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Although you share the same genes, you might not inherit the faulty gene that causes the condition. But sharing a similar lifestyle and environment as your family can increase your risk of developing the same condition.

We fund vital research to understand the causes and risk factors that lead to heart and circulatory diseases. Our scientists are researching ways to control the increased risk caused by having a family history of a condition.

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Most of these risk factors can be controlled. Having a healthy weight, being physically active and eating a balanced diet can help reduce your risk of developing the same heart and circulatory condition as your family.

If you have a medical condition, such as cancer, heart disease, or diabetes, be sure to let your family members know about your diagnosis. If you have had genetic testing done, share your results with your family members. If you are one of the older members of your family, you may know more about diseases and health conditions in your family, especially in relatives who are no longer living. Be sure to share this information with your younger relatives so that you may all benefit from knowing this family health history information.

Family history plays an important role in determining your cancer risk. About 1 in 4 colorectal cancer patients have a family history of colorectal cancer. Family history means any of the following are true:

If family history increases your risk, your doctor will recommend earlier and more frequent screening. People with a family history of cancer should get screened at age 40 or 10 years before the youngest case in your immediate family, whichever is earlier.

If you have family members with a history of cancer, your doctor may recommend genetic testing and genetic counseling. A genetic counselor can help build a family tree to better understand your risk of being diagnosed with colorectal cancer.

Do you know your family's health history? About 1 in 4 patients have a family history of colon cancer that could suggest a genetic and/or hereditary factor. In this webinar we cover everything from what it means to have a cancer family history to the importance of talking with your healthcare provider.

Comprising approximately 65 million searchable records, this awe-inspiring resource gives modern Americans the opportunity to examine immigration documents, find connections to their ancestry and heritage, and offer their own contributions to an ever-growing catalog of family stories.

Most prior COPD genetics studies have considered familial smoking as a shared environmental factor, and have attempted to adjust away the potential effects of personal smoking history. Family history of smoking as a COPD risk factor has not been assessed previously. However, it is important to quantify the genetic risk of COPD independent of the genetic susceptibility to cigarette smoking. A recent genomewide association study of COPD found significant association with a locus on chromosome 15 (-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 3/5),3 which has previously been associated with lung cancer,4-6 peripheral arterial disease,6 and cigarette smoking,7 highlighting the potential genetic overlap between disease and risk factor. In a family study, the independent heritabilities of COPD and smoking can be calculated directly, although previous family-based studies have not attempted to disentangle the genetic effects on disease vs risk factor. In a case-control study, the effect sizes of family history of COPD and familial smoking behaviors on COPD risk provide an indirect assessment of heritability.

Patients with COPD were older and had a greater lifetime smoking history (Table 1). There were more non-Hispanic white subjects than black subjects among patients with COPD. There was no difference in gender distribution between patients with COPD and control subjects. Patients with COPD had lower educational achievement and more commonly had a parental history of COPD. Although there was a trend toward increased paternal history of smoking in patients with COPD, there was no difference in maternal or total parental history of smoking, nor were there differences in childhood ETS exposure or in utero smoke exposure (Fig 1).

Because of the racial differences in subjects with known and unknown COPD parental history (e-Table 1), we limited the regression analysis to non-Hispanic white subjects to assess for potential bias. The effect of parental history was similar in the stratified analysis (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.44-2.44; P < .0001). Parental history of smoking was not included in the parsimonious model, so there is no potential bias due to imbalances in this variable between subjects with known and unknown COPD parental history.

Among COPD cases, subjects with a parental history of COPD were younger and more common among non-Hispanic whites (Table 3). There was no difference in gender, education, or smoking history comparing subjects with COPD with and without a parental history, although more subjects with a positive COPD parental history had a parental history of smoking or were exposed to childhood ETS. Subjects with a COPD parental history had more severe disease, measured by lower lung function, greater dyspnea, worse quality of life (higher SGRQ scores), and a greater number and more severe COPD exacerbations in the year prior to enrollment. Subjects with a COPD parental history had higher scores on the multidimensional BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index, which is a marker of poor long-term prognosis.24 There were trends for increased quantitative measures of emphysema and gas trapping on chest CT scans in subjects with a COPD parental history.

We performed regression analyses for physiologic, symptomatic, and CT markers of COPD severity, adjusted for age, sex, race, pack-years of smoking, and additional clinically relevant covariates (Table 4). In the adjusted models, subjects with COPD with a positive parental history had lower lung function, reduced exercise capacity, worse quality of life, and more severe and more frequent COPD exacerbations. Patients with a COPD parental history tended to have increased emphysema, gas trapping, and airways disease on chest CT scans, although none of these associations met statistical significance.

Previous studies have demonstrated familial risk of COPD.1,25-31 Although most of these studies have recorded and adjusted for individual smoking status, none has examined family history of smoking as an independent COPD risk factor. Several family studies of lung function in the general population have considered the effects of familial smoking, but the authors treated it as a shared environmental factor and not a separate genetic effect.32-34 We demonstrated that family history of COPD was a risk factor for COPD, independent of family history of smoking or personal smoking habits, and that family history affected COPD severity. These findings have not been demonstrated previously. Our results point to genetic effects on both COPD risk and disease severity.

An increased risk of breast cancer in women with a family history of breast cancer has been demonstrated by many studies using a variety of study designs. However, the extent of this risk varies according to the nature of the family history (type of relative affected, age at which relative developed breast cancer and number of relatives affected) and may also vary according to age of the individual. The aim of our study was to identify all the published studies which have quantified the risk of breast cancer associated with a family history of the disease, and to summarise the evidence from these studies, with particular emphasis on age-specific risks according to subject and relative age. Seventy-four published studies were identified. The pooled estimate of relative risk (RR) associated with various family histories was as follows: any relative, RR = 1.9 (95% CI, 1.7-2.0); a first-degree relative, RR = 2.1 (CI = 2.0, 2.2); mother, RR = 2.0 (CI = 1.8, 2.1); sister, RR = 2.3 (CI = 2.1, 2.4); daughter, RR = 1.8 (CI = 1.6, 2.0); mother and sister, RR = 3.6 (CI = 2.5, 5.0); and a second-degree relative, RR = 1.5 (CI = 1.4, 1.6). Risks were increased in subjects under age 50 and when the relative had been diagnosed before age 50.

A family health history is a record of health information about a person and his or her close relatives. A complete record includes information from three generations of relatives, including children, brothers and sisters, parents, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, grandparents, and cousins.

Families have similar genetic backgrounds, and often similar environments and lifestyles. Together, these factors can give clues to conditions that may run in a family. By noticing patterns of disorders among relatives, healthcare professionals can determine whether an individual, family members, or future generations may be at an increased risk of developing a particular condition.

A family health history can identify people with a higher-than-usual chance of having common disorders, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, certain cancers, and type 2 diabetes. These complex disorders are influenced by a combination of genetic factors, environmental conditions, and lifestyle choices. A family history also can provide information about the risk of rarer conditions caused by variants (mutations) in a single gene, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease.

While a family health history provides information about the risk of specific health concerns, having relatives with a condition does not mean that an individual will definitely develop that condition. On the other hand, a person with no family history of a disorder may still be at risk of developing the disorder.

The easiest way to get information about family health history is to talk to relatives about their health. Have they had any health problems, and when did they occur? A family gathering could be a good time to discuss these issues. Additionally, obtaining medical records and other documents (such as obituaries and death certificates) can help complete a family health history. It is important to keep this information up-to-date and to share it with a healthcare professional regularly. ff782bc1db