The birth of the flour-milling industry in the mid-19th century was the second act in the industrial drama that took place at St. Anthony Falls and established Minneapolis as a major US city. While lumber sawmills arrived first in the 1840s, they were supplanted within decades by the flour mills. It was the extraordinary power-generating potential of the falls' 50-foot drop that brought the two industries to Minneapolis, though the heyday of flour milling outlasted that of saw milling by several decades. In 1880 and for 50 years thereafter, Minneapolis was known as the "Flour Milling Capital of the World."
The city grew up around the mills. In 1870, the population of Minneapolis was 13,000 and just 20 years later it had grown to nearly 165,000. Immigrants were part of this enormous population influx during the period, and they kept the farms, railroads, and mills of Minnesota running. Businesses supporting milling, such as bag making, barrel making, and iron works, also employed the city's new citizens.
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The mills received grain via rail lines stretching across the Northern Plains grain belt into the Dakotas and Canada. Trains then carried the milled flour to Duluth and to eastern US destinations for export and domestic distribution.
At the industry's peak, more than 20 stone flour mills stood along a covered canal, flowing with water drawn from the river above the falls. When the Washburn A Mill reopened in 1880, two years after the catastrophic explosion, it was the most technologically advanced and the largest in the world. At peak production, it ground enough flour to make 12 million loaves of bread in a day. This level of production was unheard of, as most mills at the time were still smaller operations serving the towns and cities in which they were located.
After World War I, the milling industry in Minneapolis began to decline. Federal import-export regulations led mills to move to cities better situated to process Canadian wheat. In 1930, Buffalo, New York, supplanted Minneapolis as the nation's flour-milling capital, producing 11 million barrels to Minneapolis's 10.8 million annually.
As the industry moved out of Minneapolis, the old mills fell into disuse. Many were abandoned and subsequently razed. The Washburn A Mill closed in 1965. The Pillsbury A Mill was the last riverfront mill to shut down in 2003.
We have wrung much magic from the technologies that fueled the last long boom. But the great convergence now underway will ignite the 2020s. And this time, unlike any previous historical epoch, we have the Cloud amplifying everything. The next long boom starts now.
Airman 1st Class Donna Mills of the 171st Air Refueling Squadron, Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan, looks out the refueling boom operator's window of a KC-135T Stratotanker aerial refueling aircraft May 10, 2023. The KC-135T is a key strategic asset in the Air Force's mission of maintaining air dominance in any operational environment. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Tom Demerly)
In March and April 2020, as the pandemic crippled our previously reliable food supply chains, many people discovered fresh flour from small, regional mills. I have evangelized about this kind of flour for years, but to have my personal passion take off in popularity because of a terrifying health crisis was far from ideal.
Not wanting to create a backlog, each week she calculated how much grain she had and how long it would take to make each type of flour. Yet when she updated the store, the website would inevitably crash because people were so eager for flour. The pressure was intense, and it strengthened her conviction that the system for producing staple foods in the U.S. needs to change. In particular, Kohler said, California needs 4 to 6 regional grain handling facilities to clean, store, and transfer grain because farmers are not able to get crops to the few existing mills. Right now, the nearest cleaning facility is 5 hours away from the Pasadena mill. And where, she asks, is the money going to come from to rebuild this kind of infrastructure?
The war on contract cheating"It breaks my heart that this is where we're at," sighs Ashley Finley, senior adviser to the president for the Association of American Colleges and Universities. She says campuses are abuzz about how to curb the rise in what they call contract cheating. Obviously, students buying essays is not new, but Finley says that what used to be mostly limited to small-scale side hustles has mushroomed on the internet to become a global industry of so-called essay mills. Hard numbers are difficult to come by, but research suggests that up to 16 percent of students have paid someone to do their work and that the number is rising.
The essay mills market aggressively online, with slickly produced videos inviting students to "Get instant help with your assignment" and imploring them: "Don't lag behind," "Join the majority" and "Don't worry, be happy."
