For AP World Students: Freemanpedia

AP World History

Daily Summaries of "Freemanpedia: Around the World in 80 Days"

[From Day 77 to Day 10]

Published 18 September 2022

- Day 77 (Unit 1):

• • East Asia:

    • Song China (~mid-1200): Neo-Confucian (melting pot) government

      • Civil service exam (imperial meritocracy)

      • Mandate of heaven (divine rights of kings)

      • Filial piety (Confucian belief to respect elders)

      • Champa rice (survivable crop, population boom)

      • Grand canal (repair & improvement, domestic trade)

      • Song economy (trade: porcelain, silk, paper money, etc. Silk Roads, Indian Ocean trade)

        • Spread to East Asia (Korea & Japan)

- Day 76:

• • Dar al-Islam (House of Islam):

    • Seljuk Turks, Ottomans, Delhi Sultanate

    • Sufis (mystic Islam)

    • Innovation:

      • Math: algebra, trigonometry

      • Literature: Aisha Al-ba’Uniyyah’s poetry

      • Medicine: medicinal advances, disease, anatomy

      • Transfers: House of Wisdom, Cairo, Timbuktu, etc. transferred Greco-Roman knowledge to Europe

      • Sufism: Islamic mysticism, set up schools, rest houses, networks across Dar al-Islam (proselytization)

- Day 75:

• • South & Southeast Asia & Americas:

    • SE Asia:

      • Srivijaya Empire: Buddhist state, controls major trade route between China and India

      • Bhakti movement: personal movement with Hindu deity, counter to rise of Islam (similar to Sufis, Hindu mysticism

    • Americas:

      • Aztecs: Tenochtitlan, chinampas, human sacrifice

      • Incans: Pachacuti, Incan roads, mitt’s system

- Day 74:

• • Africa & Europe:

    • Africa:

      • Mali: trans-Saharan trade—benefactor of the trade network, Mansa Musa, gold, Timbuktu commercial center, Islamic state

      • Ethiopia: Christian, Indian Ocean trade, architecture to express power (temples)

      • Great Zimbabwe: Indian Ocean trade, Swahili coast

    • Europe:

      • downfall after Roman Empire

      • Feudalism: one person grants land for military obligations, manorialism (actual work of feudalism)—reciprocal

      • Serfdom: Serfs are coerced laborers (property feature), bottom of feudalism

- Day 73:

• • (MVP) Ibn Battuta: traveled to China, Delhi Sultanate, Africa (Mali), Golden Horde (Russia)—recorded for posterity (personifies the era)

- Day 72 (Unit 2):

• • The Silk Roads:

    • Connects the world to China via series of roads that allows for ideas, beliefs, technology, and disease to permeate

    • Trade cities:

      • Kashgar, Samarkand (trade center, both became hubs of ideological, technological, religious transfers & syncretism)

    • New technologies:

      • Caravanserai: Inns that protected merchants overnight, could exchange animals

      • Bills of exchange: able to exchange for money, IOU, facilitated trade for merchants (spread across Europe)

    • Goods traded:

      • From China: gunpowder, porcelain, steel, champa rice, compass, paper, bubonic plague

      • To China: From Dar al-Islam—trigonometry, astrolabe

      • Buddhism, Islam—huge cultural impacts

- Day 71:

• • The Mongols:

    • Khanates: ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan / Caliphates: both religious and political power / Sultanates: secular ruler / Shogunates: shogun has real power (emperor is figurehead) / Silk Roads & Indian Ocean trade benefitted from Mongolian army’s providing of security

      • Greco-Islamic medicine, number system to Europe

      • Uyghur script to Mongols

- Day 70:

• • Indian Ocean trade:

    • Swahili coastal city-states: Sultanates, Great Zimbabwe—Swahili language: Islam + Bantu

    • Dar al-Islam: coffee, astrolabe

    • South & Southeast Asia: Gujarat, textiles, spices

    • East Asia: porcelain, compass, silk

    • Cultural transfers: Ibn Battua, Marco Polo, Admiral Zheng He

    • Lateen sails, compass, astrolabe, bigger ships, powerful city-states (Gujarat, Swahili city-states)

    • Monsoon facilitated trade

    • Diasporic communities by merchants: Malacca sailors, Chinese merchants

- Day 69:

• • Trans-Saharan trade:

    • Linked Africa to global tapestry, led to the growth of commercial centers (similarity)

