The flat() method ignores empty slots if the array being flattened is sparse. For example, if depth is 1, both empty slots in the root array and in the first level of nested arrays are ignored, but empty slots in further nested arrays are preserved with the arrays themselves.

The flat() method reads the length property of this and then accesses each property whose key is a nonnegative integer less than length. If the element is not an array, it's directly appended to the result. If the element is an array, it's flattened according to the depth parameter.

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Designers may prefer flat design because it allows interface designs to be more streamlined and efficient. It is easier to quickly convey information while still looking visually appealing and approachable.[2][3] Additionally, it makes it easier to design an interface that is responsive to changes in browser size across different devices. With minimal design elements, webpages can be downloaded faster and resize easily, and still look sharp on high-definition screens.[2] As a design approach, it is often contrasted to skeuomorphism[4] and rich design.[2]

Flat design is primarily influenced by the International Typographic Style (also known as Swiss Style), text user interfaces, modernism, and the styles emerging from Bauhaus.[2][5][6][7] The International Typographic style is often considered the most substantial influence on flat design, and its emergence and popularization during the 1950s and 1960s is regarded as the starting point of flat design, although it would not make an appearance in the digital world for some time thereafter.[8]

In 2002, Microsoft released Windows Media Center, and in 2006, the Zune MP3 player, both of which contained elements of flat design. The design of the Zune was clean and simple, with a focus on large lower case typography, silhouette-style logos, and monochromatic font colors.[8] Microsoft continued this style of design with the 2010 release of Windows Phone 7, which built on the flat design elements introduced with the Zune, formalized as the "Metro design language". The design was dominated by large and bright shapes accompanied by sans-serif typography from the Segoe font family, flat images, and a menu with a grid-like pattern. Metro was subsequently adopted by all Microsoft software lines, including the Windows 8 PC operating system.[2]

Android began to adopt flat design trends with 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich" in 2011; Matias Duarte, Google's vice president of design, felt that Apple's iOS was too skeuomorphic, Windows Phone looked like "airport lavatory signage", and that both interfaces were too rigidly standardized with limited flexibility for designers. The platform's new "Holo" interface was designed to appear more simplistic than past Android versions, with neon-blue accents, hard edges, and drop shadows for depth.[9][10][11][12]

In 2013, Apple unveiled iOS 7, which shifted to a flat UI design with use of brighter colors, typography, as well as blurred, translucent overlays.[13][14][15] The following year, OS X Yosemite introduced the iOS 7-styled user interface to Apple's Mac OS X operating system.[16] Google began to introduce its own flat design language known as "Material Design" for Android (beginning on Android Lollipop) and its other platforms, which is based on index card-like sheets and the use of shadows to promote depth and hierarchy, as well as smooth animations and transitions.[17][18][19][20]

In 2017, Microsoft unveiled the Fluent Design System, a new flat user interface. This new interface departs from its predecessor, Metro, through the use of depth,[21] interface feedback, and a new translucency effect dubbed "Acrylic".[by whom?]

Flat design has been criticized for making user interfaces unintuitive and less usable. By making all design elements (menus, buttons, links, etc.) flat, distinguishing what function an element serves may become more difficult, for example, determining whether an element is a button or an indicator.[22][23] Research has shown that flat design is more popular with young adults than older adults. Research also showed that, while young people seem faster at navigating flat designs, they also have trouble with understanding the user interface.[24] In 2013 Jakob Nielsen, an expert in user interface design and usability, dubbed flat design as a "threat to tablet usability". Nielsen also proposed an alternative, namely a middle-ground between skeuomorphism and flat design.[25] Nielsen group conducted research in 2017 according to which the use of interfaces using flat design was 22% slower on average.[26]

Flat design is definitely a hot trend as seen in Windows, Andriod, and even Apple's iOS7. Are you ready to dive in the flat trend? Our Flat - is perfect for you! Flat theme is beautiful, modern, bold and colorful. Modern web design is about interaction and technology. Flat theme utilized HTML5, Javascript, and CSS3 to display the content beautifully. As the page scrolls down, the content will appear with various transitional effects: fly-in, fade-in, slide-in, drop-in, animated circles and progress bars. Aside from the Themify Builder, Flat is packed with many extra shortcodes and custom post types such as Timeline, Team, Portfolio, and Testimonial. Get Flat theme now to flatten your site!

This is the Priority Mail Flat Rate Padded Envelope. It is lined with bubble padding to provide a little extra protection to the package contents. This padded envelope is a great choice for shipping at the flat rate price.

Beginning in fall 2023, Wayne State is changing how we charge for undergraduate tuition. Instead of paying per credit hour, full-time undergraduate students will pay one flat rate, whether they take 12 credits or 18. This system, known as flat-rate tuition, has been shown to help students graduate faster and with less debt.

It's exactly what it sounds like: One flat price for full-time tuition. You'll pay the exact same amount for 12 credits as you would for 18. If you choose to take more than 18 credits, you'll pay the flat rate for the first 18, then an additional per-credit rate for each credit over 18. The exact rate will be determined when tuition is finalized by the Board of Governors in June.

Register for classes through the Registration Portal. Any student registered for a minimum of 12 credits will be assessed the flat tuition rate. Ideally, we recommend registering for 15 or 16 credits per semester to stay on track for graduation without overburdening yourself.

Not at all in fact, 10 of Michigan's 15 public universities have already established flat-rate tuition. It is becoming increasingly popular as nationwide research suggests it increases academic success and degree completion.

Flat expressions are annotated with a flat structure, where all subsequent components in the expression are attached to the first one using the flat label. The assumption is that in these expressions, the flat relationsare not syntactic head-modifier relations, and that the structural annotation is in principle arbitrary.The components of a flat expression may have their own dependents, including nested flat structures.For example, in the name Mary Jane Tyler Smith, both the first name (Mary Jane) and the last name(Tyler Smith) are flat expressions, which are combined into a larger flat name (the tree appears below).

The prototypes for flat are: (i) personal names, (ii) foreign expressions, (iii) iconic sequences, and (iv) items separated for readability.These are illustrated in the sections below.The application of flat may extend beyond these prototypes to, e.g., various kinds of name and number expressions.However, even if an expression is idiosyncratic or follows a specialized pattern, every effort should be made to find a head rather than employing flat.If a head can be found but no substantive dependency relation is appropriate, dep can be used.

Note that what is considered to be transparent linguistic syntax (as opposed to flat structure) is subject to treebank-specific policies.(E.g., some treebanks might provide proper grammatical analyses in the presence of code-switching,or treat mathematical notation as following linguistic strategies like predication.)

Some languages opt to subcategorize usages of flat via subtypes.In particular, many treebanks use the flat:name and flat:foreign subtypes converted from the v1 relations name and foreign.The examples on this page simply use plain flat.

The scope of flat may extend beyond names of persons to names of other kinds of entities that depart from general headed structure.The expressions under this category must be established by language-specific criteria.

And in Modern German or French, these prepositions have generally just become a fossilized part of a family name and regularly appear without the given name. Again, here, the flat analysis seems correct:

Summary: Flat design is a web-design style that became popular around 2012. It is still widely used today, and its overuse can cause serious usability problems. One of the biggest usability issues introduced by flat design is the lack of signifiers on clickable elements. Flat 2.0 may provide a better alternative.

Recently, designers have begun to notice the usability issues of flat design. As a result, a more mature and balanced interpretation of flat design has emerged. Designers are finding they can be "authentically digital" and explore the unique opportunities of the medium without compromising usability. be457b7860

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