Due to the increase in the population, space availability has become a constraint, therefore the concept of multi-storeyed building came into the picture. Now these buildings needed fire security arrangements. This book deals with the fundamentals of fire engineering and reviews of structural safety and provides guidelines for proper gadgetsfor all fire building complexes. Protection of buildings from fire has been of great importance. Therefore fire protection measures are very essential. This issue had not been tackled well in the past but at the moment it has become very essential. Also this issue has been dealt with due to the rapid industrialisation in the country.
Fire: Introduction, Basic concepts of fire protection, Fire as a process of combustion, planning for fire protection, fire resistance Ventilation and fuel controlled fire, process of combustion: flashover condition, effect of fire on construction material, design of fire resistance steel structure, concrete structure
Fire Safety In Buildings V.k. Jain Pdf Free Download
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Fire safety: urban planning, escape and refuge, internal planning, detection and suppression Introduction to lift design, design of lift system, expected stop and floor of reversal, different cases, simulation, arrangements and escalators
Introduction to flow system: water supply, constant demand, variable demand and diversity factor, control systems Flow in pipe networks and fixture units, design of water supply distribution system, flow in waste water pipes
Introduction to HVAC: governing equations to HVAC process, numerical problem on HVAC system, psychometric chart, equation based approach Electrical systems: design of electrical systems, intelligent building, life cycle cost and basics of building maintenance, stages of maintenance management, planning for building maintenance, periodicity of maintenance management, estimation of repair cycle, cost profile of maintenance, lamp replacement, building inspection, planned and Ad-hoc maintenance
Condition survey and health evaluation of buildings, diagnosis of building by visual survey, case studies of visual survey, effect of corrosion and alkali aggregate reaction, sampling and choice of test location Non-destructive testing, core strength test, carbonation and chloride measurement, electrical method of progress measurement Repair, rehabilitation, retrofit, periodicity and economics of condition survey, interpretation of test results
The potential for residential fire disasters (Figure 1) is of great concern in building design and a significant factor in architectural design of buildings in terms of construction material, configuration, openings and emergency exit strategy. One of the most critical aspects of a building is structural behavior of load-bearing and non-load bearing components under fire and high temperature loading conditions, which can lead to loss of load carrying capacity and thus instability. Providing suitable methods for protection of building components during fires has always been a challenging topic for engineers. Therefore, fire safety systems can play a key role in prevention control or relief of fire before serious damage is incurred to the main components of a building. Needless to say, without proper safety and protection measures, various damage ranges, high repair costs, and even injury or deaths may follow.
As many cities experience shortage of land for more residential and commercial construction due to population growth and migration in modern societies, in particular in metropolitan areas, it is inevitable that building with larger number of stories will be needed, but that will also lead to higher risk of fire hazard. The potential for fire incidents in multi-story apartment buildings remains a serious concern for local governments, municipalities, and building owners/tenants. Karter [1] studied fire losses in the US during 2012 and found that the Fire Departments across the country reported around 1,375,000 fire incidents during that particular year. The Fire Department reports indicate that fire incidents caused over $12 billion property damage, 16,500 injuries and 2855 deaths. Karter study [1] also shows that the risk of fire incidents in residential buildings is much more than other cases such that 83% of fire-related fatalities occurred in homes. As an example of such hazards in overpopulated societies, an official report of China Fire Services shows that about 40% of fire incidents occurred in residential buildings [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Because of the expected long life-span of existing buildings, the most reasonable strategy to minimize consequences of fire occurrences seems to be focusing on developing measures for
existing and older buildings in large cities. Moreover, in some cases because modern urban landscape would require long distance transportation of the workforce between home and workplace, some building use changes may be inevitable. These modifications may include the need to have commercial and residential buildings be physically closer and even there may be a need to change the use of buildings, e.g., change the use from commercial to residential or allow mixed use, etc.
In recent years, engineers have employed some retrofitting methods to reduce the fire hazards. Most studies on fire safety of buildings have focused only on evaluation of new buildings based on fire safety provisions of building codes [14] [15] [16] [17] . With every change of use, change of occupancy, or change of story height, fire protection requirements need to be evaluated. Although retrofit projects have been carried out on fire safety of historical and old buildings [18] [19] , limited information on comparison, advantages and disadvantages of various fire retrofitting systems is available. To have a better understanding of various retrofitting methods, there is a need for a thorough review of literature related to fire hazards. Such a study can then lead to evaluation of various options and determining appropriateness of solutions for different situations.
One of the most significant current discussions in mitigation of fire hazards is retrofit of existing buildings. For instance, when changes are to be made in a building, usually upgrading or adding fire protection systems will also be part of the change. In this regard, to find the most suitable retrofitting method, learning from past fire incidents in similar buildings will be useful. This section reviews some example reported fire incidents to help better understanding of the common causes of fire spread in the existing buildings. Generally, any proposed method for retrofitting existing buildings should be based on a sound understanding of causes of fire incidents and its spread. For example, on May 22, 2010, a fire incident was reported to the US. Fire Administration office in Kansas [20] . An automatic fire alarm was received at 20:52 from the residence. The incident involved a 6000 square foot two-story single-family residence with a full-base- ment that was built in 1998. The lower level included a walk-out basement (Figure 2). The main floor consisted of a great room, dining room, kitchen, breakfast room, master bedroom and bath with make-up room, utility room, office and a two car garage. The top floor consisted of three bedrooms and two full bath-rooms. After the fire incident, the office of the State Fire Marshal reported that the building was not equipped with a proper fire sprinkler system. The firefighting time table in Figure 2 shows that despite a quick automatic fire alarm, lack of an adequate fire sprinkler system can lead to a significant damage to the whole building.
As a second example, one can cite the fire incident reported on March 8, 2015 when a Danville man escaped unharmed from a fire that destroyed his home in the evening [McGee 2015, News-Gazette 4/28/2015]. Firefighters were called to a house fire around 6 p.m. When they arrived, heavy fire and smoke was coming from the front of the small, one-story, wood-frame structure. The report shows that the house occupant was asleep on his couch when the fire broke out, but was awakened by the smell of smoke to see his kitchen was on fire. He was not injured and firefighters extinguished the fire in about 20 minutes. According to the firefighters, the fire caused the front of the house and roof to cave in, which caused an estimated $25,000 damage. This report indicates that there was no fire extinguisher and alarm system at the home, and the occupant was awakened by the smell of the smoke. Perhaps, if there was a smoke detector or fire alarm, the occupant could wake up sooner. Also, the existence of a fire extinguisher system such as fire blanket and sprinkler in the kitchen could help extinguishing the fire or to prevent its spread.
A fire incident was reported in a residential building in Peekskill-Cortland, NY that was extinguished by the assistance of Lake Mohegan Volunteer Fire Association [21] . The report shows that this building was not equipped with an adequate fire safety system. Despite key role of the fire alarm and fire sprinkler systems in fire incidents, the use of fireproof materials and components is always a reliable strategy to protect against or delay fast fire spread to other places in a building. The report indicates that unprotected openings in the building envelope
One of the most significant current problems in fire safety of existing residential buildings is fire spread from openings (e.g., holes) and cracks in the walls. When a fire incident occurs, the generated flames tend to spread to other places where there is more oxygen. Therefore, the existing openings and cracks in the walls can encourage and help spread of the flames. Figure 3 shows a fire spread test on a wall with two different cover boxes for wall plug [25] . In this test, the left box was made of plastic and the right box was made of fireproof material. As Figure 3 shows, when the wall was exposed to fire, the left box melted and the flames could spread to the front side of the wall. On the other hand, the right box did not burn and blocked the fire spread. 152ee80cbc
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