    • Camel saddles: allowed for increased volumes of transportation

    • Camel caravan: increased safety in travel

    • Caravanserai

    • Gold & salt

    • Mali: Islamic state w/ aspects of paganism, Mansa Musa

- Day 68:

• • Cultural & environmental consequences of trade networks:

    • Cultural consequences: diffusion of traditions, scientific and technological innovations

      • Timbuktu: trans-Saharan trade, Venice, Cairo (intellectual & cultural capital), Samarkand, Kashgar, Beijing, Delhi, Malacca

    • Environmental:

      • Spread of Champa rice from Vietnam to China, spread of bananas, citrus fruits

      • Spread of the bubonic plague from China throughout Afro-Eurasia 

- Day 67:

• • (MVP) Mansa Musa:

    • religion (promoted Islam by constructing schools, mosques)

    • trade (trans-Saharan trade, gold & salt of Mali—demonstration of wealth & power)

    • ideas (Islam & trade—pilgrimage to Mecca, stabilized economies and built mosque—brought back intellectuals)

- Day 66 (Unit 3):

• • Russian & Qing empires:

    • Russia: Ivan the Great, kicked out Mongols, married heiress to Byzantine Empire, Orthodox Christianity, tsar —> Romanov Dynasty, Peter the Great’s Westernization (fascination for navies, science)

    • Qing Dynasty: replaced Ming—silver inflation, famine from the Little Ice Age, Shanxi earthquake—invaded from Manchuria, blended into Chinese society (Neo-Confucianism, queue hairstyle and resistance to it)

- Day 65:

• • Ottomans & Safavids:

    • Ottoman Empire:

      • Constantinople conquer in 1453

      • Devshirme system (blood system that converted kidnapped Christian boys to Muslim and trained them for positions in government or military)

      • Rivalry with Safavids over religion (Sunni and Shi’a split)

      • Millets: semi-independent communities that tolerated religion, required to pay jizya

      • Tax farming: steady flow of income without having to vastly expand bureaucracy

    • Safavid Empire:

      • Shi’ite, clashing between the Ottomans and the Mughals

- Day 64:

• • Mughals & Tokugawa Japan:

    • Mughal Empire:

      • Islamic gunpowder empire in which Sunnis ruled over mostly Hindus

      • Akbar the Great personified religious tolerance, Taj Mahal, zamindar tax farming

      • Aurangzeb overspent & was not tolerant

    • Tokugawa Shogunate:

      • Military shogun ruled over Japan

      • Turned to isolationism in fear of Western ideologies destabilizing Japan

- Day 63:

• • Belief systems of the land-based empires:

    • Russia: Eastern Orthodox

    • China: Ming & Qing China both Neo-Confucian

    • Ottoman Empire: Sunni Muslim, sultan also caliph

    • Safavid Empire: Shi’ite Muslim

    • Mughal Empire: Sunni Muslim ruled over massive Hindu populace

    • Tokugawa Shogunate: Shintoism, Buddhism

    • Protestantism: Catholic corruption, varied interpretations of the Bible, many ramifications

    • Sikhism: monotheistic by Guru Nanak, all religions worshipped same god, defend the defenseless

- Day 62:

• • (MVP) Akbar the Great: consolidated empire, patron of the arts, acquired wealth & land

    • Liberal, secular state that showed religious tolerance

- Day 61 (Unit 4):

• • Technological innovations:

    • New tools: compass, astrolabe, stern rudder for navigation

    • Wind patterns: monsoons

    • Ship designs: caravels—lateen sails to cut through the wind (small size allowed for exploration into rivers), carracks—larger size cargo ships for trade, fluyt—half the price to build, twice the cargo, used by VOC

- Day 60:

• • Transoceanic interactions:

    • Portuguese Empire: Price Henry the Navigator funded exploration, Da Gama & Diaz sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, first to enter the Indian Ocean trade

      • Trading post empire, setting up ports to simply trade goods

    • Spanish Empire: Controlled west of Brazil in the Treaty of Tordesillas, colony in the Philippines for trade with China (used Aztec & Incan silver)

    • British Empire: John Cabot into North America, advance into India

    • Dutch Empire: VOC—the most profitable business (charter), Indian Ocean trade domination—Indonesia and the Spice Islands, trade with Japan

    • French Empire: a few possessions in Quebec and Americas

- Day 59:

• • Columbian Exchange:

    • Not the triangular trade (or Atlantic system)!!

