Protocol and Guideline

FEMHNS

2022-11-19  Management of acute Urinary Retention 

急性尿滯留處置

版: 2022-08-31

改版: 2022-11-05

整理: PGY黃建崴, PGY 陳安琪醫師

指導: 林哲光醫師

a. 如果病人最初引流尿量>400 cc à 可先嘗試單導一次,但通常會需要留置尿管

b. 如果病人最初引流尿量200-400 cc à 可依病人的狀況(例如病人共病、精神狀態、能否回到醫院)決定是否要留置尿管

BPH治療藥物

Tamsulosin (Tamso Sr) 0.2mg/cap 2# HS PO

Silodosin (Urief) 4mg/tab 2# HS PO or 1# BID PO with meals

 

改善方案

本次新增(2022-11-05)

病房

NCU


病房護理端


 

病房醫療端


 

NCU改善方案:持續NCU對於病患有放置導尿管的處置

 

建議主治醫師醫療團隊依 bundle care 精神與原則檢討繼續留置導管的必要性,儘早移除不必要的管路。

 

References:

1.    Barrisford, G.W., Steele, G.S. Acute urinary retention (2021). In: UpToDate, Post, TW (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA

2.    Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (2009) https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/cauti-guidelines-H.pdf

3. Wu MY, Chang JR, Lee YK, Lin PC, Tsai TY. The Effect and Safety of Rapid and Gradual Urinary Decompression in Urine Retention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Oct 13;58(10):1441. doi: 10.3390/medicina58101441. PMID: 36295601; PMCID: PMC9609720.

腦傷病患降腦壓藥物使用原則

第一版日期2021-01-07 

修改日期2023-02-02 

整理: 林哲光 賴柏宇

1. Mannitol 

a. Mannitol 0.25-1 g/kg IVF Q4-8h 輸注15-30分鐘

b. 藥物劑型: 安露注射液(Anol) (20%)100 g/100 ml bag(注意是否有結晶形成)

c. Monitoring

i. 持續監測顱內壓(Intracranial pressure, ICP) 

於ICP持續<20 mmHg時可以漸進式調整使用劑量。

ii. 低體液狀態

以0.9% normal saline 或 Lactated ringers依輸出量1:1方式補充體液。 

iii. 持續監測serum osmolality and Na level

建議一星期至少監測兩次,依臨床照護狀況增減頻率

Goal serum osmolality < 325 mOsm and osmolar gap <15 

if osmolality > 320 or osmolar gap >20, hold mannitol dose (inadequate clearance of mannitol and potential higher risk of acute renal failure)

https://www.mdcalc.com/serum-osmolality-osmolarity#pearls-pitfalls

建議監測

Calculated Osmolality at Day 0 as baseline (if >320, may not use Mannitol or 3% saline)

Osmolality checked at Day 2 (prescription day as Day 0)

iv. Check Serum creatine, BUN, sodium, potassium, and glucose 

建議一星期至少監測兩次,依臨床照護狀況增減頻率

依據尿量或使用劑量及頻率調整監測頻率,如尿量>400ml/2h,應考慮立即抽血檢驗。

v. Q1H測量CVP level

vi. QD check Serum creatinine and BUN

vii. 藥物副作用: Pulmonary edema, Acute renal failure, Rebound cerebral edema, Aggravation arterial hypotension causing a reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure by its diuretic effect


2. 3% saline  

a. 劑量: 200ml loading, followed by 100ml Q6H or frequency as needed, IVF for 15-30mins

可與mannitol Q6H交替給予(依6am, 12pm, 6pm, 0am及9am, 3pm, 9pm, 3am兩組頻率給予)

b. Target goal serum sodium 155-160 mg/dL

c. Check serum Na level Q12H or Q6H as clinical needed ( hold 3% saline when Na level >160 mg/dL)

i. Hypertonic saline (HTS) may not cause a rebound increase in ICP after discontinuation following prolonged use.

ii. HTS carries the risk of causing central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) if the serum sodium increases by more than 10-20 mEq/L in 24 hours.應控制在serum sodium change <12 mEq/L in a 24-hour period.

iii. 建議監測

Calculated Osmolality at Day 0 as baseline (if >320, may not use Mannitol or 3% saline)

Osmolality checked at Day 2 (prescription day as Day 0)

d. 藥物副作用(Na level 170 mmol/L): Neutropenia, Acute renal failure, Thrombocytopenia, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Anemia. Excessive increases in sodium levels and osmolarity cause volume overload with pulmonary edema and heart failure or could initiate coagulopathy, and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.


3. Glycerol (5% Fructose,glycerin,sodium chloride)

a. 劑量: 常用: 0.5~1 gm/kg q6h, 1.2 gm q6h,使用1~2週

縮小腦容積時:500ml,30分內注射完成

緊急降腦壓:500mL,10分鐘內打完

b. 功效: Metabolizable osmotic agent,促進腦組織新陳代謝,導致需氧量減少,提供能量

c. 優點:

i. 相對mannitol,較可用於腎功能衰竭的高危人群

ii. 改善 BUN, serum Cre, proteinuria, electrolyte disturbance, rebound ICP

d. 副作用: 溶血 (infusion rate >2mL/min)、血尿、 高血糖、頭痛、倦怠

e. 禁忌: 果糖不耐症、低張性脫水

f. 監測: 血糖、 serum osmolality


HTS v.s. Mannitol

在腦外傷病人中,於腦壓控制上,Hypertonic saline在長期預後、死亡率的下降,腦壓控制(90-120分鐘的控制率)沒有優於Mannitol。但HTS有較少的rebound ICP effect及30-60分鐘的腦壓控制及較好的腦灌注(CPP)都有優於Mannitol的部分。 

