Nanomaterials are essential for boosting the efficiency and stability of energy conversion processes in electrochemical reactions. Among these materials, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand out due to their unique electronic and structural properties, making them highly promising for advanced energy technologies. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), in particular, have gained significant attention for their tunable band structures, high surface area, and catalytic activity. 

Electrocatalysts play a crucial role in energy conversion processes, enabling efficient electrochemical reactions such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Among these, HER is particularly important for sustainable hydrogen production. Electrocatalysts enhance reaction kinetics by lowering activation energy, improving efficiency, and enabling practical applications in renewable energy technologies such as water electrolysis and fuel cells.

Despite significant efforts in electrocatalyst and electrode research, a deep understanding of reaction mechanisms remains limited, hindering the development of efficient materials. Unveiling electrochemical mechanisms and tracking atomic and electronic structural changes under real conditions are essential for rational catalyst design. To achieve this, advanced synchrotron-based techniques, including XPS, AP-XPS, X-ray scattering, and XAFS, are crucial. Among these, our research particularly focuses on XAFS, utilizing in situ/ex situ XANES/EXAFS analysis to gain deeper insights into electrochemical mechanisms.