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Euchre is played by 2 teams consisting of 2 people each, with partners sitting across from each other. The game's objective is to reach 10 points first. At the start of the game, each player is dealt 5 cards from a deck containing only Ace, King, Queen, Jacks, 10s and 9s. A single card is dealt face-up, and players can then accept it as the trump suit or pass. If all 3 players pass, the dealer must play with the card being the trump suit.
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Players must follow the suit of the lead player. The highest card of that suit wins the trick unless a trump card is played. If a person wins a trick, that person leads the next trick. A team is called the "Maker" team if they choose the trump suit, and the other team is called the "Defending" team.
Defenders score 2 points for 3 or more tricks, and makers score 1 point for 3 and 4 tricks and 2 points for all 5 tricks. Every player can choose to ignore their partner's card, which is called "Going alone". The first team to reach 10 points wins the game.
An euchre occurs when your team chooses the trump suit but fails to take at least 3 of the 5 tricks during a hand. If your team is euchred, the opposing team is awarded 2 points, while your team gets no points.
A trick is the pile of 4 cards that is collected by the person who played the strongest card in the pile. It can also refer to a discrete phase in the game of Euchre, during which each of the 4 players plays one card.
Euchre emerged in the United States in the early 19th century. There are several theories regarding its origin,[1] but the most likely is that it is derived from an old Alsatian game called Jucker or Juckerspiel.[2] Euchre was responsible for introducing the joker into the modern deck of cards, first appearing in Euchre packs in the 1850s.[3][4]
Eucre is briefly mentioned as early as 1810, being played in a gaming house alongside all fours, loo, cribbage, and whist.[6] In 1829, uker was being played with bowers on a steamboat in the American Midwest.[7] However, the earliest rules do not appear until 1844.[8]
The mode of play and terminology of Euchre have resulted in several theories which suggest that it has an origin in Spanish Trionfo,[1][9] French Ecart[1] or Triomphe,[9][1] or Alsatian Jucker.[1] An early American theory was that Euchre was brought into the United States by the German settlers of Pennsylvania,[10] and from that region it was disseminated throughout the nation.[11] The 1864 edition of The American Hoyle disputes its alleged German heritage, tracing the game's origin to Pennsylvania itself in the 1820s. It goes on to surmise that a "rich German farmer's daughter" had visited Philadelphia and carried home a confused memory of cart, which then developed into Euchre.[12]
Yet another theory is that Euchre may have been introduced to America by immigrants from the counties of Cornwall or Devon in southwest England, where it remains a hugely popular game. Euchre was introduced into Devon in turn by French prisoners of The Napoleonic Wars, imprisoned in Dartmoor Prison between 1805 and 1816. American prisoners were also housed there after the War of 1812.
Card game historian David Parlett believes that Euchre is derived from an eighteenth-century Alsatian card game named Jucker or Juckerspiel, pronounced "yooker".[a] Clues to a possible German origin are the names of the trump Jacks; bower is phonetically identical with the German word Bauer which normally means farmer, but also refers to the Jack in playing cards. Another word probably derived from German is "march", which is the literal translation of Marsch, itself an abbreviation of Durchmarsch and the German for a slam in many card games.[13][14] Other words or phrases that reflect a German origin are: "maker" from Macher, short for Spielmacher i.e. "game maker", the person who determines the type of game to be played; "euchred" from gejuckert; "having a dog from every county" from aus jedem Dorf ein Kter i.e. "a mongrel from every village", a common expression in German card games; "cards away" from Karten weg or Kart' ab, an expression in games from the Palatinate/Saarland region for the same announcement,[b] "bridge" possibly from Pritsche, a plank bed (hence place of safety).
