LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION SKILL

LESSON 2: BASIC WELDING

LESSON 3: BASICS OF ELECTRICITY

LESSON 4: BASICS OF PLUMBING

LESSON 5: Basics of Carpentry 

LESSON 6: BASICS OF MOTOR MECHANIC

LESSON 7 Vernier Caliper

📌 What is a Vernier Caliper?

A vernier caliper is a precision instrument used to measure internal and external dimensions, as well as depths, with an accuracy of up to 0.02 mm or 0.001 inch.

📸 Vernier Caliper Image:

Image Source: Wikimedia Commons

🧭 Parts of a Vernier Caliper:

1. Main Scale – Graduated in mm or inches.

2. Vernier Scale – Slides on the main scale to measure fractions of a division.

3. Fixed Jaw – Part of the main scale; does not move.

4. Movable Jaw – Attached to the vernier scale; moves to adjust for measurement.

5. Depth Rod – A thin rod for measuring depth.

6. Thumb Screw/Lock Screw – Helps to lock the jaws.

🔎 Types of Measurements:

1. External measurement – Using the outside jaws (e.g. diameter of a cylinder).

2. Internal measurement – Using the inside jaws (e.g. diameter of a hole).

3. Depth measurement – Using the depth rod.

📏 How to Read the Vernier Caliper:

1. Step 1: Note the value on the main scale just before the zero of the vernier scale.

2. Step 2: Find the line on the vernier scale that aligns with any line on the main scale.

3. Step 3: Add the two readings:

Total reading=Main scale reading+(Vernier scale reading×least count)\text{Total reading} = \text{Main scale reading} + (\text{Vernier scale reading} \times \text{least count})Total reading=Main scale reading+(Vernier scale reading×least count)

Least Count (LC) = 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm or as per instrument

🧠 Example:

If main scale reading = 2.3 cm and 7th division of vernier scale aligns,

• Vernier scale reading = 7 × 0.01 cm = 0.07 cm

• Total = 2.3 + 0.07 = 2.37 cm

LESSON 8 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Lesson: Basics of Business Management

🔹 What is Business Management?

Business management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources—human, financial, physical, and informational—to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently.

🔹 Key Functions of Business Management

1. Planning – Setting goals and determining how to achieve them.
   
   

2. Organizing – Arranging tasks, people, and resources to accomplish the work.
   
   

3. Leading – Motivating, directing, and influencing people to work hard to achieve the organization’s goals.
   
   

4. Controlling – Monitoring performance and making necessary changes.
   
   

🔹 Levels of Management

1. Top-level management – Executives (e.g., CEOs) who make strategic decisions.
   
   

2. Middle-level management – Managers who implement strategies and coordinate departments.
   
   

3. Lower-level management – Supervisors who oversee day-to-day operations and manage front-line employees.
   
   

🔹 Business Structures

• Sole Proprietorship – Owned by one person.
  
  

• Partnership – Owned by two or more individuals.
  
  

• Corporation – A legal entity separate from its owners.
  
  

• Limited Liability Company (LLC) – Combines features of a corporation and a partnership.
  
  

🔹 Key Areas of Management

• Operations Management – Oversees production and delivery of products/services.
  
  

• Human Resource Management – Manages employee recruitment, development, and retention.
  
  

• Marketing Management – Focuses on customer needs and promoting the business.
  
  

• Financial Management – Handles budgeting, investing, and cost control.
  
  

🔹 Important Skills for Managers

• Communication
  
  

• Leadership
  
  

• Decision-making
  
  

• Problem-solving
  
  

• Time management
  
  

LESSON 9 SCHOOL PROJECT

How to Start an English Medium School in a Village

Objective:

To understand the step-by-step process, legal requirements, infrastructure, and key strategies to start a successful English medium school in a rural area.

1. Vision and Purpose

Before starting the school, identify the purpose:

• Provide quality English-medium education in rural areas.
  
