%2C%20also%20known,or%20repairing%20objects%20and%20buildings.

• cdpsciencetechno.org/cdp/UserFiles/File/telechargement/technical_drawing.pdf

• www.tooltexas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2017-NEC-Code-2.pdf

• www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html

• integrated.cc/cse/Instrumentation_Symbols_and_Identification.pdf

• www.asme.org/wwwasmeorg/media/resourcefiles/aboutasme/who%20we%20are/standards_and_certification/asme_codes_and_standards-examples_of_use_for_mechanical_engineering_students.pdf

• www.archibus.net/ai/abizfiles/v23_help/archibus_help/user_en/Subsystems/webc/Content/web_user/space/planning/mark_up/mark_up.htm

• www.archibus.net/ai/abizfiles/v23_help/archibus_help/user_en/Subsystems/webc/Content/web_user/space/planning/mark_up/mark_up.htm

• opentextbc.ca/mathfortrades2/chapter/understanding-and-working-with-linear-measurements/

• opentextbc.ca/mathfortrades2/chapter/area/

• mtcopeland.com/blog/how-to-read-blueprints-complete-guide/

• opentextbc.ca/principlesofmanagementopenstax/chapter/types-of-plans/

• www.bcsd.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=1059&dataid=5082&FileName=TechnicalDrawingBasics.pdf

• stoplearn.com/handling-and-caring-for-drawing-instruments-and-materials/