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LESSON 6-TYPES OF MENU AND METHODS OF COOKING
INTRODUCTION
Cooking or cookery is the art, technology, science and craft of using heat to prepare food for consumption. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely. It is very important for all of us if not master at least to have the knowledge about cooking. Cooking our own food assures us that we are eating healthy, nutritious and clean food. In cooking, there are some basic methods of cooking that are used. These commonly used basic cooking methods are divided into two general groups. The groups are: Dry heat cookery methods and Moist heat cookery methods. The methods of cooking are divided into these two groups because of the way food is cooked and the type of heat that is used.
In a restaurant, the menu is a list of food and beverages offered to customers and the prices. A menu may be à la carte – which presents a list of options from which customers choose – or table d'hôte, in which case a pre-established sequence of courses is offered. Menus may be printed on paper sheets provided to the diners, put on a large poster or display board inside the establishment, displayed outside the restaurant, or put on a digital screen. Since
the late 1990s, some restaurants have put their menus online. Menus are also often a feature of very formal meals other than in restaurants, for example at
weddings. In the 19th and 20th centuries printed menus were often used for society dinner parties in homes; indeed this was their original use in Europe.
In this lesson, you will familiarize deeper and identify the different methods in cooking food. In addition, you can select the best method suited for the kind of food you are going to prepare and the types of menu you are going to cook.
Time Frame: 15 hours
Objectives
At the end of the lessen, the students will be able to:
1. Identify the different methods of cooking;
2. classify the methods as to dry heat or moist heat based on the processes;
3. explain the differences of the cooking methods; and
4. discuss the types of menu
EXPLAIN
1. What are the different methods of cooking?
2. What methods are classified as dry heat cooking and moist heat 3. What are the different menus cooked using the different methods of cooking. cooking?
3.These questions will serve as your guide as you go along reading the notes. Please
read and understand carefully.
Methods of Cooking
There are very many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in cooking time
1.BAKING
This involves applying a dry convection heat to your food in an enclosed environment.
The dry heat involved in the baking process makes the outside of the food go brown, and keeps the moisture locked in.Baking is regularly used for cooking pastries, bread and desserts.
2.FRYING
This means cooking your food in fat – there are several variations of frying:
• Deep-frying, where the food is completely immersed in hot oil
• Stir-frying, where you fry the food very quickly on a high heat in a oiled pan
• Pan-frying, where food is cooked in a frying pan with oil; and
• Sauteing, where the food is browned on one side and then the other with a small quantity of fat or oil.
Frying is one of the quickest ways to cook food, with temperatures typically reaching between 175 –
225ºC.
3.ROASTING
Roasting is basically a high heat form of baking, where your food gets drier and browner on the outside by initial exposure to a temperature of over 500F.
This prevents most of the moisture being cooked out of the food.
The temperature is then lowered to between 425 and 450F to cook through the meat or vegetables.
4.GRILLING
This is a fast, dry and very hot way of cooking, where the food is placed under an intense radiant heat.
You can use various sources of heat for grilling: wood burning, coals, gas flame, or electric heating.
Before grilling, food can be marinated or seasoned. A similar method to grilling is broiling, where the heat source originates from the top instead of the bottom.
5.STEAMING
This means cooking your food in water vapour over boiling water.
For this, it’s handy to have a steamer, which consists of a vessel with a perforated bottom placed on
top of another containing water.
Steam rises as the water boils, cooking the food in the perforated vessel
above.
6.POACHING
This involves a small amount of hot liquid, ideally at a temperature between 160 and 180F.
The cooking liquid is normally water, but you can also use broth, stock, milk or juice.
Common foods cooked by poaching include fish, eggs and fruit
7.SIMMERING
This involves cooking liquid on top of a stove in a pot or pan. It should be carried out on a low heat,
and you will see bubbles appearing on the surface of the liquid as your dish cooks.
8.BROILING
Similar to grilling, the heat source comes directly from the top.
