Lucas has suggested that the 1958 film Mannequin in Red may have influenced Blood and Black Lace because of its use of colour cinematography with diffused lighting filters similar to Bava's style, as well as the film's plot being set in a fashion salon where murders are taking place.[19] Curti contests this notion because Mannequin in Red was never released in Italy, deeming it unlikely that Bava or the screenwriters ever saw it.[20][21]

Reiner and Dantes were late additions to the cast, as they took over roles initially intended for Gustavo De Nardo and Yoko Tani, respectively.[26] Reiner, a classically trained actor whose experience was primarily in West German television and voice dubbing, was impressed by Bava's working methods, believing that the lack of obligation to record direct sound on-set allowed him to film shots in imaginative ways; Reiner spent his off-set time walking Centi, Bava's pet Basset Hound, which inspired him to buy one for himself and his wife upon his return to Germany.[27] Curti has described Dantes' replacement for Tani as "hasty", noting that despite being made-up to appear Asian in line with her scripted character, these efforts were obstructed by her strong jawline, wide cheekbones and androgynous appearance.[26] Mitchell recalled that Dantes told him that she suffered from an eating disorder and had undergone an experimental weight loss procedure in Paris a month prior to the start of filming, whereby "they'd put you to sleep for three weeks, massage you, give you pills or injections to relax you and it would help take the weight right off"; Lucas corroborates this by noting that Dantes appeared to be "at least forty pounds heavier" in The Hyena of London, which she had filmed prior to working on Blood and Black Lace.[23]


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Although the film was a European production, it was filmed with the majority of the cast speaking their lines in English to ensure international marketability.[28] Arden spoke about the script, saying that the "Italian guy who wrote the script had no great knowledge of American or English conversation, so the script was full of mistakes".[30] Arden was fluent in three languages and rewrote the dialogue as a favour for Bava during filming so it would make more sense.[30] For the film's violent scenes, Arden remembered performing most of her own stunts. These included scenes where she was to fall on to a mattress that would be placed under her at the last second.[28] The team often mistimed the move, leading to Arden being bruised on subsequent re-takes.[28] The film's stunt coordinator, Goffredo "Freddy" Unger, explained that Bava often had to deal with actors wanting to do their own stunts.[30] When actors requested to do fight scenes, he filmed them only briefly, before telling them he had all the footage they needed.[30] Mitchell recalled that Bava created the film's tracking shots by mounting the camera on a children's toy wagon, while crane shots were made by using a makeshift see-saw that counterbalanced the camera with crew members.[31][32] Curti has disputed the idea of a wagon being used on the film, as Lamberto Bava said on an Italian DVD audio commentary that the cameras used were Mitchells, which would have been too heavy to mount on such a device (as opposed to lighter Arriflexs).[33][34]

It took four hours for makeup artist Emilio Trani to apply burned features to Arden for the sequences where she portrayed a corpse; these took five days to shoot. To avoid having the makeup added and removed each day, Arden left it on her face for the latter days of shooting; she recalled that her made-up appearance terrified her mother, who was staying with her in Rome. An accident during the filming of these sequences left Arden with a permanent scar across her nose. In the scene where Greta discovers Peggy's body in the trunk of her car, Bava instructed Lander to wait until the trunk lid was completely open (as indicated by a click in the mechanism) before jumping and recoiling backwards, as the lid used a strong spring that caused it to fall rapidly into place if it was not secured. In her nervousness, Lander failed to open the trunk fully, resulting in the lid's sharp lock hitting Arden in the face, narrowly missing her eye. Arden became hysterical, prompting Bava to stop shooting immediately and calm her down by holding ice to her face while hugging her.[35]

Thematically, Blood and Black Lace offers the giallo an irresolvable obsession with female violation that's simultaneously cruel and heartfelt. Here, the murders are understood to reflect a debasement that suggests a furthering of the debasement of modelling, a suggestion that's literalized by the killer's placement of the bodies in hideous poses [...] This thematic is complicated further by the identity of the killer, who reflects the fashion industry's self-loathing and self-consumption, driven by a mixture of profound self-interest and neurosis that would be enormously influential to the subgenre at large. In a giallo, a woman's worst enemy is often a woman driven to shirk the chains of status quo that shackle her.