    • Biological & Cultural consequences:

      • Biological:

        • potatoes, coffee, tobacco, tomatoes, corns from the Americas to Eastern Hemisphere

        • Cattle (e.g. horses, pigs) and disease (e.g. smallpox) to Americas

      • Cultural:

        • Syncretism (e.g. religion, food)

- Day 58:

• • Portuguese & Spanish Empires:

    • Portugal:

      • Prince Henry the Navigator funded exploration to bypass the Ottoman Empire

      • Geography—needed to find a quick route to Asia

      • Trading post empire: transatlantic slave trade (demographic changes, syncretism), Indian Ocean trade (spices)

    • Spain:

      • Coerced labor: encomienda system forced Native Americans into labor for the Spanish, adopted from the Incan mit’a system (labor for the state), disease & miserable

        • Different from hacienda system (private plantations for growing cash crops to export them), slave labor

      • Silver: lots of silver extracted by slave labor, caused mass silver inflation known as the Price Revolution

        • Took American silver to the Philippines so as to trade with China (galleons)

        • Catholicism: extension of the Crusades or an extension of the fight with Protestantism, proselytization success

- Day 57:

• • Dutch & British Empires:

    • Dutch Empire:

      • VOC: joint-stock company given royal charter (monopoly) on Asian trade, controlled spice trade, semi-independent operations, fluyts used to haul cargo, venture capital

    • British Empire:

      • Colonies in both hemispheres, trading post empire—strategic takeover, trade

      • Direct rule or company rule (British EIC)

- Day 56:

• • Challenges to state power:

    • Queen Nanny (Jamaica): Maroon War against the British, from Ashanti Empire in Africa, raided British and freed slaves—challenged slavery and British expansion

    • Ana Nzinga (Angola): fought the Portuguese, saved many people in Ndongo from being solved into slavery, kicked Portugal out from N. Angola

    • Pugachev Rebellion (Russia): Cossack rebellion (Russian serfs), largest rebellion in Russian history led by Pugachev who deemed Catherine the Great a usurper, rebellion squashed

    • Maratha Empire: resisted against the Mughal Empire, took much of South Asia

- Day 55:

• • Changing social hierarchies:

    • Minorities: Ottoman millets—local bureaucracies under the Ottoman government, Ottomans recruited expelled Jews and Muslims from Al-Andalus following the reconquista

    • New elites: Russian boyars, Manchus—banners, Castas in the Americas—racial hierarchies, Monarchs—gained more power during 1450~1750, becoming despots (e.g. Louis XIV, Kangxi, Suleiman the Lawgiver)

- Day 54:

• • (MVP) Bartolome de las Casas: ran a hacienda with slave labor, but gave up his hacienda, became a defense attorney for the natives, which resulted in the abolishment of the encomienda

- Day 53 (Unit 5):

• • Enlightenment:

    • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Natural human rights: life, liberty, property, due process—a social contract

- Day 52:

• • Modern revolutions:

    • Concept of revolution: revolution & rebellion against established powers—new nation-states, discontent over monarchist and imperial rule encouraged new ideologies: democracy & 19th-century liberalism

    • Revolutions: American Revolution (against Britain), Haitian Revolution (against France’s slavery & exploitation), Latin American revolution (Simon Bolivar)

    • Documents: Declaration of Independence (unalienable rights, men created equal), Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (France), Jamaica Letter (Bolivar, decried the Casta system & Spanish colonial exploitation)

- Day 51:

• • Nationalism: sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, territory

    • Sometimes harnessed by governments to foster a sense of unity, Germany: Bismarck used to unify Germany, Ottoman Empire: Turkification

    • Challenged boundaries: Propaganda movement in the Philippines, led by Jose Rizal / Maori nationalism against Britain

- Day 50:

• • Industrial Revolution begins:

    • Britain: 

      • navigable waterways & canals

      • natural resources (iron & coal from mainland)

      • property rights

      • overseas empire (import & export to and from colonies)

      • urbanization

      • British Agricultural Revolution (more food —> more people —> more labor —> more output —> more capital)

      • Capital (stock market & insurance)

- Day 49:

• • • Spread of the Industrial Revolution:

      • British industrialists moved to other nations to expand businesses (US, Belgium)

