While there is no prerequisite for AP European History, students should make sure that they are prepared for the course load associated with an Advanced Placement History course. Most social studies classes include extensive readings of both textbooks and case studies. Students should be prepared to both read and analyze what they read in order to apply it to the class. They should also be somewhat familiar with general world history and geography before enrolling in an Advance Placement European History course.

This course focuses on the modern history of the Western world. By taking this class, students will improve their writing, reading, and analytical skills. This class will cover information on the basic chronology from the Late Middle Ages to the very recent past. The areas of concentration include historical, political, and economic history coupled with an intense study of cultural and intellectual institutions and their development.


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Students will also come to learn the importance of geography in the study of European history, and its effect on European politics and conflicts over the course of individual country relationships. They will come to understand how geography now affects European politics and how it can be used to promote peaceful interactions in the future.

Additionally, students will learn how to use study notes, study guides, and other various study techniques in conjunction with AP World History books such as A History of Western Society, and Western Civilization.

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!

Learn about the origins, evolution, and persistence of antisemitism in European history. In this webinar, teachers will gain the knowledge and resources needed to help students better understand the trajectory and development of antisemitism.

When learning about World War II and the Holocaust, students often grapple with difficult questions, including: Where does antisemitism come from? How did the Holocaust happen? Usually, however, courses that address the Holocaust rarely discuss the long, 2,000-year-old history of antisemitism. This history is needed to fully understand the rise of Nazism and the perpetration of the Holocaust.

Spain is a country with profound historical roots in Europe. Its identity and unique idiosyncrasies have been forged by a variety of phenomena, such as the discovery of the Americas and its neutral position during the two world wars. At the same time, however, there are strong parallels between Spanish history and the history of other European countries; although it never renounced its diversity, Spain emerged as a unified state at a very early stage and played a crucial role in some of the most brilliant episodes in modern European history.

On the front of both series of euro banknotes, windows and doorways are shown. They symbolise the European spirit of openness and cooperation. The bridges on the back symbolise communication between the people of Europe and between Europe and the rest of the world.

Like the first series, the new Europa series banknotes show architectural styles from various periods in Europe's history, but do not show any actual existing monuments or bridges. The styles are as follows:

A geographical representation of Europe is shown on the back of both series of euro banknotes. The Europa series has a revised map of Europe, including Malta and Cyprus. The tiny boxes near the bottom of the banknote show the Canary Islands and some overseas territories of France where the euro is also used. Very small islands are not shown on the banknotes because they cannot be accurately reproduced using high-volume offset printing.

The "tree model" is considered an appropriate representation of the genealogical history of a language family if communities do not remain in contact after their languages have started to diverge. In this case, subgroups defined by shared innovations form a nested pattern. The tree model is not appropriate in cases where languages remain in contact as they diversify; in such cases subgroups may overlap, and the "wave model" is a more accurate representation.[36] Most approaches to Indo-European subgrouping to date have assumed that the tree model is by-and-large valid for Indo-European;[37] however, there is also a long tradition of wave-model approaches.[38][39][40]

In reconstructing the history of the Indo-European languages and the form of the Proto-Indo-European language, some languages have been of particular importance. These generally include the ancient Indo-European languages that are both well-attested and documented at an early date, although some languages from later periods are important if they are particularly linguistically conservative (most notably, Lithuanian). Early poetry is of special significance because of the rigid poetic meter normally employed, which makes it possible to reconstruct a number of features (e.g. vowel length) that were either unwritten or corrupted in the process of transmission down to the earliest extant written manuscripts.

Upon leaving Florida State, I went on to be a Visiting Assistant Professor at Seminole State College in Sanford, Florida. And though I will forever be grateful to my department there for the support they gave me and the opportunity to continue to hone my craft I needed something that would be more permanent. When the opportunity came to return to my native California, I jumped at it. Since 2011 I have been at Palomar College in San Marcos, California, earning tenure in 2015. Again, it was Florida State that prepared me perfectly for this job. It is a teaching position with a 5/5 load and content responsibility over World History and Western Civilization courses (an area I am in the process of rebranding more properly as European History). As the area specialist, not only am I responsible for teaching those classes, but also in hiring and evaluating adjuncts as well as developing new curriculum. To date I have been able to add a Middle Eastern history class and am in the process of creating both a new discipline, and the courses to go along with it, in Global Studies. I approach these curriculum responsibilities with the tools I learned from Jonathan Grant, my evaluation responsibilities from observing Pam Robbins, and my teaching responsibilities merging what I learned from all the above named individuals. In the course of my ten years at Palomar, I have been nominated for Distinguished Faculty (our Professor of the Year Award), nine times, earning the distinction of finalist five of those years. I attribute this recognition to the strong foundations in teaching that I learned at Florida State.

is Paula and D. B. Varner University Professor of History at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, where she teaches early modern European history. Her research focuses on the dissemination of the Reformation through print, preaching, and educational reform. She is the author of Debating the Sacraments: Print and Authority in the Early Reformation (2019), and The Companion to the Swiss Reformation (with Emidio Campi, 2016).

is Director of the Division for Late Medieval and Reformation Studies and Heiko A. Oberman Professor of Late Medieval and Reformation History at the University of Arizona. She is the author of Die doppelte Konfessionalisierung in Irland: Konflikt und Koexistenz im 16. und in der ersten Halfte des 17. Jahrhunderts (2000), a monograph on religious and political conflict in early modern Ireland. She has co-authored or edited nine volumes in Reformation and early modern history. Currently, she is working on two books about spas and healing waters in early modern Germany between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries.

 Notes on the Contributors   Zsuzsanna Agora (ne Kiss) is an assistant professor of history and German language and literature at the University of Pcs, where she was awarded her doctorate in the Interdisciplinary Doctoral School in 2012. Her research field is the use of psychology in the interpretation of history, and she is especially interested in national and local identity research, the emotional orientations of groups, and the culture of remembrance in Hungary and Germany. In 2016 she began a new doctorate in social psychology on identity patterns in youth literature in the interwar period in Hungary.

Tim Cole is professor of social history at the University of Bristol, where he is also the director of the Brigstow Institute. He is the author of Images of the Holocaust/Selling the Holocaust (New York, 1999), Holocaust City (New York, 2003), Traces of the Holocaust (New York, 2011), and Holocaust Landscapes (London, 2016).

Istvn Dek is professor emeritus at Columbia University in New York City. He was born in Hungary and studied history in Budapest, Paris, Munich, and at Columbia University, where he obtained his doctorate in 1964. For many years he was the director of Columbia's Institute on East Central Europe. His published books deal with various topics, including Weimar Germany's left-wing intellectuals; Lajos Kossuth and the 1848 revolution in Hungary; the social and political history of the Habsburg officer corps; Hitler's Europe; and collaboration, resistance, and retribution in Europe during the Second World War. Almost all his books have also appeared in other languages. He is proudest of the essays he has contributed regularly for over thirty years to the New York Review of Books. 2351a5e196

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