A trump is a playing card which is elevated above its usual rank in trick-taking games. Typically an entire suit is nominated as a trump suit; these cards then outrank all cards of plain (non-trump) suits. In other contexts the terms trump card or to trump refers to any sort of action, authority or policy which automatically prevails over all others.
The introduction of trumps is one of only two major innovations to trick-taking games since they were invented; the other being the idea of bidding.[1] Trump cards, initially called trionfi, first appeared with the advent of Tarot cards in which there is a separate, permament trump suit comprising a number of picture cards.[2] The first known example of such cards was ordered by the Duke of Milan around 1420 and included 16 trumps with images of Greek and Roman gods.[3]
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Around the same time that Tarot cards were invented with the purpose of adding a trump suit to the existing four suits, a similar concept arose in the game of Karnffel. However, in this south German game played with an ordinary pack, some cards of a given suit had full trump powers, others were partial trumps and the 7s had a special role. These features have been retained in games of the Karnffel family down to the present, but are never seen in Tarot games.[4] Suits with these variable powers are thus called chosen suits or selected suits to distinguish them from trump suits.[5]
The English word trump derives from trionfi, a type of 15th-century Italian playing cards, from the Latin triumphus "triumph, victory procession", ultimately (via Etruscan) from Greek , the term for a hymn to Dionysus sung in processions in his honour.
Trionfi was the 15th-century card game for which tarot cards were designed. Trionfi were a fifth suit in the card game which acted as permanent trumps. Still in the 15th century, the French game triomphe (Spanish Ā triunfo) used four suits, one of which was randomly selected as trumps. It was this game that became extremely popular in Western Europe in the 16th century and is ancestral to many modern card games.
The trump suit may be fixed as in Spades, rotate on a fixed schedule or depend on the outcome of the previous hand as in Ninety-nine, be determined by drawing a card at random as in Bezique, by the last card dealt to a designated player as in Whist, by the first card played as in Nine Card Don, be chosen by a designated player as in Barbu, or players may bid for the right to select the trump suit as in Contract Bridge or Skat.
In most games trump cards cannot be played if the player has any cards of the suit led to the trick; the requirement to "follow suit" is of higher priority. In a few games, trumps can be played at any time. Playing the first trump to an already-started trick is known as trumping or ruffing; if another player were to play a higher trump, that would be an overruff or overtrump.
The tarot deck contains a fifth suit, known in gaming as the atouts or honours, which serves as a permanent trump suit in games played with the tarot deck. The suit consists of twenty-two cards, including a Fool which serves as a highest trump (in Central Europe) or excuses the players from following suit elsewhere.[10] The usual rule of play in Tarot card games is that a player who cannot follow suit, must play a trump.
Due primarily to the prevalence of the trump in card games, the term used in Japan for the standard 52-card deck of playing cards is toranpu (), derived from the English word "trump".[11]
In games of the Karnffel family whose ancestor predated Tarot games, there are quasi-trump suits usually known as chosen suits or selected suits. These are characterised by the highest cards of the chosen suit or suits having full trump powers, intermediate-ranking cards having partial trump-like powers and some cards having no powers at all. Surviving examples include Swiss Kaiserspiel, German Bruus and Knffeln and Danish Styrivolt.[5]
A key resource to gain an advantage at the opportune moment, as in That surprise witness was the defense's trump card, or She played her trump card, announcing that the Senator would speak. This expression transfers the trump card of games such as bridge, which can win over a card of another suit, to other kinds of advantage. [Early 1800s]
The advent of the new revolutionary approach based on regenerative medicine is progressively reshaping the therapeutic scenario of many different diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and immune diseases, with encouraging results. During the last 10 years, many studies have also proposed the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adult stem cells with several interesting properties already used in different experimental models, for the treatment of diabetes, however, reporting conflicting outcomes. These reasons have given rise to a question: are these cells a real trump card for the biomedical field? Are they really able to outclass the traditional therapies, or at least able to give an advantage over them? In this review, we will discuss the most promising results obtained with MSCs for the treatment of diabetes and its complications, we will compare the different therapeutic treatments applied as well as the most likely mechanisms of action, and overall we will give an in-depth overview of the pros and the cons of the use of MSCs for the therapy of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes.
Lysine acetylation is emerging as a ubiquitous and conserved posttranslational modification in living cells. While the role of lysine acetylation in regulating primary metabolism is well-established, its function in secondary metabolism remains largely elusive. To gain insight into the nature, extent and biological function of lysine acetylation in Streptomyces reseosporus, a producer of daptomycin, dubiously dubbed as the trump card antibiotic, we used immunoaffinity-based acetyllysine peptide enrichment integrated with high resolution mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize lysine acetylated proteins in this microbe. We identified a total of 667 proteins with 1143 unique sites, representing the largest acetylproteome reported to date in bacteria. Acetylated proteins belong to various functional classes such as metabolism and gene expression according to the gene ontology. We demonstrated for the first time that proteins involved in the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites are acetylated, such as a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, enzymes essential for hydroxamate siderophore and phosphinic acid natural products biosynthesis, implying an important role of acetylation in these processes. Taken together, this proteomic analysis revealed a surprising breadth of cellular processes affected by lysine acetylation and also furnishes some fresh intervention nodes for the rational improvement of the antibiotic producer.
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By the middle of the 15th century, the suit symbols of Italian cards were Cups, Swords, Batons, and Coins, and they remain so to this day. The pip cards were conventionally organized, with the repetition of the symbol indicating the value. In tarot cards, however, 21 trump cards, or tarocchi, were added, and these were figural, as in The Courtly Household Cards, with the fool at the bottom leading up to the emperor and pope at the top.
Tarot is a game of trick taking, as the many trump cards clearly indicate, and even though there are many variations (mostly minor), the rules of the game likely have not changed significantly since the 15th century. The present-day association of tarot with fortune-telling and the occult gained currency only in the 19th century and has nothing to do with the medieval tarot cards.
Trump cards are thought to have been invented in Europe, but perhaps not in Italy. The first trump-card game appears to have originated in Germany in the 1420s with a game known as Karnffel, in which a suit of trump cards could beat only cards of a lower rank. Tarot and Karnffel developed independently, and all subsequent trump games appear to have derived solely from tarot.
Three luxury tarot decks have survived from the mid-15th century. One of the decks is thought to have been made for Filippo Maria Visconti, the last duke of Milan of that name, prior to his death in 1447. Known as The Visconti Tarot, the deck's 69 surviving cards are preserved in Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
The other deck was more than likely made for Francesco Sforza, a mercenary commander who served in both Milan and Venice and married the only child of Filippo Maria Visconti. Known as The Visconti-Sforza Tarot, the deck was made sometime shortly after 1450. It is now divided: 26 of the surviving cards are at the Accademia Carrara, Bergamo and 35 are at the Morgan Library & Museum, New York. A third luxury deck, known as The Brambilla Deck (after a former owner), was almost certainly painted for Visconti before his death in 1447 and can be found at the Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan. All three decks are attributed to the workshop of the Milan court painter Bonifacio Bembo. be457b7860
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