The Five Pure Lights (Wylie: 'od lnga) is an essential teaching in the Dzogchen tradition of Bon and Tibetan Buddhism. For the deluded, matter seems to appear. This is due to non-recognition of the five lights. Matter includes the mahbhta or classical elements, namely: space, air, water, fire, earth. Knowledge (rigpa) is the absence of delusion regarding the display of the five lights. This level of realization is called rainbow body.
In the basis (Tibetan: .mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}, Wylie: gzhi) there were neutral awarenesses (sh shes pa lung ma bstan) that did not recognize themselves. (Dzogchen texts actually do not distinguish whether this neutral awareness is one or multiple.) This non-recognition was the innate ignorance. Due to traces of action and affliction from a previous universe, the basis became stirred and the Five Pure Lights shone out. When a neutral awareness recognized the lights as its own display, then that was Samantabhadra (immediate liberation without the performance of virtue). Other neutral awarenesses did not recognize the lights as their own display, and thus imputed "other" onto the lights. This imputation of "self" and "other" was the imputing ignorance. This ignorance started sentient beings and samsara (even without non-virtue having been committed). Yet everything is illusory, since the basis never displays as anything other than the five lights.
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For the deluded, matter seems to appear. This is due to non-recognition of the five lights. Matter includes the mahbhta or classical elements, namely: space, air, water, fire, earth. The illusion of matter includes even the formless realms and the minds of sentient beings. For example, the beings of the formless realms are made of subtle matter. And the mind of a human is merely matter, specifically vayu (wind, air).
The Five Pure Lights are essentially the Five Wisdoms (Sanskrit: paca-jna).[1] Tenzin Wangyal holds that the Five Pure Lights become the Five Poisons if we remain deluded, or the Five Wisdoms and the Five Buddha Families if we recognize their purity.[2]
The Five Rivers Fountain of Lights is created by five water jets housed in concrete towers and a powerful center geyser. The towers straddle the confluence of the Great Miami and Mad Rivers just east of the Riverside Bridge and shoot 2,500 gallons of water per minute toward the center of the river. The central geyser rises from the jets to an impressive 200 feet in the air. Covering 395,000 square feet across an 800-foot diameter, the Five Rivers Fountain of Lights is one of the largest fountains in the world.
Harnessing such an awesome fountain requires a few tricks, as well. The Five Rivers Fountain of Lights is equipped with directional wind sensors. If the wind is blowing in a direction and at a velocity that could interfere with area traffic or other activities, individual jets of the fountain will not operate. Also, during the cold months when water could create hazardous conditions on nearby roads and recreation trails, the fountain is turned off.
Water to the fountain is provided by seven wells that tap the aquifer. Prior to building the fountain, the RiverScape partnership asked for opinions from the City of Dayton, the Miami Conservancy District and the Ohio EPA regarding the potential effect of the fountain. All three organizations agreed that the fountain will not harm the aquifer. In fact, groundwater in the area is so plentiful that many downtown buildings continuously operate dewatering pumps to prevent groundwater from entering their basements. These pumps discharge more water into the rivers daily than is used by the Five Rivers Fountain in the same period.
The torture scene in this episode is nearly verbatim from Nineteen Eighty-Four's "2 + 2 = 5". In the novel, the slogan is a primary example of doublethink, the ability of the totalitarian ruling party to exert such control they can even make people admit obvious falsehoods. Sensory evidence - or in the case of the novel, analytic truth - is internalized as insanity, and external statements are internalized as true, even when the subject isn't actually insane. The captors are showing their strength not just by forcing the captive, but by forcing reality itself.
At the end of the novel, the main character is being tortured into admitting that 2 + 2 is in fact 5. Unlike Picard, he does break - he admits to seeing five fingers even though he really only sees four. This begins a downward slide into compliance with the state.
The point of this was simply to "break" Picard with a meaningless, symbolic victory. Agreeing that there are five lights instead of four is, on the surface, completely harmless, unlike revealing important tactical information from the Federation or conceding an ideological point.
This is why, even after Picard is rescued, Madred still makes a last-ditch effort to force Picard to agree that there are five lights. He knows that if he has this, he will always be certain that his was the stronger will and that he could have eventually worn Picard down and gotten whatever information he wanted.
It's like the "third degree" in old cop movies. In those, often someone was forced to sit in a dark room and made to stare at a bright light. That would blind them so they couldn't see faces, only silhouettes of people. It depersonalizes everyone else and makes it harder for the victim to identify with anyone and it makes them even more alienated from everyone else.
While Madred wasn't using the lights in the same way, the likelihood is that they were hot and bright, both of which would be hard on Picard. Every time Madred made him look at the lights, he would be temporarily blinded and would feel pain from looking into the lights. While that's not a major source of pain, it carries the message that Madred is in control and that even on the small things, he intends to not give Picard a break.
While he could have used anything, like the color of a wall or the shape of his desk, by using lights, he was able to create more confusion by blinding Picard (at least temporarily) and causing him discomfort every time he made Picard look at the lights. It was just another way to get under Picard's skin, and it was more effective than using the color of something or the shape of his desk.
As to the number, he was likely just working with the lights that he had in the room. Likely any number of lights from two to four would work. It's tough for someone to see one light and say it's two, and once you start with five lights, it's harder to count them and easier to confuse five with six. But with two, three, or four lights, even when Picard was drained from torture, he could still count four and know there were four, even if he gave in.
It's a tactic to force Picard to accept what Madred tells him is reality rather than what his senses tell him is reality. (In short, to break Picard to Madred's will.) If Picard breaks willingly, then he has given in and succumbed in the contest of wills.
However, in torture to extract information or to instill obedience, quite often victims actually do come to no longer see reality, but rather what is being told to them is reality. In order to stop the pain, the mind does what it needs to to protect the victim.
Likely, this was an example of both, as PIcard's "admission" that there are five lights would indicate either that he is willing to comply to stop the torture (a small victory for Madred) or that his mind has broken and he actually sees the five lights (a greater victory)
In the end, Picard admits that he did see five lights instead of four, indicating that Madred succeeded in the latter end, where Picard's indomitable will kept him from admitting it. -alpha.org/wiki/Chain_of_Command,_Part_II_%28episode%29
You could also ask why Madred just didn't turn on the pain device and not turn it off until Picard told him what he wanted. The answer is, as alluded to in the episode, physical torture is a terrible way of getting information because after awhile the victim will say whatever you want just to make it stop and said information will likely be made up or false. Psychological torture, like forcing someone to admit something that they know is false is true, is much more effective. This is why the episode is so good, it is a very accurate portrayal of actual torture. Also, Picard employs a common strategy taught to resist torture: developing pity for the torturer ("you can't hurt me you are still that small boy"). By doing that you make it less likely that they will break you psychologically, because once that happens you can be easily manipulated into revealing other information. Hence why Madred focused so much on the lights and not on the information he wanted because if he could get Picard to admit there were five lights he could get him to do anything.
Coercion is a basic tactic in psychological operations. Once you have coerced your victim to do something simple like state a known falsehood, the door is opened to coerce them into revealing or doing much more important things.
The "4 lights" shtick is directly cribbed from the "4 fingers" scene in George Orwell's "1984". In 1984, the torturer makes it clear that the point is not to get the victim to agree that there are 5 lights. 152ee80cbc
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