Types of Text

Descriptive text is used to describe a person, place, object, or event in detail to create a vivid image in the reader's mind.  

Structure:  

1. Identification: Introduces the topic.  

2. Description: Provides detailed information about the characteristics, features, or qualities.  

Example:  

The Eiffel Tower is an iconic landmark in Paris, France. It stands 324 meters tall and was constructed as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair. This iron lattice tower is admired for its elegant design and breathtaking views of the city it offers. 

The tower has three accessible levels, with the topmost level providing a panoramic view of Paris. At night, the Eiffel Tower lights up beautifully, drawing tourists from around the world. Surrounding it are lush gardens and fountains, making it a perfect spot for relaxation and photography.

Explanation text explains how or why something happens, providing details about processes or phenomena.  

Structure:  

1. Title: States the topic.  

2. General Statement: Introduces the phenomenon.  

3. Explanation: Explains the process or reasons.  

Example:  

Rain begins with the process of evaporation, where the sun heats water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans. The water turns into vapor and rises into the atmosphere. Once in the atmosphere, the water vapor cools and condenses into tiny droplets, forming clouds.  

When these droplets combine and grow larger, they become too heavy to remain suspended in the air. Gravity then pulls the water back to the Earth’s surface as rain. This cycle repeats continuously, ensuring the planet’s water supply.

Recount text retells past events in chronological order, often for entertainment or informational purposes.  

Structure:  

1. Orientation: Sets the scene.  

2. Events: Describes the sequence of events.  

3. Reorientation: Summarizes or concludes.  

Example:  

Last Sunday was an unforgettable day for me. My family and I went to the city zoo. As soon as we entered, we were greeted by the cheerful sounds of chirping birds and roaring lions. I was particularly excited to see the giraffes because they are my favorite animals.  

We spent hours exploring different sections of the zoo. One of the highlights was feeding the giraffes. I held out some leaves, and they gently took them from my hand. It was a magical moment that I will always cherish.

Narrative text tells a story with characters, a setting, and a plot, often to entertain or convey a message.  

Structure:  

1. Orientation: Introduces characters and setting.  

2. Complication: Presents a problem.  

3. Resolution: Resolves the problem.  

4. (Optional) Coda: Provides a moral lesson.  

Example:  

One day, Red Riding Hood decided to visit her grandmother, who lived deep in the forest. Before she left, her mother warned her to stay on the path and avoid talking to strangers. As she walked through the woods, she met a cunning wolf who tricked her into revealing her grandmother’s location.  

The wolf reached the grandmother’s house before Red Riding Hood and pretended to be her grandmother. When Red arrived, she noticed something was wrong. Thankfully, a brave woodcutter heard her scream and came to rescue her. The wolf was chased away, and Red learned an important lesson about caution.

A report text provides factual information about a general subject, such as natural phenomena, animals, or scientific topics, without involving personal opinions.  

Structure:  

1. General Classification: Introduces the subject.  

2. Description: Explains the parts, qualities, or behaviors.  

Example:  

Whales are among the largest creatures on Earth. They belong to the cetacean family, which includes dolphins and porpoises. Unlike fish, whales are mammals, meaning they are warm-blooded, breathe air through lungs, and give birth to live young.  

Most whales are known for their long migrations, traveling thousands of kilometers to find food or breed. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by maintaining the balance of the food chain.

News item text delivers information about recent events that are considered newsworthy or significant to the public.  

Structure:  

1. Headline: Summarizes the news.  

2. Lead: Provides an overview of the main event.  

3. Body: Details the event with supporting information.  

Example:  

Headline: Floods Hit Jakarta  

Jakarta experienced severe flooding yesterday due to heavy rainfall that lasted for over 12 hours. Several neighborhoods were submerged, causing significant disruptions to daily life.  

Many residents had to evacuate their homes, while others were stranded without access to food or water. Local authorities are working to pump out the water and provide relief to affected areas. Officials have warned that more rain is expected in the coming days.

Procedure text provides instructions or steps on how to accomplish a task or create something.

Structure:  

1. Goal: States what will be achieved.  

2. Materials: Lists the required items.  

3. Steps: Explains the process in order.  

Example:  

Topic: How to Make Coffee  

1. Boil water until it reaches a rolling boil.  

2. Add one tablespoon of coffee powder to a cup.  

3. Pour the hot water into the cup and stir well.  

Allow the coffee to cool for a minute before adding sugar or milk, according to your preference. Once ready, enjoy your freshly brewed coffee. This simple method guarantees a quick and delicious start to your day.