      • Copy British example (Germany, France)

      • Governments enforced firms into industrializing their production (Tanzimat reforms, Self-Strengthening movement, Meiji Restoration)

      • Egypt, India, and China began losing textile producing position

- Day 48:

• • • Industrial technology:

      • Power: steam engine, internal combustion engine (coal & oil)

      • 2nd Industrial Revolution: continued advance, focused on steel, chemicals, electricity, precision machinery (1st: textiles, steam, iron)

      • Transportation & communication: railroads, steamships, telegraphs, radios

- Day 47:

• • • Government role in industrialization:

      • State-sponsored industrialization:

        • Egypt: Muhammad Ali, modernization of the cotton industry, nationalization of the textile industry and agriculture, tremendous expansion of Egyptian economy

        • Russia: Russia: Tsar Nicholas II, economic reforms focused on railroads (Trans-Siberian), political reforms in the 20th c.

        • China: self-strengthening movement, taiping rebellion caused Qing to modernize military, textile, agricultural system but rejected the inflow of Western ideals fearing destabilization

        • Japan: Meiji Restoration, the arrival of Commodore Perry and Chinese defeats in the Opium Wars caused Japan to implement full-scale industrialization (very successful)

- Day 46:

• • • Industrial economics:

      • Adam Smith put the final nail in the coffin in mercantilism in the Wealth of Nations - real wealth is gained not by gold and silver

      • Development of transnational businesses: HSBC, Dole (United Fruit Company), Nestle

- Day 45:

• • • • Reactions to the Industrial Revolution:

        • Government reforms: Sadler report - horrendous conditions of factory workers

        • Labor unions: Strong if united, worked to get concessions from factory owners (e.g. minimum wages, weekly working hours)

        • Marxism: direct resistance to capitalism, Marx predicted that workers would rise up against the bourgeoisie to take control of the means of production

        • Government modernization: Tanzimat reforms - modernize to keep up with industrialized Western European nations, Ottomanism (nationalism, Turkification), religious freedom - wiped out by Sultan Abdul Hamid

- Day 44:

• • • • Society in the industrial age:

        • New social classes: industrialization & urbanization created the ruling class (industrialists) who largely replaced the aristocracy, the middle class who lived in relative prosperity, and the working class (physical labor but does not own the means of production)

        • Women & Children: working class - all men, women, children work to support their families, middle class - cult of domesticity for women (piety, purity, submission, domesticity)

        • Social challenges: industrial pollution, housing shortages, poverty, crime, public health crises, lack of infrastructure (however it did raise the overall standard of living)

- Day 43:

• • • • (MVP) James Watt: drastically improved the steam engine, without it the Industrial Revolution would not have materialized (e.g. steamship, train)

- Day 42 (Unit 6):

• • Rationales for imperialism: M & M (Materials & Markets)

    • Economic (real one): raw materials, markets

    • Religious: need to convert others to Christianity & end of slave trade

    • What had happened was (Scientific justification): Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest—Western society’s superiority), White man’s burden (burden to carry the “inferior” races)

- Day 41:

• • Imperial expansion:

    • Winners & Losers: Winners—West & Japan, Losers—Spain (Spanish-American War), Portugal (Brazil independence)

    • Methods: Gunboat diplomacy (Opium Wars) & Berlin Conference

    • Settler colonialism: New Zealand, Britain replace indigenous people with their colonialists

    • Neighborly conquering: Manifest Destiny, Russian expansion into Siberia & Central Asia, Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

    • Private to direct control: Congo from King Leopold II to Belgium, India from British EIC to Britain

- Day 39:

• • Indigenous response to imperialism

    • Direct resistance: Yaa Asantewaa war (British imperialism, White man’s burden & Social Darwinism)—West Africa, Ashanti

    • New states: Zulu Kingdom’s resistance against the British

    • Rebellion: Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement Rebellion, following famine

- Day 38:

• • • Global economic developments:

      • Rubber: Vulcanization, tires & telegraph cables—profitable, Congo (atrocities)

      • Guano: bird & bat feces, used for fertilizer & gunpowder—islands

      • Economic imperialism (Neocolonialism): making a country to be economic dependent on an imperial power (Latin America or Asia—China to opium, United Fruit Company and the banana republics)

- Day 37:

• • Migrations:

    • (Causes) Push factors: hardship in home country (Irish potato famine to the US)

