In 1947, as India gained independence from the British Empire, the level of agriculture mechanisation was low. The socialist oriented five-year plans of the 1950s and 1960s aggressively promoted rural mechanisation via joint ventures and tie-ups between local industrialists and international tractor manufacturers. Despite these efforts, the first three decades after independence local production of 4-wheel tractors grew slowly. By the late 1980s tractor production was nearly 140,000 units per year, and a prevalence rate of less than 2 per 1,000 farmers.

After economic reforms of 1991, the pace of change increased and by late 1990s with production approached 270,000 per year. In early 2000s, India overtook the United States as the world's largest producer of four-wheel tractors. FAO estimated, in 1999, that of total agricultural area in India, less than 50% is under mechanised land preparation, indicating large opportunities still exist for agricultural mechanisation.[3]


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In 2013, India produced 619,000 tractors accounting for 29% of world's output, as the world's largest producer and market for tractors.[1][2] India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational corporations manufacturing tractors.

War surplus tractors and bulldozers were imported for land reclamation and cultivation in mid-1940s. In 1947 central and state tractor organisations were set up to develop and promote the supply and use of tractors in agriculture and up to 1960, the demand was met entirely through imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955 and 37,000 by 1960.In this period Massey Ferguson entered India With Massey Ferguson 35x and 135

By late 60's the government of India initiated the Green Revolution in India program and the need for mechanisation created more demands for farm tractors.To meet the initial demand the Government allowed lot of imports mostly from USSR and its Eastern Bloc neighbours. In addition six new manufacturers were established during this period although three companies (Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. HMT, a large public sector unit, began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with technology acquired from Zetor of the Czech Republic (and in year 2016 this company was shut down by the government of India). Escorts Ltd. began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975-76

Since 1992, it has not been necessary to obtain an industrial license for tractor manufacture in India. By 1997 annual production exceeded 255,000 units and the national tractor population had passed the two million mark. India now emerged as one of the world leaders in wheeled tractor production.

Five new manufacturers started production in this period. In 1996 Sonalika tractors started its first tractor manufacturing plant in Hosiarpur, then in 1998 Bajaj Tempo, later renamed Force Motors, began tractor production in Pune.[4] In April of the same year New Holland Tractor (India) Ltd launched production of 70 hp tractors[5] with matching equipment by investing $US 75 million in a state-of-the-art plant at Greater Noida in Uttar Pradesh state with an initial capacity of 35000 units per year. Also during this time, Larsen and Toubro established a joint venture with John Deere of the United States, for the manufacture of 35-65 hp tractors at a plant in Pune, Maharashtra. And Greeves Ltd began producing tractors under similar arrangements with Deutz-Fahr of Italy. Captain Tractors has rolled out first indigenous Mini Tractor of 9.5 hp for small and marginal farmers. CASE now Case IH looking to develop a joint venture in India went into discussions with various Indian companies and in 1999 settled with New Holland Pvt Ltd. India for manufacturing CASE brand tractors and harvesting equipment at New Holland's facility.

Facing market saturation in the traditional markets of the north west (Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh) tractors sales began a slow and slight decline. By 2002 sales went below 200,000. Manufacturers expanded into eastern and southern India markets in an attempt to reverse the decline, and began exploring the potential for overseas markets.

In 2013, India produced 619,000 tractors accounting for 29% of world's output. It is the world's largest producer and market for tractors.[1][2] India currently has 16 domestic and 4 multinational corporations manufacturing tractors. In 2014 Zetor come back in India and linked with the local tractor manufacture companies to supply 40 to 75 hp tractors on zetor brand name to other countries.

Action Construction Equipment Limited (ACE) began manufacturing of Tractors in 2009 by launching two models in 35 / 45 HP categories. At present it is manufacturing 3 models by introducing 55 HP models in 2011. And also manufactured crains, harvester etc. In Oct.2013 ACE Tractors reached a milestone of selling 2000 tractors in India and Nepal. ACE has its manufacturing plants in Faridabad (Haryana), Kashipur/Bajpur (Uttrakhand).

Established in 2010 at Majholi, Himachal Pradesh in Northern India, Agri King[8] produces a few models of tractors, which seem to be based on Steyr Tractors or Basak Tractors . The Agri King T44 40 HP model, Agri King T54 50 HP model, and Agri King 20-55 50 HP model with improved 24 speed synchro-mesh transmission. All feature Kirloskar engines.

