Our industry continues to thrive and grow with new technology and more applications than ever. FMS has expanded to an all- inclusive memory and storage summit welcoming all emerging memory and storage solutions The scope of FMS23 will include DRAM, DNA data storage, UCIe chiplet interconnects, Compute Express Link (CXL), wearables, automotive, AI/ML, data centers, and entertainment applications, along with 3D flash, NVMe, ZNS, and important industry announcements. As one past attendee put it, "Flash is a big society and FMS is the right show."

About FLASH FLASH (Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads) is a very fast and accurate software tool to merge paired-end reads from next-generation sequencing experiments. FLASH is designed to merge pairs of reads when the original DNA fragments are shorter than twice the length of reads. The resulting longer reads can significantly improve genome assemblies. They can also improve transcriptome assembly when FLASH is used to merge RNA-seq data.

 

 Accuracy FLASH merges reads from paired-end sequencing runs with very high accuracy. 

 FLASH accuracy on one million 100bp long synthetic pairs generated from fragments with a mean length of 180bp, normaly distributed with a standard deviation of 20bp: 

 

 No error 1% error rate 2% error rate 3% error rate 5% error rate default parameters 99.73% 99.68% 98.43% 94.76% 77.91% more aggressive parameters 99.73% 99.68% 99.06% 98.30% 93.65% 

 Simulated reads used in the experiments are available here:

 No error 

 1% error 

 2% error 

 3% error 

 5% error


 FLASH accuracy on real data: 

 

 647,052 pairs of 101bp long reads from Staphylococcus aureus 90.77% 18,252,400 pairs of 101bp long reads from human 91.02% 

 The reads are available at the GAGE site: Reads from GAGE Time requirements The latest version of FLASH includes a multi-threaded mode.

 When run in single threaded mode:

  FLASH takes 120 seconds to process one million 100-bp long pairs on a server with 256GB of RAM and a six-core 2.4GHz AMD Opteron CPU. FLASH takes 129 seconds to process one million 100-bp long pairs on a desktop with 2GB of RAM and a dual-core Intel Xeon 3.00GHz CPU.  Time is linearly proportional to the read length and the number of reads.  Impact of FLASH on genome assemblies Merging mate pairs by FLASH as a pre-processor for genome assembly yields singificantly higher N50 value of contigs and scaffolds. It also reduces the number of missassembled contigs.

 Publication FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. T. Magoc and S. Salzberg. Bioinformatics 27:21 (2011), 2957-63.

 Obtaining the Software This software is OSI Certified Open Source Software. 

 

 FLASH code or executable can be downloaded from Sourceforge. Release packages can also be directly downloaded from here:  source package: FLASH-1.2.11.tar.gz  precompiled Linux x86_64 binary: FLASH-1.2.11-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz  precompiled Windows binary: FLASH-1.2.11-windows-bin.zip   Questions/Comments/Requests Send an e-mail to flash.comment@gmail.com

 Funding This work has been supported in part by NIH grants R01-LM006845, R01-GM083873, and R01-HG006677 to S.L. Salzberg. The Center for Computational Biology at Johns Hopkins University


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The Pixel TF-321 does not use wireless to trigger the flash. It is strictly a wired connection directly from your hot shoe via the PC sync cord to the flash. If your strobe is going off while connected to Pixel TF-321 it must be responding to optical slave flash since there is no other way another photographer could possibly trigger it. 



You'd have the consult the support web site for those products. I can only speak to Canon brand triggers and flashes which have a feature to select different channels and to set IDs to prevent others from triggering them.

The pics of the flash kit attached above show what appears to be series of four DIP switches on the transmitter trigger and receiver. I'm thinking the various random positions of these four switches should allow you to select up to at least 16 different channels to operate your flash remotely. Do you have the user manual for the trigger and receiver? I looked a bit online for a copy but didn't readily find one.