    • (Causes) Pull factors: attracted by opportunity (Chinese laborers to US & Australia)

    • Migrant laborers: Italian industrial workers pushed out by warfare to Argentina

    • (Effects) Ethnic enclaves: Chinatown

    • (Effects) Xenophobia: Chinese Exclusion Act (US, 1929), White Australia policy (Australia)

- Day 36:

• • (MVP) King Leopold II, archetype of European imperialism - persecuted natives (hands cut off, genocide) & exploitation to maximum (Congo Free State)

- Day 35 (Unit 7):

• • Mexican Revolution: Dictator to a constitutional secular republic

  • Revolution in China: change from a 2000-year-old dynastic system to a republic

  • Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution: Terrible leadership (anti-Semitism) & WWI, rise of Bolsheviks led by Lenin

  • Revolution in Turkey: Ottoman collapse Mustafa Kemal Atatürk & secular reforms (women’s suffrage, new calendar, literacy)

- Day 34:

• • Causes of WWI:

    • Militarism: Militaries bigger, more industrialized & capable

    • Alliances: Entangled alliances—attack against one is attack against all

    • Imperialism: Imperialist competition in Africa

    • Nationalism: Superiority complex in European powers, Serbian nationalism

- Day 33:

• • Conducting WWI:

    • First total war, propaganda promoting nationalism to mobilize the people

    • New & improved military technology: artillery, poison gas, machine guns, aircraft, tanks, dreadnoughts, submarines

- Day 32:

• • Interwar economy:

    • Great Depression: increased government intervention—New Deal plan in the US according to Keynesian economics, fascist corporatism (middle-way), Soviet Five-Year Plan

- Day 31 (7.5):

• • Tensions from WWI:

    • Germany - heavy war reparations, fascism

    • Mexico - democracy after civil war

    • USA - economic downturns from the Great Depression, tariffs

    • League of Nations’ failure

    • Japanese territorial expansion

    • Soviet world revolution

- Day 30:

• • Causes of WWII:

    • Treaty of Versailles: 

    • Fascist & Soviet territorial expansion (aggression)

    • Japanese invasion into China

- Day 29:

• • Conducting WWII:

    • Also total war, propaganda & nationalism

    • State use of ideologies to mobilize all resources for war

    • New technologies: Firebombing, atomic bombs

- Day 28:

• • Mass atrocities:

    • Genocides—Armenian genocide (blamed for economic hardship), holodomor (Soviet famine), holocaust (Final Solution, Jews mass killings), Rwandan genocide

- Day 27:

• • (MVP) Gavrilo Princip:

    • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand—seminal tragedy shaping the 20th century

- Day 26 (Unit 8):

• • Setting the stage for Cold War & Decolonization:

    • Colonies gain independence from weakened powers

    • New global superpowers: US & USSR standoff post-WWII, nukes

- Day 25:

• • Cold War:

    • Causes: Alliances (NATO, Warsaw Pact), Containment policy (Domino theory), Iron Curtain, nuclear deterrence

    • Two ideologically opposing superpowers

    • Non-aligned movement: did not take any sides

- Day 24:

• • Effects of the Cold War:

    • Nuclear proliferation & deterrence

    • Proxy wars: Korea, Vietnam, Nicaragua (Contra Wars funded by the US, economic imperialism) —funded by both superpowers against the different ideology

- Day 23:

• • Spread of communism in the Cold War:

    • China under communism, following civil war (Long March, Mao Zedong):

      • land reform (redistribution)

      • Great Leap Forward by Mao (collectivization & industrialization)

      • Cultural Revolution: “reeducated” or executed people, especially intellectuals

    • Iranian White Revolution: land & water redistribution, not communist (modernization)

- Day 22:

• • Decolonization:

    • Negotiated peace: Ghana—Kwame Nkrumah, positive action (nonviolence)

    • Armed struggle: Angola—war against Portugal, after independence civil war (proxy war)

    • Movement types: regional motivations (i.e. Quebec’s cultural differences), religious motivations (i.e. Muslim League)

- Day 21:

• • Newly independent states:

    • New boundaries: Israel, Cambodia, Pakistan

    • Economic development: Egypt (Nasser’s nationalization of industries), Sri Lanka (Bandaranaike’s private schools made public), Tanzania (Julius Nyerere’s railway)

    • Migrations: Former colonies to metropoles (former colonial powers’ cities)