Exposition text presents arguments to explain or persuade the audience about a particular topic.  

Structure:  

1. Thesis: States the main idea or opinion.  

2. Arguments: Provides supporting evidence or points.  

3. Conclusion: Summarizes the discussion.  

Example:  

Social media has revolutionized communication by allowing people to stay connected regardless of distance. It provides a platform for sharing ideas, learning, and even promoting businesses. However, the negative aspects of social media cannot be ignored.  

Spending excessive time on social media can lead to decreased productivity, cyberbullying, and mental health issues. Therefore, it is essential to use social media responsibly and maintain a balance between the virtual and real worlds.

Announcement text informs the audience about important events, notices, or activities in a concise and formal manner.  

Structure:  

1. Title: Clearly states the purpose of the announcement.  

2. Details: Explains who, what, where, when, and why.  

Example:  

Title: Meeting Announcement  

The school’s monthly meeting will take place on Friday, November 24, at 10:00 AM in the main auditorium. All staff and students are expected to attend.  

The meeting will discuss upcoming events, examination schedules, and new policies. Please arrive on time and bring any necessary materials. For further details, contact the administration office.

Discussion text explores an issue from multiple perspectives, presenting arguments for and against it to provide a balanced view.  

Structure:  

1. Introduction: States the issue being discussed.  

2. Arguments for and against: Explains both sides of the argument.  

3. Conclusion: Summarizes and provides a possible solution or stance.

Example:  

Should uniforms be mandatory? Proponents of school uniforms argue that they create a sense of unity and equality among students. Uniforms reduce distractions caused by fashionable clothing and help maintain discipline in schools.  

On the other hand, opponents claim that uniforms suppress individuality and self-expression. They believe students should have the freedom to choose what they wear. Both sides present valid points, making it a topic worth considering from multiple perspectives.

Review text evaluates and provides opinions on books, movies, products, or events, highlighting strengths and weaknesses.  

Structure:  

1. Introduction: States the subject being reviewed.  

2. Evaluation: Explains positive and negative aspects.  

3. Conclusion: Provides a verdict or recommendation.  

Example:  

"Dreamland Adventures" is a visually captivating movie with stunning cinematography and mesmerizing special effects. The vibrant colors and imaginative world-building transport the audience to another realm.  

However, the storyline fails to keep up with the visuals. The plot feels predictable and lacks emotional depth, which might leave viewers feeling unsatisfied. Overall, it is worth watching for the visuals but not for the story.

Anecdote text shares short, amusing, or interesting incidents that aim to entertain or reflect a point.    

Structure:  

1. Abstract: Summarizes the story.  

2. Orientation: Sets the context.  

3. Crisis: Describes the event.  

4. Reaction: Concludes the story.  

Example:  

Last week, I left a pizza on the table while answering a phone call. When I returned, my dog was sitting under the table, looking guilty. At first, I didn’t understand why until I noticed a slice of pizza missing.  

Despite my frustration, I couldn’t help but laugh at how clever he was. From that day on, I learned to never leave food unattended around my dog.

Spoof text tells a humorous or surprising story with an unexpected twist at the end.  

Structure:  

1. Orientation: Introduces the characters and setting.  

2. Event(s): Tells the story.  

3. Twist: Concludes with a surprising or humorous ending.  

Example:  

Last month, I attended a magic show advertised as "unforgettable." The magician claimed he could make anything disappear. At one point, he showed a picture of himself standing next to a car and said, "Watch the car vanish!" 

He then took out his laptop, opened Photoshop, and deleted the car from the picture. The audience burst into laughter, realizing it was a clever joke rather than actual magic.

Advertisement text is designed to persuade the audience to buy a product, service, or idea by highlighting its benefits. 

Structure:  

1. Headline: Captures attention.  

2. Body: Explains the product or offer.  

3. Call-to-Action: Encourages action from the audience.  

Example:  

Buy 1 Get 1 Free!

Looking for the best deals this season? At SuperMart, we’re offering a Buy 1 Get 1 Free promotion on all groceries and household items. This offer is valid until November 30, so hurry up!  

Don’t miss the chance to stock up on your essentials and save big. Visit your nearest SuperMart store or shop online at supermart.com.