Pauniya Tractors And Farm Equipment was founded in 2018 by C.A. Singh. Their history says AGROTRACK Tractor India was looking for company to assemble their tractors in India, and selected Pauniya. They assemble a limited number of models utilizing Kirloskar engines.[9]

Captain Tractors had been established in 1994 in Rajkot by joint efforts of two brothers Mr. G.T. Patel and Mr. M.T. Patel based from village Sanali dist. Amreli (Gujarat). Today Captain Tractors manufacture mini tractors from 15 to 30 HP.

DarshTrek and Darsh Belarus began in 2022 as a part of Darsha, Erisha Agritech Private Ltd., division of Rana Group. Darsh Belarus tractors are assembled and manufactured under license from MTZ and is based in New Delhi. DarshTrek tractors include some built by Captain Tractors, some electric, and others.[16]

In 1949, Eicher GoodEarth, was set up in India with technical collaboration with Gebr. Eicher of Germany, imported and sold about 1500 tractors in India. On 24 April 1959 Eicher came out with the first locally assembled tractor from its Faridabad factory and in a period from 1965 to 1974 became the first fully manufactured (100% indigenisation) tractor in India. In December 1987 Eicher Tractors went public and in June 2005 Eicher Motors Limited sold Eicher Tractors & Engines to a subsidiary of TAFE called TAFE Motors and Tractors Limited.

Escorts began local manufacture of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975, reaching 71,000 by 1980. Ford (Ford - New Holland) was sold in 1992. Ford Motor Company proper quit the tractors business, but the name was allowed to continue as per agreement until 2000, when Escorts relabelled its Ford models under the Escort brand. Escort manufactures produces construction and agriculture tractors in the 08-75 HP range and has already sold over 600,000 tractors. Its tractors are marketed under three brand names, Escort, Powertrac and Farmtrac.

In 2020 Kubota acquired 10% of Escorts, and is selling 40% of Kubota Agricultural Machinery India (KAI) to Escorts. In 2022, the ag company was renamed Escorts-Kubota Ltd, and tractors are also marketed under the Escorts-Kubota brand.

HMT is a large public sector unit and began manufacturing Agricultural Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with technology acquired from Zetor of the Czech Republic. It manufactures its tractors in Pinjore, Panchkula in a large factory that also manufactures machine-tools, and Hyderabad It has a capacity of 20,000 tractors per annum. In the Machine-tool company is a large foundry. It produces tractors in a range from 25 HP to 75 HP. HMT has also exported tractors to the USA under the Zebra brand, which were marketed by Zetor distributors and dealers there. The company is controlled by the Ministry of Heavy industry that provides to the public its financial performance. Now the company is permanently closed.

Indo Farm commenced commercial production of tractors in October 2000 at its plant located at Baddi in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh with technology acquired from Ursus of the Poland.[22] Spread over an area of 34 acres, the plant started with the production of a single model. Within a decade of successful operations Indo Farm grew to a company having models in the range of 30 HP, 38 HP, 42 HP, 48 HP, 50 HP, 52 HP, 55 HP, 60 HP, 65 HP, 75 HP and 90 HP with many variants. Within a year of its operations, the company had successfully indigenized the engine components, manufacturing and assembly processes, and accordingly stopped import of engines. In 2008, the company diversified into manufacturing and marketing of Pick-N-Carry cranes of 9 tonnes - 20 tonnes capacity and has recently commenced production of mobile tower cranes too. It is now making engines for generator sets that are exported overseas.

In 2000, John Deere set up production in a joint venture with Larsen & Toubro Ltd in Sanaswadi, in a rural area near Pune, Maharashtra. It was known as L&T John Deere Private Ltd, and manufactured tractors under the L&T - John Deere name for sale in India, and under the John Deere name for worldwide sales.[23][24]

In 2005, Deere & Company acquired nearly all the remaining shares in this joint venture. The new enterprise, is known as John Deere Equipment Private Limited. The factory currently produces tractors in of 35, 38, 40, 42,45, 50, 55, 65, 75 and 89 HP capacities for domestic markets and for export to the US, Mexico, Turkey, North and South Africa, and South East Asia. Pune factory started to produce new 55 to 75 Hp 5003 series tractors for European market in 2008. e24fc04721

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