- Day 20:

• • Global resistance to established structures:

    • Intensifying conflict: Chilean dictator Pinochet

    • Conflict opposition: nonviolence to achieve political change, Mohandas Gandhi

    • Military proliferation: Idi Amin in Uganda, military to oppose established powers—destabilized region

    • Violence against civilians: Al-Qaeda—9.11 attacks on the US (due to military presence in the Middle East & Israel support)

- Day 19:

• • • End of the Cold War:

      • (Causes) USA’s superior economy: SDI and the Soviets’ attempt at emulation put economic strain

      • (C) Soviet-Afghan War: economic stress on the Soviets, international embarrassment

      • (C) Gorbachev: perestroika (economic), glasnost (political), 

      • (C) Chernobyl: importance of increased openness, glasnost continuation

      • Fall of the Soviet Union after E. European bloc’s independence

- Day 18:

• • • (MVP) Nelson Mandela: nonviolence leader, grew up in apartheid South Africa (instituted by Cecil Rhodes)

      • Imprisoned, but widely supported (including Julius Nyerere) and won presidency & abolished apartheid

- Day 17 (Unit 9):

• • • Technology & Exchange:

      • Communication:

        • Radio, telephone, cellular technology, Internet—speed and amount of communication

        • automobile, airplane, shipping containers—reduced geographical distance

      • Energy:

        • Petroleum: advent of modern cars and airplanes made it more important, source of strategic advantage

        • Nuclear power: environmental advantage in production, controversy over power plant failures and nuclear waste disposal

    • Birth control:

      • More reliable methods of birth control (e.g. pill) reduced fertility rates

    • Green Revolution:

      • Norman Borlaug introduced higher yield crops via pesticides, crossbreeding, chemical fertilizers

    • Medicines:

      • antibiotics (penicillin), vaccines

- Day 16:

• • • Diseases after 1900:

      • Poverty: preventable but affects people in developing countries (e.g. cholera, tuberculosis, malaria)

      • New epidemics: Spanish Flu epidemic, HIV / AIDS epidemic, Ebola virus epidemic

      • Longevity: as lifespan increased, diseases that were very rare in previous periods are becoming more and more common (e.g. heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease)

- Day 15:

• • • The environment: 

      • Deforestation, desertification, air pollution, water pollution

      • Increased competition / conflicts over resources—by-product of rapid population growth

      • Global warming & Greenhouse effect

- Day 14:

• • • Global economics:

      • Free market policies: US &GB economic liberalization following implementation of failsafes to mitigate the effects of economic depression, China under Deng Xiaoping loosened restrictions

      • Knowledge & Manufacturing economies: K - Finland, Japan, US / M - Vietnam, Bangladesh, Honduras

      • Multinational corporations: Nestle (environmental pollution), Nissan, Mahindra & Mahindra (tractor company)

      • Economic institutions: NAFTA (removes trade barriers), ASEAN, WTO (increase world trade and limit trade barriers)

- Day 13:

• • • Calls for reform:

      • Social norms: UN Declaration of Human Rights (fundamental human rights to every single human), Feminist movement, Negritude movement

      • Access: Women’s suffrage, Civil Rights Act of 1965, end of apartheid

      • Economic equality: WFTO formed in disapproval of the WTO’s serving of corporate interests with little regard for supporting underdeveloped / developing nations

      • Environment: Green Belt Movement (link with feminist movement, Wangari Maathai)

- Day 12:

• • • Globalized culture:

      • Music: Reggae—spread from Jamaica throughout the world, gaining popularity and blending other genres

      • Film: Bollywood—outsell Hollywood, developed as another source of film industry

      • Social media: Facebook, Twitter

      • TV: BBC

      • Sports: Olympics, World Cup

      • Consumerism: eBay, Alibaba

      • Global brands: Coca-Cola, Toyota

- Day 11:

• • • Global institutions & Resistance to it:

      • IMF & WTO seen as too capitalist and skewed toward the benefits of developed countries by some people

        • Active protests (i.e. Battle of Seattle)

        • Local social media (i.e. Weibo)

- Day 10:

• • • (MVP) Norman Borlaug: agronomist, avoided Malthusian catastrophe by engaging in crossbreeding to increase crops’ resistance to natural disasters or diseases

      • Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

      • India and Pakistan doubled grain production by the introduction of genetically modified grain