Among the few works immediately influenced by Blood and Black Lace was the fifth issue of the fumetto nero (black comic) Kriminal, which used the same plot as the film.[69][71] Meanwhile, films labelled as gialli from Italy that were released in the late 1960s, such as Umberto Lenzi's films with Carroll Baker (Orgasmo, So Sweet... So Perverse and A Quiet Place to Kill) and Lucio Fulci's One on Top of the Other, focused on eroticism rather than an emulation of Bava's focus on murder scenes.[70] It was not until the success of Dario Argento's 1970 film The Bird with the Crystal Plumage that the giallo genre started a major trend in Italian cinema.[29][36] Argento's film borrows elements from Blood and Black Lace, particularly its murder scenes.[72] Giallo films released after The Bird with the Crystal Plumage showed a stronger influence from Blood and Black Lace, such as Roberto Bianchi Montero's So Sweet, So Dead, Stelvio Massi's Five Women for the Killer, and Renato Polselli's Delirium.[72]

But more than 100,000 shoes of victims remain, some 80,000 of them in huge heaps on display in a room where visitors file by daily. Many are warped, their original colors fading, shoe laces disintegrated, yet they endure as testaments of lives brutally cut short.

The museum is able to conserve about 100 shoes a week, and has processed 400 since the project began last month. The aim is not to restore them to their original state but to render them as close to how they were found at war's end as possible. Most of the shoes are single objects. One pair still bound by shoelaces is a rarity.

Despite being an infrequent crime, parental homicide has been associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adult perpetrators and a history of child abuse and family violence in adolescent perpetrators. Among severe psychiatric disorders there is initial evidence that delusional misidentification might also play a role in parricide. Parricides are often committed with undue violence and may result in overkill. The authors present the case of an adult male affected by schizoaffective disorder and Capgras syndrome who committed patricide. Forensic pathologists classify such cases as overkill by multiple fatal means comprising stabbing, blunt trauma and choking. Accurate crime scene investigations coupled with psychiatric examinations of perpetrator allow reconstruction of the murder stages. This overkill case is discussed in the context of a broad review of the literature.

We report here a case of overkill patricide perpetrated by an adult male affected by a schizoaffective disorder and Capgras delusion, who killed his father using multiple fatal means; we also analyze the case in the light of the existing literature on parricide and overkill. Capgras syndrome is a type of delusional misidentification syndrome in which the subject holds that a well-known person has been replaced by an identical or very similar impostor [20]. Schizophrenia and other psychoses have been associated with increased risk of committing homicide [21] and there is initial evidence suggesting a possible association between parricide and delusional misidentification syndromes [22]. This case adds information to the limited literature on misidentification syndromes, and overkill homicide.

At autopsy, a hemorrhagic infiltrate of the scalp and temporalis muscles was found, in the absence of skull fractures; a slight subarachnoid hemorrhage in the right temporal lobe was also observed. Hemorrhagic infiltration of the masseter and pterygoid muscles was described bilaterally. The tongue presented superficial blood infiltrates which were also detectable in the palatine region, along with a small laceration of the mucosa, and in the hypopharynx. Blood was seen in the trachea and the bronchial tree. The seven stab wounds showed trajectories which can be summarized as follows:

Psychosis has also been associated with juvenile parricide in a minority of cases, whereas it is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in adult perpetrators [3, 5, 6, 10]. It is noteworthy that most of the cohort studies on parricides were carried out on inpatients of psychiatric hospitals [5, 10, 15, 16, 23, 24, 33], thus determining a possible bias of the data obtained. In these studies, a diagnosis of a chronic mental disorder and a history of inpatient treatment prior to parental homicide have often been highlighted [5, 10, 16, 24]. Although schizophrenia is regarded as the most common diagnosis in parricide offenders [5, 10, 15, 16, 24, 33], other psychiatric conditions such as depression [16, 30], schizoaffective disorder [5], and personality disorders [5, 10, 16, 33], have been reported. Epilepsy [10], perceptual abnormalities and misidentification syndromes [24] have also been described. be457b7860

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