The earliest known treatise is a lost book called Game of Euchre and Its Laws published in 1839 by an unknown author.[c] However, the earliest surviving rules appeared in 1844, in which there is no Joker; instead 32 cards are used and the Right Bower, the trump Jack, is the "commanding card" with the Left Bower, the Jack of the same color, as the second-highest card.[15] According to Parlett, the Joker was added to a 32-card pack in the 1850s specifically for the game of Euchre[4] and is first mentioned in a set of rules in 1868 where it turns out to be a blank specimen card not intended for actual play.[16] This gave rise to a variant called "Euchre with the Joker" in which the blank card ranked above all the rest.[16] It must have been in use even earlier, however, since the term "Best Bower" appears in a satirical 1861 piece about the American Civil War.[17] Later, the Joker was embellished with a motif and specifically intended for use as the top trump. It was later transferred to the game of Poker and initially called the Mistigris.[18]
In the late 19th century, Euchre was regarded as the national card game of the United States.[19] It has since declined in popularity, although it retains a strong following in regions such as the Midwestern United States.[20] Euchre has also been described as Canada's national card game.[21] However, with the rise of 20th century games such as Contract Bridge and Spades, Euchre has declined in popularity, though it is still played as a social game in the US Midwest, the Canadian province of Ontario, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, especially Cornwall.
The earliest surviving rules were published in America by Thomas Mathews in his 1844 work, The Whist Player's Hand-book, in which a four-hand version of Euchre is described right at the end. The following is a summary:[8]
Euchre is played by two to five persons, but most often by two or four. A 32-card French-suited Piquet pack is used and cards rank in the trump suit as follows: Right Bower (trump knave), Left Bower (knave of same color), A > K > Q > 10 > 9 > 8 > 7. The side suits rank in their natural order. Deal and play are clockwise.
The pack is shuffled and four cards distributed; the players with two higher cards become partners and play the other two. The dealer deals five cards each in packets of two and three[d] and turns the next for trump.
Eldest hand (to the left of the dealer) opens the auction and may either 'order it up' (= accept the turnup as trump) or 'turn it down' (= pass), in which case the next player in turn has the same options and so on. The team that order it up are the 'makers'.[e] If all pass, the dealer does not exchange, and another round of bidding begins with eldest who may make trump of any other suit. If all pass again and dealer does not want to make trump, the cards are thrown in and the next dealer deals. If anyone orders up, the dealer picks up the upcard and discards a card in return. The dealer's partner may bid "assist" in which case the dealer takes up trump and they become the makers. A player confident of taking 5 tricks single-handed may say "cards away" to the partner and play alone against the opponents.
Eldest leads to the first trick. Players must follow suit if able; otherwise may play any card. The highest trump takes the trick or the highest card of the led suit if no trumps were played. The trick winner leads to the next trick.
The makers must take at least 3 tricks to win and score 1 point; otherwise they are euchred, i.e. have lost and their opponents score 2 points. Winning all 5 tricks is a march which earns 2 points. Announcing "cards away" and winning all 5 tricks alone scores 4 points. Points are tallied using the unused Deuce and Trey cards,[f] or counters. Game is 5 points.
In Britain, euchre is played in southwestern England, especially Cornwall, and Guernsey, as well as in coastal East Anglia. A key feature is that a joker, called the Benny, is the highest trump. The following is a summary of modern British rules by John McLeod, supplemented by other sources where indicated.[22]
The first dealer can be chosen by any random method. The dealer shuffles and deals each player a packet of 2 or 3 cards in any order and then a second packet making the hands up to 5 cards. The next card is turned as a potential trump. Often, it is customary to offer a cut of the deck to the player on the dealer's right before passing out the cards.
As soon as someone makes trump (instead of passing) that player's team become the makers and their opponents are the defenders. Should either opponent order it up or the dealer take it up, the suit of the upcard becomes trump; the dealer picks it up and discards a card face down. Note that the dealer's partner cannot make trumps and play with the dealer, but can only pass or play alone by turning it down (this does not apply to the second choice in which the player may choose any suit). If the upcard is the Benny, dealer must announce trumps before picking up their own hand cards and dealer's team are the makers (a "blind shout").
Before the first trick any player may announce they are going "alone", whereupon the partner of the lone player puts their cards face down on the table and drops out of that hand. A maker and a defender may both go alone in which case it is one against one. 152ee80cbc
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