You should be able to adjust your oven setting to broiling, but be careful, as this cooking methods works quickly and your meal could easily become burned.
Favourite dishes for broiling include chicken, beef and fish.
9.BLANCHING
Here the food is part-cooked, and then immediately submerged in ice cold water to stop the cooking process.
All sorts of vegetables can be blanched, including green beans, asparagus and potatoes.
10.BRAISING
First the food is sauted or seared, and then simmered in liquid for a long period of time until tender.
Pot roasts, stews and casseroles can be cooked in this way if they contain larger food items such as
poultry legs.
11.STEWING
Again, the food is sauted or seared first, and then cooked in liquid, but normally uses smaller ingredients such as chopped meats or vegetables.
Need some inspiration for using these techniques? Take a look at our Student Recipes, filled with tasty dishes for you to try at breakfast, lunch, dinner or any other time of day!
We also have lots of information and advice on the different herbs and spices you can use in your
cooking, how to keep your kitchen clean, budgeting for food, healthy eating, and a checklist of
handy utensils you might need.
What Is a Menu?
Let's get the very basics out of the way first, for the uninitiated. The traditional menu definition is a list of food or drink items available for purchase, or a list of food or drink items that will be served. While the majority of the time the meaning of menu is applied to food and beverages, that's not always the case
What Are Five the Types of Menus?
The five types of menus most commonly used are a la carte menus, static menus, du jour
menus, cycle menus, and fixed menus.
What Is an a La Carte Menu?
An a la carte menu lists the prices for each item separately. While the prices tend to be higher,
a la carte menus have more flexibility. Customers can choose individual items and combine
them any way they want.
Where Does a La Carte Come from?
A la carte is a French phrase that translates literally as “by the card” and roughly as “according
to the menu.” It began being used in the early 19th century and is not exclusive to food. For example, a subscription to a cable provider can have a la carte channel selection. That mean customers choose which channels they want individually instead of having a set channel package.
What’s Another Word for a La Carte?
Phrases like “from the menu” and “individually priced” communicate that a menu or section of a menu is a la carte.
What is a Du Jour Menu?
Du jour menus change daily, depending on what’s available or what the chef prepared. So, “chicken du jour” means the chicken that’s available today. Likewise, “soup du jour” is the soup that’s available today.
What Does Du Jour Mean?
Du jour is a French phrase that means “of the day.”
What is a Cycle Menu?
A cycle menu is a menu or part of a menu that has repeated options over a specific period of time. The cycle menu definition is fairly intuitive given its name. Think of a sandwich shop that offers a certain sandwich on Monday. Then another sandwich on Tuesday. And so on for the rest of the week. If they stick to those sandwiches on those days and repeat that week after week, it’s a cycle menu.
Cycle menus are often used for two reasons. One is that the cooking operation is relatively small and doesn’t have the resources to cook-to-order items off a larger menu. The second is for daily specials, like a happy hour menu. A bar or restaurant may have a static menu that anchors their offerings, but a cycle menu on top of it. That cycle menu showcases the same collection of special offers on the same days throughout the week.
What is a Static Menu?
A static menu is a larger menu, typically divided into categories, that doesn’t change very often. It’s the most widely used menu today, and it’s what you likely think of when you think of menus. That’s because the majority of restaurants and bars out there utilize a static menu. They typically provide the best customer experience because of the amount of options they provide, their consistency, and their easy navigation.The fact that a static menu doesn’t change very often means the customer experience is consistent. But the fact that static menus are large makes that consistent experience full of possibility. A static menu typically presents everything a bar or restaurant offers. Dependingon whatever restaurant technology is being employed, it can be on digital display boards, or paper menus. You can even leverage a restaurant menu bar code. It may contain some a la carte ordering options, some meal options, some du jour options, and some cyclical options.And, as we mentioned, food and beverage in a static menu are usually categorized into different groups. For food this may be appetizers, salads, entrees, etc. For drinks it may beshots, cocktails, beer, and wine. This makes static menus particularly easy to navigate.