As rs-eos stated above you should be able to find a discrete channel that is used only by your camera and flash equipment. Unless you're working around dozens of other photographers who are already using all the available frequency channels. With the use of DIP switches you won't be able to make these adjustments thru the camera's menus. You'll have to manually set the DIP switches to a matching pattern on both your transmitter and receiver. Remote garage door openers used to use this same pairing procedure. Newer remote flash gear seems to have abandoned manual DIP switches for digital controls.

Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that erases data in units called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level. Flash memory is widely used for storage and data transfer in consumer devices, enterprise systems and industrial applications. Flash memory retains data for an extended period regardless of whether a flash-equipped device is powered on or off.

Flash memory is used in enterprise data center server, storage and networking technology as well as in a wide range of consumer devices, including USB flash drives -- also known as memory sticks -- SD cards, mobile phones, digital cameras, tablet computers, and PC cards in notebook computers and embedded controllers.

There are two types of flash memory: NAND and NOR. NAND flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) are often used to accelerate the performance of I/O-intensive applications. NOR flash memory is often used to hold control code, such as the BIOS in a PC.

Dr. Fujio Masuoka is credited with inventing flash memory when he worked for Toshiba in the 1980s. Masuoka's colleague, Shoji Ariizumi, reportedly coined the term flash because the process of erasing all the data from a semiconductor chip reminded him of the flash of a camera.

Flash memory evolved from erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) to electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). Flash is technically a variant of EEPROM, but the industry reserves the term EEPROM for byte-level erasable memory and applies the term flash memory to larger block-level erasable memory.

Structure. Flash memory architecture includes a memory array stacked with a multitude of flash cells. A basic flash memory cell consists of a storage transistor with a control gate and a floating gate, which is insulated from the rest of the transistor by a thin dielectric material or oxide layer. The floating gate stores the electrical charge and controls the flow of the electrical current.

Electrical isolation and persistent storage. Electrons are trapped in the floating gate regardless of whether a device containing the flash memory cell is receiving power because of electrical isolation created by the oxide layer. This characteristic enables flash memory to provide persistent storage.

NOR and NAND flash memory differ in architecture and design characteristics. NOR flash uses no shared components and can connect individual memory cells in parallel, enabling random access to data. A NAND flash cell is more compact and has fewer bit lines, stringing together floating gate transistors to increase storage density.

NOR flash is fast on data reads, but it's typically slower than NAND on erases and writes. NOR flash programs data at the byte level. NAND flash programs data in pages, which are larger than bytes, but smaller than blocks. For instance, a page might be 4 kilobytes (KB), while a block might be 128 KB to 256 KB or megabytes in size. NAND flash consumes less power than NOR flash for write-intensive applications.

NOR flash is more expensive to produce than NAND flash and tends to be used primarily in consumer and embedded devices for boot purposes and read-only applications for code storage. NAND flash is more suitable for data storage in consumer devices as well as enterprise server and storage systems due to its lower cost per bit to store data, greater density, and higher programming and erase speeds.

An additional subcategory is a hybrid hard drive that combines a conventional HDD with a NAND flash module. A hybrid hard drive is generally viewed to bridge the divide between rotating media and flash memory.

The advent of flash memory fueled the rise of all-flash arrays. These systems, which contain only SSDs, offer advantages in performance and potentially reduced operational costs compared to all disk-based storage arrays. The chief difference, aside from the media, is in the underlying physical architecture used to write data to a storage device.

HDD-based arrays have an actuator arm that lets data be written to a specific block on a specific sector on the disk. All-flash storage systems don't require moving parts to write data. The writes are made directly to the flash memory and custom software handles data management.

A hybrid flash array blends disk and SSDs. Hybrid arrays use SSDs as a cache to speed access to frequently requested hot data, which subsequently is rewritten to back-end disk. Many enterprises commonly archive data from disk as it ages by replicating it to an external magnetic tape library.

In addition to flash memory arrays, the ability to insert SSDs in x86-based servers has increased the technology's popularity. This arrangement is known as server-side flash memory, and it lets companies sidestep the vendor lock-in associated with purchasing expensive and integrated flash storage arrays. 17dc91bb1f

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