Tarih 2 Orta Zamanlar Pdf 16

It seems that you are looking for a title and an article with HTML formatting for the keyword "tarih 2 orta zamanlar pdf 16". I'm not sure what this keyword means, but I can try to generate some content based on my web searches.

According to my search results, "tarih 2 orta zamanlar" is the name of a history textbook that was taught in high schools in Turkey in the early years of the Republic. It covers the history of Islam and the Turks from the 7th century to the 16th century. The textbook was published in 1931 and has four volumes. The second volume is called "Orta Zamanlar" which means "Middle Ages".[^1^] [^6^]

The number 16 could refer to either the 16th chapter of the second volume, which is about the Ottoman Empire and its relations with Europe, or the 16th page of the second volume, which is about the Abbasid Caliphate and its decline.[^6^]

Based on this information, I have generated a possible title and an article with HTML formatting for your keyword. Here it is:

The Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate was one of the most powerful and influential Islamic states in history. It was founded by the descendants of Abbas, the uncle of Prophet Muhammad, in 750 CE, after overthrowing the Umayyad dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital from Damascus to Baghdad, which became a center of learning, culture and trade. They also expanded their territory to include most of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia.

However, the Abbasid Caliphate faced many challenges and problems that led to its decline and fragmentation. Some of these were:

Political instability and civil wars among rival factions and claimants to the caliphate.

Military defeats and loss of lands to external enemies such as the Byzantines, the Crusaders, the Mongols and the Turks.

Economic decline and corruption due to heavy taxation, mismanagement and lavish spending by the caliphs and their courtiers.

Social unrest and rebellions by various ethnic, religious and sectarian groups who felt oppressed or marginalized by the Abbasid rule.

Cultural and religious diversity and dissent that challenged the authority and legitimacy of the caliphs as the leaders of the Muslim community.

The Abbasid Caliphate finally collapsed in 1258 CE, when Baghdad was sacked and burned by the Mongols. The last Abbasid caliph, Al-Musta'sim, was killed by Hulagu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Although some Abbasid rulers continued to claim the title of caliph in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks until 1517 CE, they had little power or influence over the Muslim world.

The Abbasid Caliphate left behind a rich legacy of achievements in various fields such as science, philosophy, literature, art and architecture. It also contributed to the spread of Islam and Islamic civilization to many regions and peoples. The Abbasid Caliphate is considered by many historians as one of the golden ages of Islamic history. 66dfd1ed39

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