What Is a Fixed Menu?
A fixed menu is a menu with few options and a fixed total price. It can be confused with static menus because the words, outside of the context of menu names, are similar. But the fixed menu definition is far different from that of the static menu.A fixed menu is also commonly called a set menu, and there are two common types. The table d’hote menu and the prix fixe menu.
What Is a Table d’Hote Menu?
A table d’hote menu is a menu that offers a choice of appetizer, entree, and dessert all at a fixed total price. It’s the set menu that provides the most freedom.A common table d’hote setup has a diner choosing one appetizer from two options, one entree from two or three options, and one dessert from two options. And the total price doesn’t change. The fact that there are few options and a set total price make it a fixed menu, but with some variability.
What Is a Prix Fixe Menu?
A prix fixe menu is a fixed menu with little to no variability for a fixed total price. It typically includes an appetizer, an entree, and a dessert. While guests can usually modify these based on dietary restrictions or preferences, there is only one option to choose from per course.Unless, of course, you choose a prix fixe menu at a different price point. There may be an option with one appetizer for $30 total, and another option with a different appetizer for $35 total. So, while there may be different options to choose from for eaccourse, they are not all tied to the same fixed total price.
A prix fixe menu is similar to a table d’hote menu, just without the choices. In that sense, it’s less a selection of choices and more a list of what will be served. Prix fixe menus may seem rigid, but they’re excellent choices for chef-driven restaurants that want food items served as the kitchen intends.
OTHER TYPES OF MENU
What is a Beverage Menu?
A beverage menu is any menu or section of a menu that sells alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. It can be a static, du jour, or cycle menu. Beverage menus are typically not a la carte menus. A digital wine list is a good example of the various menus out there.
What is a Cocktail Menu?
A cocktail menu is a specific type of beverage menu or section of a beverage menu. A good cocktail menu has a mix of base liquors, glassware, and flavors. It should also have one or two seasonal cocktails. Like beverage menus, it can be a static, du jour, or cycle menu and not a la carte.
What is a Dessert Menu?
Typically viewed at the end of a meal, a dessert menu is a menu or section of a menu that lists only the desserts. It can be an a la carte, static, du jour, or cycle menu.
What Is an Industry Menu?
An industry menu is a bar or restaurant menu that is specifically tailored to other members of the hospitality industry. While that may mean special food and drink items not available publicly, it most often means regular menu items at a discounted price. Often industry menus go hand-in-hand with industry nights. Those are specific nights when the industry menu is available to folks who work in food and beverage,
What Is Digital Menu?
A digital menu is a restaurant, bar, or hotel menu that displays its content digitally—via screen—instead of printed on paper. There are two primary types of digital menu: menu apps and QR code menus. A big benefit for either is that, if you partner with the right technology company, your digital menu will be ADA compliant out of the box. That saves you a lot of money on ADA remediation and potential legal fees. They're also quite good for restaurant SEO
Menu Apps
Menu apps are touchless menus, though they require download for use. They also require a business to build something to download: a standalone app from the ground up. It takes a lot of effort, money, and know-how to code an app from scratch. The alternative, a static or dynamic QR code, is a much more elegant solution.
QR Code-Based Menus
A QR code based menu leverages the ease and convenience of the now-ubiquitous QR code. Once you create a QR code PDF or HTML file (which is easy to do with QR code generators ,though there are some QR code risks with free online services), you're almost done. Just print it out and put it on a QR code template. And it may also help to include some information about how to scan a QR code on iPhone or Android and solutions for anyone unable to scan a QR code.Beyond menus, QR code uses are quite numerous. Here's some more info about QR code strategy and QR code statistics.
REFERENCES:
https://www.studential.com/university/student-cooking/cooking-methods
Suarez, Haydee Lyn S., et.al. Technology and Livelihood Education 11, The Library Publishing House,
Inc, Quezon Ave., Quezon City, 2008.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menu
https://home.binwise.com/blog/types-of-menu
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