  

• Empower children with language skills and modern knowledge.
  
  

• Offer affordable and value-based education close to home.
  
  

2. Market Research

• Survey the local population to estimate the number of students.
  
  

• Understand parents' expectations and affordability.
  
  

• Check existing schools in the area and identify gaps in quality.
  
  

3. Legal Requirements

• Register a trust, society, or Section 8 company (non-profit) to manage the school.
  
  

• Apply for NOC (No Objection Certificate) from the state education department.
  
  

• Affiliation: Start with state board or CBSE (as per long-term goals).
  
  

• Ensure compliance with RTE (Right to Education) norms.
  
  

4. Land and Infrastructure

• Minimum 1 acre of land is ideal (varies by board).
  
  

• Build child-friendly classrooms, toilets, playgrounds, and boundary walls.
  
  

• Provide clean drinking water and electricity.
  
  

• Have a library and at least one lab (even if basic, for higher classes).
  
  

5. Staff Recruitment

• Hire qualified teachers who can speak and teach in English.
  
  

• Provide orientation and training.
  
  

• Appoint non-teaching staff: peon, watchman, accountant, etc.
  
  

6. Curriculum and Teaching Aids

• Select books and teaching materials aligned with the board.
  
  

• Use activity-based and digital learning methods.
  
  

• Promote English speaking among staff and students.
  
  

7. Permissions and Approvals

• Apply for recognition from local education authority.
  
  

• Maintain all records: attendance, salary, infrastructure, etc.
  
  

8. Community Engagement

• Involve local panchayat and community leaders.
  
  

• Build trust with parents through meetings and sample classes.
  
  

• Offer scholarships for the needy.
  
  

9. Budget and Funding

• Prepare a detailed project cost including:
  
  

  • Land/building
    
    

  • Furniture and books
    
    

  • Teacher salaries
    
    

  • Transport (if needed)
    
    

• Look for donations, CSR support, and bank loans.
  
  

10. Promotion and Admission

• Distribute pamphlets and do door-to-door awareness.
  
  

• Offer discounts for early admissions.
  
  

• Organize an open house to showcase the school.

LESSON 10: START UPS

 Lesson: Introduction to Startups

1. What is a Startup?

A startup is a young company created to develop a unique product, service, or business model—typically under conditions of uncertainty. Unlike traditional small businesses, startups often focus on innovation, scalability, and rapid growth.

2. Key Characteristics of Startups

• Innovation: Introducing something new (e.g., product, process, or business model).

• Scalability: Designed to grow quickly and serve a large customer base.

• Risk and Uncertainty: Operate in untested markets or with experimental technologies.

• Funding Needs: Typically seek outside investment (angel investors, venture capital, etc.).

3. Startup Lifecycle

1. Ideation – Coming up with the business idea.

2. Validation – Testing whether people actually want the product (MVP: Minimum Viable Product).

3. Funding – Raising money to scale operations (e.g., seed funding, Series A, B, etc.).

4. Growth & Scaling – Expanding customers, markets, and operations.

5. Maturity or Exit – Reaching profitability, acquisition by another company, or going public (IPO).

4. Types of Startups

• Lifestyle Startups: Built around the founder’s passion.

• Small Business Startups: Funded and grown with personal savings.

• Scalable Startups: Focused on rapid growth with venture capital (e.g., tech startups).

• Social Startups: Aim to solve social problems (nonprofit or hybrid).

• Buyable Startups: Created with the intention of selling to larger companies.

5. Sources of Funding

• Bootstrapping (self-funding).

• Friends and Family.

• Angel Investors (wealthy individuals investing in early-stage businesses).

• Venture Capitalists (VCs) (professional investment firms looking for high returns).

• Crowdfunding (raising funds from many people through platforms).

6. Challenges for Startups

• Finding product-market fit.

• Managing cash flow.

• Competition and market saturation.

• Hiring and retaining talent.

• Legal and regulatory compliance.