The Unix epoch (or Unix time or POSIX time or Unix timestamp) is the number of seconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970 (midnight UTC/GMT), not counting leap seconds (in ISO 8601: 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z).Literally speaking the epoch is Unix time 0 (midnight 1/1/1970), but 'epoch' is often used as a synonym for Unix time.Some systems store epoch dates as a signed 32-bit integer, which might cause problems on January 19, 2038 (known as the Year 2038 problem or Y2038).The converter on this page converts timestamps in seconds (10-digit), milliseconds (13-digit) and microseconds (16-digit) to readable dates.

In the String Formatting article, you saw how you can use the StringFormat property of a data binding to convert any type into a string. For other types of conversions, you need to write some specialized code in a class that implements the IValueConverter interface. (The Universal Windows Platform contains a similar class named IValueConverter in the Windows.UI.Xaml.Data namespace, but this IValueConverter is in the Xamarin.Forms namespace.) Classes that implement IValueConverter are called value converters, but they are also often referred to as binding converters or binding value converters.


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The Enable Buttons page in the Data Binding Demos sample demonstrates how to use this value converter in a data binding. The IntToBoolConverter is instantiated in the page's resource dictionary. It is then referenced with a StaticResource markup extension to set the Converter property in two data bindings. It is very common to share data converters among multiple data bindings on the page:

The Enable Buttons page demonstrates a common need when a Button performs an operation based on text that the user types into an Entry view. If nothing has been typed into the Entry, the Button should be disabled. Each Button contains a data binding on its IsEnabled property. The data-binding source is the Length property of the Text property of the corresponding Entry. If that Length property is not 0, the value converter returns true and the Button is enabled:

Some value converters are written specifically for particular applications, while others are generalized. If you know that a value converter will only be used in OneWay bindings, then the ConvertBack method can simply return null.

You can write value converters to be more generalized and to accept several different types of data. The Convert and ConvertBack methods can use the as or is operators with the value parameter, or can call GetType on that parameter to determine its type, and then do something appropriate. The expected type of each method's return value is given by the targetType parameter. Sometimes, value converters are used with data bindings of different target types; the value converter can use the targetType argument to perform a conversion for the correct type.

The Switch Indicators page demonstrates how it can be used to display the value of a Switch view. Although it's common to instantiate value converters as resources in a resource dictionary, this page demonstrates an alternative: Each value converter is instantiated between Binding.Converter property-element tags. The x:TypeArguments indicates the generic argument, and TrueObject and FalseObject are both set to objects of that type:

The Binding class defines a ConverterParameter property, and the Binding markup extension also defines a ConverterParameter property. If this property is set, then the value is passed to the Convert and ConvertBack methods as the parameter argument. Even if the instance of the value converter is shared among several data bindings, the ConverterParameter can be different to perform somewhat different conversions.

To display these as hexadecimal values in XAML, they must be multiplied by 255, converted to an integer, and then formatted with a specification of "X2" in the StringFormat property. The first two tasks (multiplying by 255 and converting to an integer) can be handled by the value converter. To make the value converter as generalized as possible, the multiplication factor can be specified with the ConverterParameter property, which means that it enters the Convert and ConvertBack methods as the parameter argument:

The Convert converts from a double to int while multiplying by the parameter value; the ConvertBack divides the integer value argument by parameter and returns a double result. (In the program shown below, the value converter is used only in connection with string formatting, so ConvertBack is not used.)

Technology Level 3: A DEEC-Tec-based ocean wave energy converter is an example of an energy harnessing/converting structure made of DEEC-Tec metamaterials. DEEC-Tec-based wave energy converters have two defining characteristics:

NREL has extensive experience in developing materials for both FMDEC structures and embedded distributed energy converters. This experience, to name of few, leverages techniques ranging from upcycling of used polymers to the development of novel new elastomer electrodes.

NREL is familiar with and has the experience necessary for the co-design of DEEC-Tec-based ocean wave energy converters. Inherent in their nature, DEEC-Tec-based converters require the co-design and concurrent engineering of, at minimum:

This free online file converter lets you convert media easy and fast from one format to another. We support a lot of different source formats, just try. If you can't find the conversion you need, please let us know and write us an e-mail. We probably can help you...

The currency converter uses ECB reference exchange rates (source dataset "EXR") and all exchange rates provided by Bloomberg (source dataset "FX"). ECB reference exchange rates take precedence over Bloomberg rates.

The California Air Resources Board, with assistance from aftermarket catalytic converter manufacturers, has been developing a database to store and retrieve information on aftermarket catalytic converters that have been approved for use in California. These catalytic converters comply with the new regulations that became effective January 1, 2009. The database is currently under construction and contains some of the catalytic converters approved for OBD II vehicles. Once finalized, it will also include catalytic converters for non-OBD II vehicles.

*Toyota: Please follow this link to see catalytic converters that are legal on 2001-2004 4.7 liter Toyota Sequoia and 2003-2004 4.7 liter Toyota Tundra. to see catalytic converters that are legal on 2001-2004 4.7 liter Toyota Sequoia and 2003-2004 4.7 liter Toyota Tundra.

To access Executive Orders that are not shown in the database, please view the complete list of approved catalytic converters under the new regulations. Also, to access Executive Orders for only pre-OBD II vehicles under the new regulations please view the Pre-OBD II EO Listing.

For information on Executive Orders issued under the old regulations, view the summary list. All Executive Orders on this summary list are void and no longer in force and effect. The catalytic converters they cover cannot be sold in California effective December 31, 2008. Likewise, the used catalytic converters they covered cannot be sold in California effective July 10, 2008.

Please note that the database and lists are applicable to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles only. Executive Orders for motorcycle aftermarket catalytic converters can be viewed in the Motorcycle Aftermarket Parts Page.

Unlike the other basic converters, the bool converter is treated slightly different. Instead of casting directly to the bool type, which would result in any non-empty argument returning True, it instead evaluates the argument as True or False based on its given content:

For this, the library provides the Converter interface. This allows you to have access to theContext and have the callable be asynchronous. Defining a custom converter using this interface requiresoverriding a single method, Converter.convert().

When this command is executed, it attempts to convert the string given into a Member and then passes it as aparameter for the function. This works by checking if the string is a mention, an ID, a nickname, a username + discriminator,or just a regular username. The default set of converters have been written to be as easy to use as possible.

The command extension also has support for certain converters to allow for more advanced and intricate use cases that gobeyond the generic linear parsing. These converters allow you to introduce some more relaxed and dynamic grammar to yourcommands in an easy to use manner.

The what parameter would either take a discord.TextChannel converter or a discord.Member converter.The way this works is through a left-to-right order. It first attempts to convert the input to adiscord.TextChannel, and if it fails it tries to convert it to a discord.Member. If all converters fail,then a special error is raised, BadUnionArgument.

A typing.Annotated is a special type introduced in Python 3.9 that allows the type checker to see one type, but allows the library to see another type. This is useful for appeasing the type checker for complicated converters. The second parameter of Annotated must be the converter that the library should use.

For example, a signature expecting a typing.Optional of a discord.Member followed by aint could catch a member named after a number due to the different ways aMemberConverter decides to fetch members. You should take care to not introduceunintended parsing ambiguities in your code. One technique would be to clamp down the expected syntaxesallowed through custom converters or reordering the parameters to minimise clashes.

The discord.Attachment converter is a special converter that retrieves an attachment from the uploaded attachments on a message. This converter does not look at the message content at all and just the uploaded attachments. 0852c4b9a8

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