Several essay mills declined or didn't respond to requests to be interviewed by NPR. But one answered questions by email and offered up one of its writers to explain her role in the company, called EduBirdie.
"Instead, what we have is a lot ... of blemished apples, and we take our cues for our behavior from the social world around us," he says. "We know officially what is right and what's wrong. But really what's driving our behavior is what we see others around us doing" or, Ariely adds, what we perceive them to be doing. So even the proliferation of advertising for essays mills can have a pernicious effect, he says, by fueling the perception that "everyone's doing it."
A few nations have recently proposed or passed laws outlawing essay mills, and more than a dozen U.S. states have laws on the books against them. But prosecuting essay mills, which are often based overseas in Pakistan, Kenya and Ukraine, for example, is complicated. And most educators are loath to criminalize students' behavior.
The software first inspects a document's metadata, like when it was created, by whom it was created and how many times it was reopened and re-edited. Turnitin's vice president for product management, Bill Loller, says sometimes it's as simple as looking at the document's name. Essay mills typically name their documents something like "Order Number 123," and students have been known to actually submit it that way. "You would be amazed at how frequently that happens," says Loller.
In its 19th-century heyday, this area of mills, canals, tailraces and other historic resources comprised the largest direct-drive water-powered facility in the world and was the leading international producer of flour, a commodity which was shipped both nationwide and worldwide.
Mill Ruins Park lies within the St. Anthony Falls Historic District and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Mill Ruins Park is directly adjacent to the 1883 Stone Arch Bridge, a National Historic Engineering Landmark constructed to connect Midwestern farmers and their crops of wheat to the booming flour production mills.
The goal of the development of Mill Ruins Park was to give park visitors a glimpse into the history of the mills in the area, which had been so important to the history of the city and the region. The park was opened to the public in 2001.
In 2003 a 650-foot section of West River Parkway was converted to an oak plank road similar to the original plank road that spanned the canals which carried water back to the river after powering the mills. The park was completed in 2005.
In his book, The Cloud Revolution, author Mills argues the cloud revolution is only just taking off and rapid innovation will converge to create a new economic boom. He predicts that historians will characterize this exploding cloud-driven market as a new "Roaring 2020s," with obvious societal parallels to the original Roaring 20s of a century ago.
Mills predicts similar economic growth in the 2020s, due to the revolution enabled by cloud computing and related technologies. He says that all aspects of our lives will be affected by this economic boom, including work, health, entertainment, and education.
"From the location of Bond and Spiderman films to Newham's annual fireworks display, Silvertown and its iconic mills have been a backdrop to local lives and Hollywood films for decades," says Simon Yewdall of DNCO. "But now it's time for Silvertown to take centre stage as a town centre for the whole of the Royal Docks and its communities. The place brand we created aims to reanimate this piece of dockland history, giving fresh excitement locally and citywide It is a destination neighbourhood for east London true to place, past and the people who call it home."
Because of it's value as a port, the developing of its shipbuilding industry, and European immigration into the port, Baltimore became the first boom town in the United States, almost doubling in size every ten years between the Revolutionary War and 1810 (Slayden). In 1800, it became the third largest city in the U.S. after New York and Philadelphia.
In the late 1700s, cotton goods, originally imported from India, became fashionable because of their low cost and good looks. And due to advances in British methods of manufacturing cotton (see Automation), Great Britain was fast becoming the world leader in manufacturing cotton goods. Americans liked cotton goods, and merchants looked for ways of producing them here. The first American mill to complete with the British was Slater's Mill, a spinning mill built in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island by Samuel Slater, and expatriated Englishman with knowledge of mills.
World War 1 brought a spectacular boom to the mills. War demand for cotton duck brought more jobs, longer hours, and higher wages. One family reported an astonishing total earnings of $75.00 per week ($1,600 a week in 2013 dollars). With this new situation came higher expectations among many workers, who struck for higher pay. Owner's profits were high enough that they conceded to workers' demands. Strikes all over the country increased from 1,405 in 1915 to 4,359 in 1917 (Harvey 32). 0852c4b9a8
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