Review article建議dose

30ml 23.4% saline over 15mins (= 200ml 3% saline over 15mins?), Q6H(目標Na level > 155 mEq/L)

150ml 3% saline over 2 hours, Q6H (目標Na level >145 mEq/L)


Glycerol vs. Mannitol

在減輕腦水腫方面的有效性差異不顯著

Glycerol可能更安全,並且具有更可耐受的安全性


Glycerol vs hypertonic saline vs mannitol

3% HTS 更加有效 > 10% mannitol plus 10% glycerol combination 和 20% mannitol.

3組之間沒有明顯的好處


參考文獻:

1. Adopted from Boston Medical Center “ICU management of brain tissue oxygen and ICP (2017) https://www.bmc.org/sites/default/files/Patient_Care/Specialty_Care/Stroke_and_Cerebrovascular_Center/Research/policies/ICP-Management-Guideline-Adult-January-2017.docx (Jan 02, 2021)

2. Han C, Yang F, Guo S, Zhang J. Hypertonic Saline Compared to Mannitol for the Management of Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis. Front Surg. 2022 Jan 7;8:765784. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.765784. PMID: 35071311; PMCID: PMC8776988.

3. Shi J, Tan L, Ye J, Hu L. Hypertonic saline and mannitol in patients with traumatic brain injury: A systematic and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Aug 28;99(35):e21655. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000021655. PMID: 32871879; PMCID: PMC7458171.

4. Nicholas A. Peters, Lane B. Farrell, Josiah P. Smith. Hyperosmolar Therapy for the Treatment of Cerebral Edema. U.S. Pharm. 2018:43(1)HS-8-HS-11.

5. Rockswold GL, Solid CA, Paredes-Andrade E, Rockswold SB, Jancik JT, Quickel RR. Hypertonic saline and its effect on intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, and brain tissue oxygen. Neurosurgery. 2009 Dec;65(6):1035-41; discussion 1041-2. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000359533.16214.04. PMID: 19934962.

6. Wells DL, Swanson JM, Wood GC, Magnotti LJ, Boucher BA, Croce MA, Harrison CG, Muhlbauer MS, Fabian TC. The relationship between serum sodium and intracranial pressure when using hypertonic saline to target mild hypernatremia in patients with head trauma. Crit Care. 2012 Oct 15;16(5):R193. doi: 10.1186/cc11678. PMID: 23068293; PMCID: PMC3682295.

7. Wang, J., et al. Glycerol Infusion Versus Mannitol for Cerebral Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Ther 43, 637-649 (2021).

8. Wang, J., et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of glycerol versus mannitol in patients with cerebral oedema and elevated intracranial pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 46, 504-514 (2021).

9. Patil, H. & Gupta, R. A Comparative Study of Bolus Dose of Hypertonic Saline, Mannitol, and Mannitol Plus Glycerol Combination in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurg 125, e221-e228 (2019).

10. http://www.chien-yu.com.tw/upload/medicine_knowledge/10403.pdf


NCU_TBI 鎮靜止痛降腦壓protocol - drug info (RPh. 張維倫_郭曄嶸)

Related link or resources

1. UpToDate. Management of acute moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Adapted on 2021.01.31.

2. UpToDate. {Table} Intravenous sedative and analgesic dosing regimens for managing pain, agitation, and delirium in the intensive care unit. Adapted on 2021.01.31.

3. UpToDate. Sedative-analgesic medications in critically ill adults: Properties, dosage regimens, and adverse effects. Adapted on 2021.01.31.

4. Oliver Flower, Simon Hellings. Sedation in traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med Int. 2012;2012:637171. doi: 10.1155/2012/637171.

抗癲癇藥品使用注意事項

制定日期:110-03-01

製訂單位:藥學部

治療期間要每天按時服用抗癲癇藥品,不要隨便減藥或停藥,以維持穩定的藥品血中濃度,達到良好的癲癇控制。

治療期間不要忘記吃藥,因忘記服藥會降低治療效果或導致癲癇發作。

服用抗癲癇藥品期間,有些人剛開始會有想睡或噁心的情形;但服藥一段時間後,當藥品血中濃度達到穩定時,這些現象是可以獲得改善的。

抗癲癇藥品不可任意中斷服用,因突然停藥可能會使藥品濃度下降,而讓疾病控制不佳。

抗癲癇藥品不可自行增加藥量,因自行增量可能會導致副作用發生或癲癇控制不佳;藥量調整必須由專科醫師評估後再做調整。 

定期門診追蹤,依醫囑按時吃藥,不要自己增加或減少藥量。

平日應均衡飲食、定時定量,可適度補充維生素及纖維質,避免腹脹或便秘的情形。

避免突然喝太多的水或飲料,一般建議每 4-5小時內不要飲用超過800-1200毫升(CC)。

日常應保持規律的生活作息,睡眠充足,避免刺激性食物或酒精性飲料。

服用抗癲癇藥品期間如出現疲倦、複視、眩暈、嗜睡等狀況,應避免駕車或從事危險活動。

參考資料來源:台灣癲癇醫學會-癲癇衛教答客問