1- Today, E. (2023b, July 27). The Sting of Defeat: A brief history of insects in warfare. Entomology Today. https://entomologytoday.org/2018/07/13/sting-defeat-brief-history-insects-entomological-warfare/
2-Japan - Insects, Disease, and Histroy | Montana State University. (n.d.-c).
https://www.montana.edu/historybug/yersiniaessays/shama.html
3-Quick facts on Unit 731. (n.d.-b). Pacific Atrocities Education.
https://www.pacificatrocities.org/blog/quick-facts-on-unit-731
4-Japan - Insects, Disease, and Histroy | Montana State University. (n.d.-d).
https://www.montana.edu/historybug/yersiniaessays/shama.html
5-Travis, A. (2010, April 7). What is the Flea Life Cycle? Fleas in 4 Stages [FAQ]. Wondercide.
https://www.wondercide.com/blogs/news/flea-life-cycle-the-4-stages
6-Flea Lifecycles. (2024, May 15). Fleas.
https://www.cdc.gov/fleas/about/flea-lifecycles.html
7-Pulex irritans (human flea). (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pulex_irritans/#:~:text=An%20adult%20Pulex%20irritans%20is,is%20laterally%20compressed%20and%20wingless.
8-Fleas. Illinois Department of Public Health.
9-The bright side of the black death. (2018, May 2). American Scientist.
https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-bright-side-of-the-black-death
10- Ratovonjato, J., Rajerison, M., Rahelinirina, S., & Boyer, S. (2014). Yersinia pestisin Pulex irritans Fleas during Plague Outbreak, Madagascar. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 1414–1415.
11- Japan’s Deadliest Weapons. (2020, October). U.S. Naval Institute.
https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2020/october/japans-deadliest-weapons
12- Human experimentation at Unit 731. (n.d.). Pacific Atrocities Education.
https://www.pacificatrocities.org/human-experimentation.html
13- Germ warfare attacks. (n.d.). Pacific Atrocities Education.
https://www.pacificatrocities.org/germ-warfare-attacks.html
14- Frischknecht, F. (2003). The history of biological warfare. EMBO Reports, 4(S1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.embor849\
15 - H-057-2: Operation Cherry blossoms at night. (n.d.).
Images
Japanese water purifier and filter. (1945). OHSU.
https://doi.org/10.6083/M4TD9VQK
Wikipedia contributors. (2025b, March 23). Mitchell Recreation Area. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Recreation_Area#/media/File:Mitchell_Monument;_August_12,_2013.jpg
Wikipedia contributors. (2025c, May 28). Kaimingjie germ weapon attack. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack#/media/File:%E9%84%9E%E5%8E%BF%E9%98%B2%E7%96%AB%E5%A4%84%E5%B7%A5%E5%8A%A1%E7%BB%84%E6%8E%A9%E5%9F%8B%E9%98%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2.png
16- Brody, H., Leonard, S. E., Nie, J., & Weindling, P. (2014). U.S. Responses to Japanese Wartime Inhuman Experimentation after World War II. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 23(2), 220–230.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000753
17 - World Health Organization: WHO. (2022, July 7). Plague.
Image
File: Shiro Ishii at a reunion party of Unit 731 members after the war.png - Wikimedia Commons. (1946, January 1). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shiro_Ishii_at_a_reunion_party_of_Unit_731_members_after_the_war.png
18 -Mass graves of Francoism. (n.d.).
https://mupreva.org/dedalo/media/pdf/publicaciones/standar/mupreva194_mupreva153_1631.pdf
19- McCurry. (2011, February 21). Japan unearths site linked to human experiments. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/21/japan-excavates-site-human-experiments