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In 2011, a European Respiratory Society Task Force embarked on a process to determine the position and clinical relevance of the cough hypersensitivity syndrome, a disorder characterised by troublesome coughing often triggered by low levels of thermal, mechanical or chemical exposure, in the management of patients with chronic cough. A 21-component questionnaire was developed by an iterative process supported by a literature review. 44 key opinion leaders in respiratory medicine were selected and interviewed as to their opinions. There was a high degree of unanimity in the responses obtained, with all opinion leaders supporting the concept of cough hypersensitivity as a clinically useful paradigm. The classic stratification of cough into asthmatic, rhinitic and reflux-related phenotypes was supported. Significant disparity of opinion was seen in the response to two questions concerning the therapy of chronic cough. First, the role of acid suppression in reflux cough was questioned. Secondly, the opinion leaders were split as to whether a trial of oral steroids was indicated to establish a diagnosis of eosinophilic cough. The cough hypersensitivity syndrome was clearly endorsed by the opinion leaders as a valid and useful concept. They considered that support of patients with chronic cough was inadequate and the Task Force recommends that further work is urgently required in this neglected area.

A. If a claim against a licensed professional is asserted in a civil action, the claimant or the claimant's attorney shall certify in a written statement that is filed and served with the claim whether or not expert opinion testimony is necessary to prove the licensed professional's standard of care or liability for the claim.

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B. If the claimant or the claimant's attorney certifies pursuant to subsection A that expert opinion testimony is necessary, the claimant shall serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit with the initial disclosures that are required by rule 26.1, Arizona rules of civil procedure. The claimant may provide affidavits from as many experts as the claimant deems necessary. The preliminary expert opinion affidavit shall contain at least the following information:

D. If the claimant or the claimant's attorney certifies that expert testimony is not required for its claim and the licensed professional who is defending the claim disputes that certification in good faith, the licensed professional may apply by motion to the court for an order requiring the claimant to obtain and serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit under this section. In its motion, the licensed professional shall identify the following:

F. The court, on its own motion or the motion of the licensed professional, shall dismiss the claim against the licensed professional without prejudice if the claimant fails to file and serve a preliminary expert opinion affidavit after the claimant or the claimant's attorney has certified that an affidavit is necessary or the court has ordered the claimant to file and serve an affidavit.

G. A claimant may supplement a claim or preliminary expert opinion affidavit with additional claims, evidence or expert opinions that are timely disclosed under the Arizona rules of civil procedure or pursuant to court order. An action under this chapter does not preclude a party from using a preliminary expert opinion affidavit for any purpose, including impeachment.

We want to start a debate about whether regulators like existing Data Protection Authorities, already struggling to cope with policing the GDPR, can really manage also to represent the voice of the AI user, or whether we should look to building in extra capacity for a central European body to become a champion for users and a central source of expertise about what users throughout the EU really need in order to trust AI.

Explore state and nationwide effects of gun policies, as predicted by policy experts, by turning laws "on" (enacting them in all states) or "off" (repealing them in states where they are currently in place). You'll see a comparison between experts who favor more-permissive policies for gun use and access and those who favor more-restrictive policies. The more laws you turn on or off, the more speculative the results will be.

This law imposes a waiting period of ten days between the purchase of a firearm and when the buyer can take possession of it. When estimating the effects of this law, experts were asked to assume that the state already has a universal background check requirement. Read our analysis of this type of policy

Federal and some state laws prohibit carrying a firearm near schools and certain other public places. This policy allows firearms in these previously prohibited locations. When estimating the effects of this law, experts were asked to assume that federal and state laws change in a state that previously prohibited private citizens from carrying firearms into schools, universities, government buildings, and parks. Read our analysis of this type of policy

This policy allows anyone who is at least 21 years old and not prohibited by law from having a firearm to carry a concealed weapon in public without a permit. For the effect estimates, experts were asked to assume that, before adopting a permitless-carry policy, the state required concealed-carry permits that were issued to those with good moral character and sufficient reason for a concealed firearm. Read our analysis of this type of policy

This expert-opinion comparison tool illustrates the effects of enacting or repealing gun laws at the state level based on the opinions of 173 gun policy experts and advocates surveyed by RAND in the summers of 2016 and 2020. RAND found that 26 of the respondents favored more-permissive approaches to regulating guns and 147 favored more-restrictive approaches (for more information on this sample, see the survey report). The tool generates median (as well as 25th- and 75th-percentile) estimates for the effects that members of each group of experts would expect from different combinations of laws on ten outcomes in each of the 50 states and Washington, D.C. Generating estimates for the combined effects of multiple laws requires a series of assumptions, which are described in the survey report.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy (ISSN 1478-7210) provides expert reviews on therapeutics and diagnostics in the treatment of infectious disease. Coverage includes antibiotics, drug resistance, drug therapy, infectious disease medicine, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral approaches, and diagnostic tests.

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy (ISSN 1477-9072) has provided an accessible and trusted forum for the evaluation of new diagnostic and therapeutic cardiovascular modalities for over a decade. Timely topics within areas such as heart disease, vascular disorders, hypertension, stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular surgery are examined, with leading international experts providing an authoritative overview of the current and expected future state of the field.

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology (ISSN 1744-666X) provides expert analysis and commentary regarding the performance of new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in clinical immunology. Members of the International Editorial Advisory Panel of Expert Review of Clinical Immunology are the forefront of their area of expertise. This panel works with our dedicated editorial team to identify the most important and topical review themes and the corresponding expert(s) most appropriate to provide commentary and analysis.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy (ISSN 1471-2598 [print], 1744-7682 [electronic]) is a MEDLINE-indexed, peer-reviewed, international journal publishing review articles and original papers on all aspects of biological therapy, providing expert opinion on the scope for future development.

This page lists the opinions provided under the Clinical Evaluation Consultation Procedure (CECP, see Article 54 of Regulation (EU) 2017/745) by each thematic expert panel in the field of medical devices.

Replicated international studies have underscored the human and societal costs associated with major depressive disorder. Despite the proven efficacy of monoamine-based antidepressants in major depression, the majority of treated individuals fail to achieve full syndromal and functional recovery with the index and subsequent pharmacological treatments. Ketamine and esketamine represent pharmacologically novel treatment avenues for adults with treatment-resistant depression. In addition to providing hope to affected persons, these agents represent the first non-monoaminergic agents with proven rapid-onset efficacy in major depressive disorder. Nevertheless, concerns remain about the safety and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine in mood disorders. Moreover, there is uncertainty about the appropriate position of these agents in treatment algorithms, their comparative effectiveness, and the appropriate setting, infrastructure, and personnel required for their competent and safe implementation. In this article, an international group of mood disorder experts provides a synthesis of the literature with respect to the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ketamine and esketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression. The authors also provide guidance for the implementation of these agents in clinical practice, with particular attention to practice parameters at point of care. Areas of consensus and future research vistas are discussed.

The high rate of TRD in persons with bipolar disorder, as well as preliminary evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of ketamine, would justify consideration of ketamine as an investigational treatment in bipolar disorder (115). The evidence to date supporting ketamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is highly preliminary, and use of ketamine in these disorders should be considered investigational and limited to centers with expertise in assessing and managing these conditions. As described earlier, the safety of ketamine administration in patients with TRD and a history of affective psychosis is not yet established, and therefore the treatment is to be used with caution in such patients (116). Preliminary evidence suggests that persons with psychotic depression or a primary psychotic disorder may safely benefit from treatment with intravenous ketamine or esketamine (86, 117). 2351a5e196